Changes In Product Quality Research Articles

Recent advances in the effects of protein oxidation on aquatic products quality: mechanism and regulation

SummaryAquatic products are delicious and rich in high‐quality proteins, and thus have high‐food value and are popular among consumers; however, deterioration of their quality can easily occur when being stored and processed. Proteins, the main components of the muscle tissue of aquatic products, are closely related to the quality of aquatic products, and protein oxidation has become a research hotspot for studying the regulatory mechanisms of aquatic product quality changes. Protein oxidation is one of the main causes of quality deterioration of aquatic products, mainly because of protein cross‐linking and protein degradation caused by oxidation. Related studies have also shown that the changes in the electrostatic charge of proteins owing to oxidation are associated with the muscle water‐holding capacity (WHC). This article introduces the induction mechanism of protein oxidation in aquatic products, focusing on its effects on the quality, such as colour, texture, WHC and summarises the current research progress of aquatic products quality control on this basis to provide theoretical reference for future research.

Evaluation of osmodehydration and vacuum-assisted osmodehydration as pre-treatments during fruit drying process: The effect on drying rates, effective water diffusion and changes in product quality

This work evaluates the effect of applying osmodehydration (OD40 at atmospheric pressure) and pulsed-vacuum osmodehydration (ODVP40, at 498 mmHg) as pre-treatments before apple (cv. Granny Smith) drying. The pre-treatments were evaluated in terms of time-dependent free moisture content (MK), drying rates (DR), effective water diffusion (D), product shrinkage and color changes. The ODVP40 pre-treated samples (40 °Brix grape juice at 40 °C) had a higher total soluble solids content (p < 0.05) and lower moisture content (p < 0.05). Drying experiments were performed at three temperatures (50, 60, and 70 °C) and 3.5 m/s air-flow. Page model best fitted the MK (R2 >0.996) and DR (R2 >0.827). A response surface model was used to estimate the Page model parameters as a function of the initial sample's temperature (T) and total soluble solids concentration (SSo). D values (considering product shrinkage) were computed as 3.56–5.48 × 10−10 m2/s, 6.86–14.35 × 10−10 m2/s, 30.70–72.81×10–10 m2/s for fresh, OD40 and ODVP40 apple, respectively.

Industrial-scale composting of swine manure with a novel additive-yellow phosphorus slag: Variation in maturity indicators, compost quality and phosphorus speciation

Composting experiment of swine manure, adding with yellow phosphorus slag(YPS) at 5% (w/w), was conducted in an industrial-scale reactor covered with semi-permeable membrane. During 27 days of composting, the changes in temperature, compost quality and phosphorus(P) speciation of products were monitored. Results indicated that the temperature of compost pile was sharply increased on day 2, and the thermophilic period lasted for 15 days. The dynamics in germination index(GI), pH, nutrient contents, etc. of products were in line with conventional composting process. For P distribution, the contents of total-P and citric acid extracted-P(CAP) of products were increased during composting, while that of Olsen-P was decreased. HCl extracted inorganic P(HCl-Pi), a slowly release fraction of P, was dominated in the product, which showed an increasing trend during the composting. These results suggest that the industrial-scale composting with novel YPS additive can be accomplished, and its product contains abundant slowly released P.

Ultraviolet-radiation technology for preservation of meat and meat products: Recent advances and future trends

Meat is nutrient-dense and susceptible to microorganism contamination during manufacturing, processing, and storage, leading to spoilage and even food poisoning. Traditional food processing techniques have limitations in inactivating microorganisms in food, which usually result in diminished food quality, low consumer acceptance and the growth of some potentially toxic substances (carcinogens). In recent years, the emergence of non-thermal technologies (ultraviolet (UV) treatment, cold plasma, high pressure technology, pulsed electric field, ultrasonic treatment, etc.) has attracted the interest of a large number of researchers. UV radiation is a promising non-thermal technology for microbial inactivation in foods, and its great efficiency and environmental friendliness enables researchers to employ UV light to circumvent the limits of conventional procedures. However, a comprehensive review of recent applications of UV technology in meat and meat products is still absent. This review discusses the classification, pathogen inactivation effect and mechanism of UV radiation on meat products, and also the induced quality changes of meat products. It was concluded that UV radiation has a high bactericidal effect on various microorganisms in meat processing primarily by stimulating DNA or RNA to form pyrimidine dimers and causing cell death, but has little or no significant influence on the quality of meat and meat products, depending on the selection of different treatment parameters. This review provides important information for the application and development of UV radiation in meat products, which will be beneficial for the meat safety and quality control in future.

A Robust Purity Method for Biotherapeutics Using New Peak Detection in an LC–MS-Based Multi-Attribute Method

New peak detection (NPD), as part of the LC-MS-based multi-attribute method (MAM), allows for sensitive and unbiased detection of new or changing site-specific attributes between a sample and reference that is not possible with conventional UV or fluorescence detection-based methods. MAM with NPD can serve as a purity test that can establish whether a sample and the reference are similar. The broad implementation of NPD in the biopharmaceutical industry has been limited by the potential presence of false positives or artifacts, which increase the analysis time and can trigger unnecessary investigations of product quality. Our novel contributions to the success of NPD are the curation of false positives, use of the known peak list concept, pairwise analysis approach, and the development of a NPD system suitability control strategy. In this report, we also introduce a unique experimental design utilizing sequence variant co-mixes to measure NPD performance. We show that NPD has superior performance relative to conventional control system methods in the detection of an unexpected change as compared with the reference. NPD is a new frontier in purity testing that reduces subjectivity, need for analyst intervention, and potential for missing unexpected product quality changes.

The Development of Li Ning — How to Build a Unique Sporting Brand

In recent decades, the sporting goods industry has been rapidly growing in China and has shown great potential for further development. Former Olympic champion, Mr. LiNing, founded his own sporting brand by his own name in 1990. Within decades of development, Li Ning has made great achievement on sales and reputation among its local competitors in the fast growing industry. However, the brand also experienced huge amount of loss during its rebranding process due to failure on brand positioning. After acknowledging brand positioning mistakes, Li Ning was able to make quick reaction and applied new strategies in order to improve the brand image of Li Ning. After several years, Li Ning has become the most popular and best-known Chinese sporting brand domestically and internationally. This paper will be analyzing the cause of failure on rebranding of Li Ning, and how the brand accomplishes its achievement from three aspects — brand positioning, product quality change, internationalization, sponsorship and spokesman.

The migration and loss of water in emulsified surimi gels prepared with different phase states of lipids: Effect of freeze-thawing treatments.

The freeze-thawing (FT) stability generally correlates well with the economic value and acceptability of frozen surimi-based products. However, quality changes of emulsified surimi gels under FT conditions are still unclear. Therefore, the gel properties of samples with different phase states of lipids (lard, lard+soybean oil, and soybean oil) were investigated at FT conditions. Results showed that the soybean oil evidently improved the rheological behaviors of sols/gels compared to the lard group. The moisture content of samples with different lipids decreased by 2.40%-2.71% after 4 FT cycles. With increasing FT cycles, the water-holding capacity decreased accompanied by the increase of cooking loss. Spin-spin relaxation spectra and hydrogen proton density images proved the occurrence of water migration of gels during these processes. Better gel integrity was observed in samples consisting of soybean oil, where the proportion of pores was lower than those with lard regardless of FT treatments. Additionally, the intermolecular forces of gels also changed under FT treatments. There results suggested that the lipids with different phase states affected the migration and loss of water in emulsified surimi gels under FT cycles. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The quality changes of heating-induced surimi gel products under frozen storage have been ignored, especially the emulsified surimi gels. This study discloses the changes of the gel properties in emulsified gel products with different phase states of lipids after FT treatments, which provides critical insights into the quality improvement of this novel emulsified surimi product during processing, storage, and transportation.

Methodology based on FMEA for performance evaluation of a sabotage detection system using the example of industrial bin picking applications

Abstract – Novel methods are needed to make industrial plants more resilient to disruptions. Those disruptions are usually originating from both internal and external environment. Therefore, in the industrial environment, it is getting increasingly important to obtain an accurate overview of the functions of a production system (PS). Likewise, monitoring of production processes are also getting increasingly important due to the increasing interconnectedness of PSs. While causes of malfunctions in most PS being unintentionally and not easily caught a priori, early detection of malfunctions is important from an economic and a safety point of view. Current evaluation methods are primarily oriented towards the analysis of plant components. They do not consider, a change in product quality when it comes to the analysis of the reduction or the analysis of sabotage.The article outlines a methodology for evaluating the performance of a PS and identifying the causes of any disturbances. This methodology is based on a combination of risk analysis approaches, such as Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and security analysis approaches, such as the VDI 2182 procedure model. Furthermore, the methodology presented in this article establishes a cyclic approach that helps to reduce the susceptibility of a PS failure. To verify the effectiveness of the methodology, we interviewed experts and tested it on real PS. To do so, we are taking an Industrial Bin Picking Application (IBPA), which is a key component in many advanced manufacturing facilities. IBP is often workpiece specific and, therefore, requires engineering and commissioning effort. Our system will improve the speed and efficiency of iteration steps required to reduce interruptions in industrial PS and improve performance and productivity.

Desempenho, qualidade do ovo e índice econômico de poedeiras em diferentes sistemas de criação

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the performance, physical egg quality (weight and gravity), and economic index of laying hens reared in cage and cage-free systems. A total of 312 40-week-old Hy-line brown laying hens were distributed in a fully randomized design, split into two treatments (cage-free and cage) with 12 replicates in each system. We housed 144 birds in galvanized-wire cages (12 birds each) and 168 birds in a cage-free system in boxes with wood shaving bedding (14 birds each). The experiment lasted 112 days and divided into four 28-day periods. Regarding performance, feed intake (g) and feed conversion (g/g) of birds reared in the cage-free system were higher (p&lt;0.0001) than the cage system, but no differences were observed (p&gt;0.05) for the other performance parameters and also for egg quality. As for economic index, egg production in the cage-free system was higher (p&lt;0.0001) than the cage system. In conclusion, birds reared in the cage-free system have higher feed consumption but worse feed conversion, increasing egg production cost compared to caged birds; however, there are no changes in egg production and physical quality.

Critical Data Detection for Dynamically Adjustable Product Quality in IIoT-Enabled Manufacturing

The IIoT technologies, due to the widespread use of sensors, generate massive data that are key in providing innovative and efficient industrial management, operation, and product quality control processes. The significance of data has prompted relevant research communities and application developers how to harness the values of these data in secure manufacturing. Critical data analysis, identification of critical factors to improve the manufacturing process and critical data associated with product quality have been investigated in the current literature. However, the current works on product quality control are mainly based on static data analysis, where data may change, but there is no way to adjust them dynamically. Thus, they are not applicable for product quality control, at which point their adjustment is instantly required. However, many manufacturing systems exist, like beverages and food, where ingredients must be adjusted instantaneously to maintain product quality. To address this research gap, we introduce a method that identifies the critical data based on their ranking by exploiting three criticality assessment criteria that capture the instantaneous product quality change during manufacturing. These three criteria are – (1) correlation, (2) percentage quality change and (3) sensitivity for the assessment of data criticality. The product quality is estimated using polynomial regression (POLY), SVM, and DNN. The proposed method is validated using wine manufacturing data. Our proposed method accurately identifies critical data, where SVM produces the lowest average production quality prediction error (10.40%) compared with that of POLY (11%) and DNN (14.40%).

How to eliminate the uncovered market: A duopoly model with government intervention

AbstractTo eliminate poverty, government intervention is critical for addressing uncovered markets. To assess how this can be done effectively, this study constructs a two‐firm model with government intervention. The study focuses on the preconditions, methods, and effects of different government intervention strategies. There are three main findings. (1) When consumer income levels fall below a certain threshold, an uncovered market segment is created, and government intervention should be introduced. (2) Government intervention strategies can be divided into subsidy‐type, production‐type and mixed‐type, and each type achieves a different level of consumer surplus. Given a level of consumer surplus, the optimal strategy is affected by production costs. (3) For production‐type and mixed‐type intervention strategies, when the market is covered, lower intervention costs can achieve higher consumer surplus if government production costs are low. Furthermore, the optimal subsidy‐type intervention strategy varies with the changes in product quality if relaxing the precondition of market coverage.

CHARACTERIZATION OF TORTILLAS MARKETED IN TLAZALA, MEXICO BY USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS

Tortillas are one of the most important foods for the Mexican’s nutrition. The industrialization of the manufacturing process led to changes in final product quality. The aim of this study was to group and to identify the best tortilla from Tlazala, Mexico market. Ten industrial and artisanal samples were analyzed from chemical, textural and sensory point of view. Taking into account these characteristics, the samples were grouped by using hierarchical cluster analysis. The differences between groups were interpreted by mean comparison and analysis of variance. Three groups resulted, the first composed of machine made tortillas, the second from 100% maize grain nixtamalized in situ and the third comprised blue tortilla mechanically made from maize grain. The best characteristics were observed for the second group, mostly composed of artisanal tortillas. The results showed that the best tortilla is traditionally made, from 100% local maize grain, using a wood griddle.

Quantitative risk assessment and risk reduction of integrated acid gas enrichment and amine regeneration process using Aspen Plus dynamic simulation

Dynamic simulation provides a novel tool in risk assessment that is capable of predicting process behavior in different situations, quantifying unsafe process boundaries and examining the propagation of deviations through the process. This study investigated the most frequent disturbances in the integrated acid gas enrichment and amine regeneration process in the natural gas refinery including disturbances in amine regeneration column temperature, feed flow rate, pressure, and gas leakage from the top product stream. Using Aspen Plus dynamics simulations, the consequences of various deviation scenarios and a detailed analysis of the reasons for the occurrence of the consequences were elaborated. The calculated propagation time from the beginning of each disturbance to the occurrence of an accident makes it possible for the operators to plan the necessary arrangements and effective measures based on the available response time. Furthermore, the consequences of flooding and weeping leading to changes in product quality are numerically ranked to facilitate comparing and prioritizing these consequences. Finally, based on the simulation results, new protective layers were designed to prevent various high-risk consequences. The complexity of the integrated process evaluated in this study illustrates the generalizability of the HAZOP dynamic method to achieve new results in chemical process hazard analysis thus serving as a useful tool for process safety specialists.

Kinetika perubahan kualitas bawang merah (Allium cepa L.) varietas tajuk dibawah pengaruh edible coating dan suhu ruang penyimpanan

Shallots (Allium cepa L.) is one of the important commodities to be developed because it has become a community need that is used as a spice in cooking and medicine. Post-harvest shallots require special treatment, because shallots are easily damaged and difficult to maintain in fresh form. In postharvest handling of fresh produce, coating on the fruit surface and storage room temperature is a good method for longer shelf life. This study aims to build a mathematical model on the storage of shallots by using a coating method made from carrageenan (seaweed) with variations in storage room temperature. Carrageenan concentrations used were 0 % (without treatment), 0.25 %, 0.5 %, and 0.75 %. While the storage temperature used is 5 oC, 15 oC, and 28 oC (room temperature). Mathematical models are used to predict the rate of change (k) in product quality and predict the value of physical quality parameters. Coated shallots and low-temperature storage showed better results on the rate of quality change in shallots which included (firmness, weight loss, total soluble solids, and degree of acidity). The validation test used included the value of the correlation coefficient (R2), P-value on X2 Chi-Square which indicates that the developed mathematical model can be used properly to predict the value of physical quality parameters in shallots

Digital Cluster Markets

One foundational requirement of markets in antitrust cases is that they consist of products that are close substitutes for one another. Even though markets are nearly always porous, this principle is very robust in antitrust analysis and there are few deviations. The principle is also important for ensuring that changes in substantive antitrust law are not made through the back door as a result of overly broad or narrow market definitions.&#x0D; This Article considers the role of “cluster” markets, or markets for goods that are not close substitutes, in antitrust litigation, the minimum requirements for recognizing such markets, and the relevance of network effects in identifying them. Clustering noncompeting products into a single market for purposes of antitrust analysis can be valuable, provided that its limitations are understood. Clustering contributes to market power when (1) many customers prefer the convenience of receiving the defendant’s grouping of products rather than any single one, or (2) economies of joint provision (economies of scope in production) make joint distribution of the cluster cheaper per good than distribution of each separately, and (3) entering into competition with the cluster is difficult.&#x0D; When network effects are present, an important additional reason is what might be termed economies of scope in consumption, or increased value that accrues as a group of goods or services offered on the same platform becomes not only more numerous but also more diverse. Often the best way to address the cluster market problem is to avoid market definition altogether. Here, digital markets are particularly susceptible to direct measurements of market power that do not depend on a market definition. One limitation on their use, however, is that many of the methodologies require estimating demand changes in response to price changes, but several digital platforms engage with consumers at a price of zero. Here, however, changes in product quality can operate as an adequate (inverse) surrogate for changes in price.&#x0D; Finally, the logic of cluster markets carries an implicit warning about antitrust remedies. Clustering occurs when it creates value, and for consumers as well as producers. As a result, antitrust enforcers should be wary about aggressive breakup remedies that serve to break apart components that were clustered for the very reason that clustering is valuable.

АНАЛИЗ СТАНДАРТНЫХ МЕТОДОВ ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

It has been established that before the standardization of methods for assessing the effectiveness of agricultural machinery in the sectoral scientific and technological progress, many methodological approaches were used to solve this problem. The main disadvantages of these methods were: low objectivity of assessments due to the excessive use of a unified regulatory framework, leveling the comparison of the objects being evaluated; ignoring the criteria for the quality of work and products; low productivity of assessments in the development of current decisions on the management of machine technologies and on the modernization of machines. During the transition of the national economy of the country to a market economy in the late 80s, there was a need to streamline the development of sectoral scientific and technological progress (STP) on the basis of expanding the standardization of assessing its achievements and their effective use in production. The developed standards took into account the main drawback of the previous methodological approaches - the evaluation criteria included the quantity and quality of products. However, this decision reduced the universality of standard methods in relation to the types of equipment - most of the technological operations are intermediate, when there is no product receipt event. In addition, developers of standards in integral criteria combine direct operating costs with the effect of a change in product quality, which, in the case of a positive change in product quality relative to the comparison base, excludes the applicability of the criterion. Insufficient validity of inclusion in the integral criterion and the component of the effect of working conditions is confirmed. A calculated estimate of the need to include in the integral criterion the costs of compensation for the negative impact of technology on the environment is given. It is doubtful - these costs are 0.16% of total costs. The erroneousness of including other direct costs of funds for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, herbicides in operating costs has been proved. They reduce the universality of criteria regarding the types of technology, reduce the objectivity and independence of evaluating the effectiveness of technology. Based on the analysis of standard methods for evaluating the effectiveness of technology, proposals are formulated to eliminate fundamental shortcomings.

Seasonal changes in testis size, testosterone levels and sperm production quality in meat rams.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate seasonal changes in testes size, serum testosterone (T) levels and sperm production characteristics of 24 adult (2-3 years old) rams of meat breeds: Charollais (n=6), Ile de France (n=6), Dorset (Polled) (n=5) and Dorper (Dorper, n=7). Semen was collected with artificial vagina using a female in spontaneous oestrus (September-November, breeding season, BS) or a female with induced oestrus (March-July, non-breeding season, NBS). A total of 672 ejaculates were examined. Jugular vein blood was collected to determine testosterone levels during BS and NBS, and serum was extracted. Results of the present study indicate that there was no significant change in parameters such as body weight (kg) and testes length, both right and left, during BS and NBS, irrespective of the breed. The remaining metrics of testes differ in varying degrees between breeds of rams (with the exception of the Dorper breed) between BS and NBS. No significant variation in these parameters was found in Dorper rams. For all breeds, season had a statistically significant effect on important parameters such as total sperm count and progressive sperm motility after thawing. There was also significant seasonal variation in ejaculate volume across the three breeds, excluding il-de-France rams. The most constant was the sperm concentration, which was unchanged in BS and NBS in the three breeds, excluding Dorset rams, which showed a slightly significant decrease in this indicator in the non-breeding season. The serum content of the major male hormone testosterone (T) in rams of all breeds showed significant changes between BS and NBS, decreasing by a highly significant amount in the non-breeding season.

The Implications of Socially Responsible Retailing Platform on Channel Structure Choice and Product Quality Decisions

At present, corporate social responsibility has been widely mentioned by the international society, especially platform enterprises. For a platform that assumes social responsibilities, consumer surplus is a rather critical aspect, and product quality is one of the most important factors directly related to consumers. This paper studies a supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailing platform, in which the retailing platform procures products from the manufacturer. The manufacturer produces the products and decides the product quality. We consider two channel structures of the manufacturer and the retailing platform in the reseller mode and marketplace mode. Based on the model analysis and discussions, we obtain some managerial insights that are helpful in commercial practice. For the retailing platform, it has to suffer a loss in economic profit to care more about consumer surplus and become a social responsibility platform. In addition, its social responsibility plays different roles in different channel structures. In the marketplace mode, a social responsibility retailing platform helps to improve product quality. In the reseller mode, the retailing platform’s social responsibility does not make a change in product quality. Furthermore, the product quality in the reseller mode is always higher than that in the marketplace mode. From the perspective of economic profits, the manufacturer obtains higher profits in the reseller mode than the marketplace mode. The retailing platform obtains higher profits in the marketplace mode than the reseller mode.

A review on colorimetric indicators for monitoring product freshness in intelligent food packaging: Indicator dyes, preparation methods, and applications.

Intelligent food packaging system exhibits enhanced communication function by providing dynamic product information to various stakeholders (e.g., consumers, retailers, distributors) in the supply chain. One example of intelligent packaging involves the use of colorimetric indicators, which when subjected to external stimuli (e.g., moisture, gas/vapor, electromagnetic radiation, temperature), display discernable color changes that can be correlated with real-time changes in product quality. This type of interactive packaging system allows continuous monitoring of product freshness during transportation, distribution, storage, and marketing phases. This review summarizes the colorimetric indicator technologies for intelligent packaging systems, emphasizing on the types of indicator dyes, preparation methods, applications in different food products, and future considerations. Both food and nonfood indicator materials integrated into various carriers (e.g., paper-based substrates, polymer films, electrospun fibers, and nanoparticles) with material properties optimized for specific applications are discussed, targeting perishable products, such as fresh meat and fishery products. Colorimetric indicators can supplement the traditional "Best Before" date label by providing real-time product quality information to the consumers and retailers, thereby not only ensuring product safety, but also promising in reducing food waste. Successful scale-up of these intelligent packaging technologies to the industrial level must consider issues related to regulatory approval, consumer acceptance, cost-effectiveness, and product compatibility.

The relationship between voluntary product (re) formulation commitments and changes in the nutritional quality of products offered by the top packaged food and beverage companies in Canada from 2013 to 2017

BackgroundFood companies shape Canada’s food supply through voluntary actions and commitments concerning product (re)formulation; however, the extent that these initiatives translate into actual improvements in nutritional quality is unclear. This study examined changes in the nutritional quality of products offered by the top 22 packaged food and beverage companies in Canada from 2013 to 2017, in relation to the strength of their product (re) formulation actions and commitments.MethodsThe Food Company Reformulation (FCR) scoring tool was used to quantify the strength of companies’ reported recent actions and commitments to reduce energy and nutrients of concern in their products, with higher scores signifying stronger voluntary actions/commitments. Nutritional information for products was sourced from the University of Toronto FLIP 2013 (n = 6490) and 2017 (n = 8277) databases (n = 4074 matched products). Changes in product healthfulness were assessed using the Health Star Rating (HSR) system (with higher HSRs denoting healthier products) and calories, sodium, saturated fat, trans fat, and total and free sugar levels per 100 g/mL. Generalized estimating equations examined changes in nutritional quality in relation to FCR scores.ResultsOverall, mean HSRs increased significantly for 5 companies’ product portfolios and were reduced in 1 company’s product portfolio. There were significant reductions in calories, sodium, saturated fat in 2 companies’ portfolios and increases in 4, 3, and 8 companies’ portfolios, respectively. Trans fats increased significantly in 2 companies’ portfolios. Total and free sugars decreased significantly in 4 and 5 companies’ portfolios, respectively, and increased in 1 company’s portfolio. There was little change in the healthfulness of matched products. Higher FCR scores were not associated with greater increases in HSRs, or reductions in calories or nutrient amounts. FCR scores were negatively associated with HSRs and positively associated with total and free sugars. No relationship was observed between FCR scores and calories, sodium, saturated fat or trans fat.ConclusionsReporting stronger voluntary product (re) formulation actions and commitments was not associated with greater improvements in the healthfulness of products offered by Canada’s leading packaged food and beverage companies from 2013 to 2017, suggesting a need for stronger industry initiatives or mandatory government interventions to improve the healthfulness of the food supply.