Changes In Temperature Distribution Research Articles

The method of fundamental solutions for anisotropic thermoelastic problems

In this study, the method of fundamental solutions (MFS), which is a boundary-type meshfree method, is applied for solving two-dimensional stationary anisotropic thermoelastic problems. Because of the semi-analytic nature of the MFS, very accurate solutions can be obtained by this method. The solution of the problem is decomposed into homogeneous and particular solutions. The homogeneous solution is expressed in terms of the fundamental solutions of the anisotropic elastostatic problem. The particular solution corresponds to the effects of the temperature change in the domain of the problem. For cases with a quadratic distribution of the temperature change in the domain, the particular solution is derived in an explicit form. For cases with an arbitrary temperature change distribution, the thermal load is approximated by radial basis functions (RBFs), particular solutions of which are derived analytically. Three numerical examples in simply- and multiply-connected domains under plane stress and plane strain conditions are presented to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The effects of some parameters, such as the number of source points and the magnitude of the location parameter of source points on the results are investigated. From the numerical results, it is observed that very accurate results can be obtained by the proposed MFS in problems with very complicated temperature change distribution. The numerical convergence tests performed in this study shows that the proposed MFS with a small number of source points can results in solutions that are comparable with the FEM solutions obtained using a large number of nodes.

Numerical investigation of thermo hydraulic characteristics of monoblock module of EAST divertor

The Engineering design of divertor is one of the most important topics in nuclear fusion research. The primary problem in the design of divertor is to discharge the large amount of energy from high-energy plasma particles to ensure that the operation of fusion devices can be safe and stable for a long time. Based on the temperature of the divertor target plate measured in a discharge of the EAST experimental device, we carry out numerical simulations to examine the thermal and hydraulic performance of the Monoblock module. The ANSYS software is used for the simulations on the fluid-solid coupling phenomenon of a simplified model. The ANSYS parallel module and 30 CPUs are used for parallel computing, and periodic temperature pulses are loaded on the top surface of a tungsten divertor tile to investigate the thermo-hydraulic characteristics of Monoblock module. We find the pattern in which the distributions of temperature and heat flux change over time. The maximum temperature mainly depends on the peak heat flux of high-energy particles and the duration of pulses, The temperature of the interface of each component and of coolant outlet are all related to the density of discharge pulse and the duration of discharge, and the temperature of the interface of each component will reach to an equilibrium under the condition of stable discharge heat flow. The results provide support for the structural design of a stable EAST divertor.

Stoneley wave propagation in nonlocal isotropic magneto-thermoelastic solid with multi-dual-phase lag heat transfer

In the present paper we have investigated the Stoneley wave propagation at the interface of two dissimilar homogeneous nonlocal magneto-thermoelastic media under the effect of hall current applied to multi-dual-phase lag heat transfer. The secular equations of Stoneley waves have been derived by using appropriate boundary conditions. The wave characteristics such as attenuation coefficients, temperature distribution and phase velocity are computed and have been depicted graphically. Effect of nonlocal parameter and hall effect are studied on the attenuation coefficient, phase velocity, temperature distribution change, stress component and displacement component. Also, some particular cases have been discussed from the present study.

Study on the effect of different blood flow velocities of pulmonary vein on endocardial microwave ablation of atrial fibrillation.

To cure atrial fibrillation, the maximum ablation depth (⩾ 50∘C) should exceed the myocardial thickness to achieve the effect of transmural ablation. The blood flow of pulmonary vein in the endocardium can cause the change in the myocardial temperature distribution. Therefore, the study investigated the effect of different pulmonary vein blood flow velocities on the endocardial microwave ablation. The finite element model of the endocardial microwave ablation of pulmonary vein was simulated by electromagnetic thermal flow coupling. The ablation power was 30 W and the ablation time was within 30 s. The blood flow in the coupling of fluid mechanics equation and heat transfer equation results in the heat damage. Furthermore, the cause of the different lesion dimensions is the blood flow velocity. The flow velocities were set as 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 m/s. When the flow velocities were 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 m/s, the maximum ablation depth were 6.00, 5.56, 5.16, 5.12, 5.04, 5.01, 4.98, 4.96 and 4.94 mm, respectively; the maximum ablation width were 12.53, 9.63, 9.23, 9.16, 9.07, 9.05, 8.94, 8.91 and 8.90 mm, respectively; the maximum ablation length were 12.00, 11.61, 8.98, 8.59, 8.37, 8.23, 8.16, 8.06 and 8.04 mm respectively. To achieve transmural ablation, the time was 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4 s, respectively when the myocardial thickness was 2 mm; the time was 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9 s, respectively when 3 mm; the time was 15, 16, 18, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20 s, respectively when 4 mm. When the velocity increases from 0 m/s to 0.3 m/s, the microwave lesion depth decreases by 1.06 mm. To achieve transmural ablation, when the myocardial thickness is 2 mm, 3 and 4 s should be taken when the velocity is 0-0.12 and 0.12-0.30 m/s, respectively; when the myocardial thickness is 3 mm, 7, 8 and 9 s should be taken when 0, 0-0.07 and 0.07-0.30m/s respectively; when the myocardial thickness is 4 mm, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20 s should be taken when 0, 0-0.02, 0.02-0.05, 0.05-0.12, 0.12 m/s-0.30 m/s.

Three Regimes of Temperature Distribution Change Over Dry Land, Moist Land, and Oceanic Surfaces

AbstractClimate model simulations project different regimes of summertime temperature distribution changes under a quadrupling of CO2 for dry land, moist land, and oceanic surfaces. The entire temperature distribution shifts over dry land surfaces, while moist land surfaces feature an elongated upper tail of the distribution, with extremes increasing more than the corresponding means by ∼20% of the global mean warming. Oceanic surfaces show weaker warming relative to land surfaces, with no significant elongation of the upper tail. Dry land surfaces show little change in turbulent sensible (SH) or latent (LH) fluxes, with new balance reached with compensating adjustments among downwelling and upwelling radiative fluxes. By contrast, moist land surfaces show enhanced partitioning of turbulent flux toward SH, while oceanic surfaces show enhanced partitioning toward LH. Amplified warming of extreme temperatures over moist land surfaces is attributed to suppressed evapotranspiration and larger Bowen ratios.

Application of FBG Technology in Additive Manufacturing: Monitoring Real-Time Internal Temperature of Products

This study presents an investigation of the influence of infill density on inner temperature change of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and carbon fiber filaments. Five groups of different infill densities (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) were considered for testing and analysis in additive manufacturing. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were used to monitor the internal temperature change of all prototypes during additive manufacturing process. Monitoring tests indicate that relationships of temperature against printing time are characterized by three typical parameters including the first peak temperature (FPT), minimum temperature (MT), and completion temperature (CT). All FPT, MT, and CT values increase substantially as the increase of infill density values. MT values generally present at relatively lows infill density values but coincide with CT values at high infill density values. At low infill density levels (infill density is no higher than 60%), fabrication of the upper surface of prototypes leads to substantial temperature rise, and this rise appears to be limited at infill density values of 80% and 100%. This study can be used to reveal printing quality of 3D printed products arise from non-uniform distribution of temperature change.

Reduced global warming from CMIP6 projections when weighting models by performance and independence

Abstract. The sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) constitutes the latest update on expected future climate change based on a new generation of climate models. To extract reliable estimates of future warming and related uncertainties from these models, the spread in their projections is often translated into probabilistic estimates such as the mean and likely range. Here, we use a model weighting approach, which accounts for the models' historical performance based on several diagnostics as well as model interdependence within the CMIP6 ensemble, to calculate constrained distributions of global mean temperature change. We investigate the skill of our approach in a perfect model test, where we use previous-generation CMIP5 models as pseudo-observations in the historical period. The performance of the distribution weighted in the abovementioned manner with respect to matching the pseudo-observations in the future is then evaluated, and we find a mean increase in skill of about 17 % compared with the unweighted distribution. In addition, we show that our independence metric correctly clusters models known to be similar based on a CMIP6 “family tree”, which enables the application of a weighting based on the degree of inter-model dependence. We then apply the weighting approach, based on two observational estimates (the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Retrospective Analysis – ERA5, and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 – MERRA-2), to constrain CMIP6 projections under weak (SSP1-2.6) and strong (SSP5-8.5) climate change scenarios (SSP refers to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways). Our results show a reduction in the projected mean warming for both scenarios because some CMIP6 models with high future warming receive systematically lower performance weights. The mean of end-of-century warming (2081–2100 relative to 1995–2014) for SSP5-8.5 with weighting is 3.7 ∘C, compared with 4.1 ∘C without weighting; the likely (66%) uncertainty range is 3.1 to 4.6 ∘C, which equates to a 13 % decrease in spread. For SSP1-2.6, the weighted end-of-century warming is 1 ∘C (0.7 to 1.4 ∘C), which results in a reduction of −0.1 ∘C in the mean and −24 % in the likely range compared with the unweighted case.

Mathematical modeling of changes in temperature distribution during friction stir welding in massive samples

A mathematical model of temperature distribution in the process of friction stir welding (FSC) of a homogeneous massive body has been developed. The model makes it possible to take into account the geometric dimensions of the tool, the thermophysical properties and the temperature distribution in the sample during the transition of the welded material into the superplastic state. The paper presents comparisons of the temperature distribution of homogeneous thin-sheet and bulky samples. Measurements temperature were carried out at various points of the hemispherical sample during the FSW process. This model is used to estimate the linear velocity of the FSW associated with the thermophysical properties of materials. The calculation results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.

Statistical and Observational Research on Solar Flare EUV Spectra and Geometrical Features

Abstract We performed statistical analysis on the flare emission data to examine parameters related to the flare extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectra. This study used the data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite X-ray Sensors to determine the fundamental flare parameters. The relationship between soft X-ray data and EUV emission data observed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) MEGS-A was investigated for 50 events. The results showed the hotter Fe line emissions have strong correlation with soft X-ray data in many cases. However, our statistical study revealed that EUV flare peak flux of Fe xv, Fe xvi and He ii lines have weak correlation with soft X-ray peak flux. In EUV line light curves, there was time difference in peak time, however the tendency to reach the peak in order from the hotter line to cooler line was not so clear. These results indicate that the temporal evolution of EUV emission can be roughly explained by soft X-ray data. However, the time changes of temperature and density distributions in the flare loop must be needed for accurate reproduction. Moreover, we compared the geometrical features of solar flares observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the SDO with the fundamental flare parameters for 32 events. The ribbon distance strongly correlated with both soft X-ray flare rise and decay times. This results indicate that the geometrical feature is essential parameter for predicting flare emission duration.

The life cycle of upper-level troughs and ridges: a novel detection method, climatologies and Lagrangian characteristics

Abstract. A novel method is introduced to identify and track the life cycle of upper-level troughs and ridges. The aim is to close the existing gap between methods that detect the initiation phase of upper-level Rossby wave development and methods that detect Rossby wave breaking and decaying waves. The presented method quantifies the horizontal trough and ridge orientation and identifies the corresponding trough and ridge axes. These allow us to study the dynamics of pre- and post-trough–ridge regions separately. The method is based on the curvature of the geopotential height at a given isobaric surface and is computationally efficient. Spatiotemporal tracking allows us to quantify the maturity of troughs and ridges and could also be used to study the temporal evolution of the trough or ridge orientation. First, the algorithm is introduced in detail, and several illustrative applications – such as a downstream development from the North Atlantic into the Mediterranean – and seasonal climatologies are discussed. For example, the climatological trough and ridge orientations reveal strong zonal and meridional asymmetry: over land, most troughs and ridges are anticyclonically oriented, while they are cyclonically oriented over the main oceanic storm tracks; the cyclonic orientation increases toward the poles, while the anticyclonic orientation increases toward the Equator. Trough detection frequencies are climatologically high downstream of the Rocky Mountains and over East Asia and eastern Europe but are remarkably low downstream of Greenland. Furthermore, the detection frequencies of troughs are high at the end of the North Pacific storm track and at the end of the North Atlantic storm track over the British Isles. During El Niño-affected winters, troughs and ridges exhibit an anomalously strong cyclonic tilt over North America and the North Atlantic, in agreement with previous findings based on traditional variance-based diagnostics such as E vectors. During La Niña, the situation is essentially reversed. The orientation of troughs and ridges also depends on the jet position. For example, during midwinter over the Pacific, when the subtropical jet is strongest and located farthest equatorward, cyclonically oriented troughs and ridges dominate the climatology. Finally, the identified troughs and ridges are used as starting points for 24 h backward parcel trajectories, and a discussion of the distribution of pressure, potential temperature and potential vorticity changes along the trajectories is provided to give insight into the three-dimensional nature of troughs and ridges.

The GGCMI Phase 2 emulators: global gridded crop model responses to changes in CO<sub>2</sub>, temperature, water, and nitrogen (version 1.0)

Abstract. Statistical emulation allows combining advantageous features of statistical and process-based crop models for understanding the effects of future climate changes on crop yields. We describe here the development of emulators for nine process-based crop models and five crops using output from the Global Gridded Model Intercomparison Project (GGCMI) Phase 2. The GGCMI Phase 2 experiment is designed with the explicit goal of producing a structured training dataset for emulator development that samples across four dimensions relevant to crop yields: atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, temperature, water supply, and nitrogen inputs (CTWN). Simulations are run under two different adaptation assumptions: that growing seasons shorten in warmer climates, and that cultivar choice allows growing seasons to remain fixed. The dataset allows emulating the climatological-mean yield response of all models with a simple polynomial in mean growing-season values. Climatological-mean yields are a central metric in climate change impact analysis; we show here that they can be captured without relying on interannual variations. In general, emulation errors are negligible relative to differences across crop models or even across climate model scenarios; errors become significant only in some marginal lands where crops are not currently grown. We demonstrate that the resulting GGCMI emulators can reproduce yields under realistic future climate simulations, even though the GGCMI Phase 2 dataset is constructed with uniform CTWN offsets, suggesting that the effects of changes in temperature and precipitation distributions are small relative to those of changing means. The resulting emulators therefore capture relevant crop model responses in a lightweight, computationally tractable form, providing a tool that can facilitate model comparison, diagnosis of interacting factors affecting yields, and integrated assessment of climate impacts.

Research on the simulation technology of the combined effects of transient thermal shock and a triaxial 6-DOF

During the reentry of a spacecraft, it will encounter extreme environment of transient thermal shock and a triaxial 6-DOF. Currently, there is a lack of experimental verification means. Taking a second power supply as an example, the finite element simulation model is established, and the model is verified by the heat balance test and random vibration modal test. The thermal response distribution of rapid temperature change, low-temperature holding and high-temperature holding phrases is obtained through the transient thermal shock simulation; Based on the multi-stress simulation of the workbench, the stress-strain response distribution under the triaxial 6-DOF random vibration is obtained. According to the principle of stress coupling, the thermal response distribution matrix and stress-strain response distribution matrix are applied to the finite element model of electronic products at the same time, and then the transient thermal shock and the triaxial 6-DOF coupling simulation is realized, which provides a theoretical guidance for test verification of the extreme environment during the reentry of a spacecraft.

Effect of Stress-Dependent Thermal Conductivity on Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Behavior in GaN-Based Nanofilm Under Pulse Heat Source

The thermal properties of a nanostructured semiconductor are affected by multi-physical fields, such as stress and electromagnetic fields, causing changes in temperature and strain distributions. In this work, the influence of stress-dependent thermal conductivity on the heat transfer behavior of a GaN-based nanofilm is investigated. The finite element method is adopted to simulate the temperature distribution in a prestressed nanofilm under heat pulses. Numerical results demonstrate the effect of stress field on the thermal conductivity of GaN-based nanofilm, namely, the prestress and the thermal stress lead to a change in the heat transfer behavior in the nanofilm. Under the same heat source, the peak temperature of the film with stress-dependent thermal conductivity is significantly lower than that of the film with a constant thermal conductivity and the maximum temperature difference can reach 8.2 K. These results could be useful for designing GaN-based semiconductor devices with higher reliability under multi-physical fields.

Effects of Different Water Stratification on the Vertical Distribution of Nitrogen in Sediment Interstitial Waters: A Case Study of the Three Gorges Reservoir and Xiaowan Reservoir

To determine the reasons for the variation in the vertical distribution of nitrogen in sediment interstitial waters between different stratified reservoirs, the characteristics of overlying water-interstitial water in Xiangxi Bay, Yangtze River mainstream, and Xiaowan Reservoir were monitored. The vertical distribution of nitrogen in sediment interstitial waters in these different stratified waters were then analyzed, and the reasons for the variation in this distribution were assessed. The results showed:① the ρ(TN) in the sediment interstitial waters of the Yangtze River mainstream and Xiangxi Bay gradually increased with depth, while that of Xiaowan Reservoir reached its maximum at 12 cm and the bottom layer presented a "C" distribution. The ρ(NH4+) in the sediment interstitial waters of the Yangtze River mainstream and Xiangxi Bay exhibited an increasing trend with depth, while that of Xiaowan Reservoir was slightly higher in the bottom layer than in the surface layer, although the change with depth was not significant. Overall, the ρ(NH4+) in the sediment interstitial waters of the Yangtze River mainstream and Xiangxi Bay was higher than that of Xiaowan Reservoir, and the concentration ranges were as follows:0.512-8.289 mg·L-1, 0.968-9.307 mg·L-1, and 0.950-1.450 mg·L-1. The vertical distribution of the ρ(NO3-) in the sediment interstitial waters of all three waterbodies were opposite to that of ρ(NH4+). Moreover, the ρ(NO3-) in the sediment interstitial waters of Xiangxi Bay and the Yangtze River mainstream was higher than that of Xiaowan Reservoir. The concentration ranges were as follows:0.143-0.674 mg·L-1, 0.107-0.647 mg·L-1, and 0.050-0.051 mg·L-1. ② There were also significant differences in the vertical distribution of physical and chemical indices in the three water bodies. There was no significant change in the vertical distribution of the water temperature in the Yangtze River mainstream and the N2 value was <5×10-5 s-2; hence, the water was well mixed, and the vertical range of the dissolved oxygen content was 6.180-6.318 mg·L-1. The water temperature in the upper and middle reaches of Xiangxi Bay decreased vertically, while the water temperature in the lower reach presented a ladder-like distribution and the N2 values were all>5×10-5 s-2; thus, the water was in a stable stratified state and the dissolved oxygen content presented a "C" distribution. There was obvious stratification at the depths of 5-15 m and 54-70 m in Xiaowan Reservoir. The dissolved oxygen content decreased significantly at higher water temperature gradients, and there was no significant change along the water depth below 80 m. ③ The main reasons for the variation in the vertical distribution of nitrogen in the sediment interstitial waters of the three waterbodies were the differences in the overlying water hydrodynamics, dissolved oxygen distribution, and sediment environment. The ρ(NH4+) and ρ(NO3-) were higher in Xiangxi Bay, which may have increased the denitrification rate and subsequently have helped to remove nitrogen and reduce the nitrogen load in these waters.

Nonlinear Torsional Buckling of Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotube Orthogonally Reinforced Composite Cylindrical Shells in Thermal Environment

This paper deals with the nonlinear large deflection torsional buckling of functionally graded carbon nanotube (CNT) orthogonally reinforced composite cylindrical shells surrounded by Pasternak’s elastic foundations with the thermal effect. The shell is made by two layers where the polymeric matrix is reinforced by the CNTs in longitudinal and circumferential directions for outer and inner layers, respectively. The stability equation system is obtained by combining the Donnell’s shell theory, von Kármán nonlinearity terms, the circumferential condition in average sense and three-state solution form of deflection. The critical torsional buckling load, postbuckling load-deflection and the load-end shortening expressions are obtained by applying the Galerkin procedure. The effects of temperature change, foundation parameters, geometrical properties and CNT distribution law on the nonlinear behavior of cylindrical shell are numerically predicted. Especially, the effect of orthogonal reinforcement in comparison with longitudinal and circumferential reinforcement on the torsional buckling behavior of shells is observed.

Electro-osmotic non-isothermal flow in rectangular channels with smoothed corners

Microchannel heat sinks are able to provide high cooling capabilities in terms of heat flux rates. This makes them particularly interesting for the thermal management of electronic components such as CPUs, which have high power density and small dimensions. Pressure drop of the coolant across the microchannels may, however, be significant and give rise to viscous heating, thereby preventing the practical use of these devices. When the coolant is a polar fluid and the channel walls possess a net electric charge, an alternative means of moving the fluid is through an applied external electric field. The flow which originates is called electro-osmotic (EOF). EOF does not require moving parts, is free of vibrations and does not need lubrication, but is subject to Joule heating of the fluid and has flow and heat transfer characteristics which differ from those of pressure-drive flows. In spite of several previous investigation on EOF, no attention has been paid to the changes in velocity and temperature distributions caused by modifying the base cross-section of the channels which may be circular, rectangular or polygonal, thanks to the current capabilities of microfabrication. This work investigates numerically the influence of smoothing the corners of the cross-section at fixed hydraulic diameter on the values of the Poiseuille and Nusselt numbers for the laminar, steady and fully developed, electro-osmotic flow in a rectangular channel subject to uniform heat flux and Joule heating. Several aspect ratios are considered, as are different values of the ratio of Joule heating to heat flux through the walls. The results highlight a very slight increase of the Poiseuille number with the radius of curvature, whereas the Nusselt number experiences a significant improvement. Correlations are obtained for both the Poiseuille and Nusselt number as a function of the radius of curvature, aspect ratio and Joule heating-to-heat flux ratio.

Thermal stress on fiber coils with different winding patterns

Abstract In this study, we analyzed the optical fiber coil performance of different quadrupole winding patterns per the differences in birefringent and elastic optical effects of optical fibers. We established both physical and mechanical models of the fiber coil for this purpose. We calculated the distribution of temperature changes and stress points inside the fiber coil with the proposed models under uniform temperature conditions, then calculated the changes in refraction index and phase differences in the fiber based on the results. A possible Brillouin shift caused by the stress in the fiber coils were anaylized for the proposed model and the ideal model. We found that a staggered line pattern reduces the number of stress points, exerts even force in every fiber, and reduces the extinction ratio of the optical fiber; to this effect, it is easier to compensate for temperature and enhance fiber coil quality under constant tension and temperature conditions using a staggered line pattern.

Free vibration of sandwich micro-beam with porous foam core,GPL layers and piezo-magneto-electric facesheets via NSGT

The aim of this research is to investigate free vibration of a novel five layer Timoshenko microbeam which consists of a transversely flexible porous core made of Al-foam, two graphen platelets (GPL) nanocomposite reinforced layers to enhance the mechanical behavior of the structure as well as two piezo-magneto-electric face sheets layers. This microbeam is subjected to a thermal load and resting on Pasternak\'s foundation. To accomplish the analysis, constitutive equations of each layer are derived by means of nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT) to capture size dependent effects. Then, the Hamilton\'s principle is employed to obtain the equations of motion for five layer Timoshenko microbeam. They are subsequently solved analytically by applying Navier\'s method so that discretized governing equations are determined in form of dynamic matrix giving the possibility to gain the natural frequencies of the Timoshenko microbeam. Eventually, after a validation study, the numerical results are presented to study and discuss the influences of various parameters such as nonlocal parameter, strain gradient parameter, aspect ratio, porosity, various volume fraction and distributions of graphene platelets, temperature change and elastic foundation coefficients on natural frequencies of the sandwich microbeam.

Thermal behavior of a finite hollow cylinder in context of fractional thermoelasticity with convection boundary conditions

This paper presents an axisymmetric problem of two-dimensional finite hollow cylinder with the fractional order derivative of order occupying the space Convection boundary conditions are applied on the curved surface of cylinder and heat sources are generated as a linear function of temperature. The analytical solution for temperature, displacement, and thermal stresses are obtained applying finite Marchi-Zgrablich, finite Marchi-Fasulo, and Laplace transform technique. Some numerical results of temperature change and stress distribution are illustrated graphically and are shown in figures with the help of Mathematica software.

The Quench Recovery Analysis of the JT-60SA Superconducting Magnet

A CS module is composed of the 52 layers pancake coils. The 26 helium flowing paths are in a one module. The refrigerator supplies helium at 4.4 K to each flowing paths in nominal operation. In case of a quench, the refrigerator stops helium supply in order to shut out large heat load from the quenched magnet. The temperature distribution of the quenched CS will be smoothed by a heat conduction between each pancake coils while helium is stopped. Helium will be supplied again when the magnet pressure become low enough. The temperature distribution changes are calculated by using SuperMagnet.