Changes In Hematological Parameters Research Articles

Fish Hematopathology Profile is Influenced by the Pollutants in a Lake Water

The present investigation assessed the toxic effects of aquatic pollution on fish collected from the contaminated station of Chakkamkandam lake. Both, water and fish (Mugil cephalus) samples were collected from lake water of Chakkamkandam lake at Guruvayur (Kerala, India). Fish are the most affected organisms by toxicants present in water bodies among all aquatic creatures because they are the dominant species in this ecosystem. When fish consume contaminated food, pollutants/toxicants enter the fish's digestive system. It can also enter through the fish's gills and skin. After absorption, they are finally transported by the bloodstream to the organs and tissues where they accumulate.Water quality parameters were assessed and various blood parameters of the fish were analyzed. The changes in haemoglobin concentration, red blood cells, and white blood cell count were studied. The secondary blood indices were also calculated. Compared to the reference site, the fish from the lake water showed decreased numbers of RBC, Haemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct). However, the values of WBC count, and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) increased significantly. The changes in hematological parameters of fish from the polluted station revealed that the health of fish is disturbed. Additionally, the results suggested that blood parameters are useful, tools in monitoring of aquatic pollution. These biomarkers show that fish have macrocytic hypochromic anemia. Leucocytosis showed a general defence response against pollution-induced toxicity. In conclusion, the results of the current study showed that the water quality impacted hematological profile of the fish Mugil cephalus collected from lake water.

Plasma Volume Variations in Professional Soccer Players: Difference Between Pre- and Competitive Season

Background: Variations in plasma volume and hematological parameters occur before and after training in soccer players. However, there are no reports on changes in hematological parameters resulting from a half-season of training in professional soccer players. Objectives: To investigate the effects of training load on plasma volume variations in elite soccer players. Methods: Twenty soccer players from the 1st French division soccer league (Ligue 1) were included in the study. The training load was evaluated using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, 10- Borg scale) after each training session and each match. Anthropometrics characteristics, hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb) and plasma volume variations (PVV) were assessed at 3 different times: T1: Baseline (before the first week of pre-season), T2: At the end of pre-season (after 8 weeks of training) and T3: At the end of the first competitive period (after 26 weeks of training and at halfway of the competitive season). Results: Values of Ht and lean body mass (LBM) increased during the first competitive period from T1 to T3 (Ht: ∆↑8%, P = 0.037, effect sizes (ES) = 1.0; LBM: ∆↑4%, P = 0.041, ES = 0.83) and from T2 to T3 (LBM: (∆↑2%; P = 0.05; ES = 0.77). Moreover, PVV decreased from T2 to T3 (P = 0.002, ES = 0.5) and from T1 to T3 (P < 0.05; ES = 1.26). There were no differences in Hb at T1, T2 or T3. Conclusions: Changes in body weights, PVV and Ht during preparatory and competitive phases were affected by the training load and competitive play.

Therapeutic effect of methanolic leaves extract of cannabis in copper induced cardio-toxicity in Wistar rats

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of cannabis on hematological parameters of Wistar rats induced with copper toxicity. Twenty (20) rats were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each. Group A (negative control) received water only for 15 days, Group B received copper at 200 mg/kg for five days, Group C received copper at 200 mg/kg for five days then treated with cannabis at 300mg/kg for ten days and Group D received cannabis at 300mg/kg only for ten days. All the rats were sacrificed on day sixteen and blood was collected through cardiac puncture and analyzed. Prepared slides from the heart were dehydrated using a dry air oven in xylene for 30 minutes and later mounted on the microscope and viewed using oil immersion ×1000 magnification. In a group induced with copper, we observed a decrease in PVC, RBC, and WBC. Leucopenia, lymphopenia, monocytopenia, and eosinopenia were also observed. However, there was an increase in MCHC, MCH, and MCV. The result of this study shows that copper caused changes in hematological parameters that lead to anemia, also treatment with cannabis caused a relative increase in hematological parameters which was not significant enough to reverse the effect. However, cannabis only was able to cause polycythemia.

Blood Characteristics in Dogs During Treatment of Babesiosis Using Transfusion of Cryopreserved Erythrocytes

Babesiosis is one of the most common protozoan diseases in dogs, which in the absence of the necessary veterinary care often leads to the animal death. The changes of hematological parameters in dogs during complex treatment of babesiosis and transfusion of cryopreserved erythrocytes were evaluated in the research. Erythrocytes were frozen using 20% DMSO by immersion into liquid nitrogen. Transfusion of cryopreserved erythrocytes together with antiparasitic chemotherapy has been shown to promote rapid recovery of hematological parameters of animal blood (hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte counts), as well as improves their well-being, promotes faster recovery. Cryopreserved with DMSO erythrocytes can be recommended for long-term storage of blood at cryobanks.

A Descriptive Study on Hematological Changes in Brucellosis Infected Individuals

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic organism that causes diseases in both animals and humans. Human contact with infected domestic animals is often a transmission route of Brucellosis infection. This infection affects hematological parameters of the patients. We carried this study to determine the changes in various hematological parameters in our study subjects.
 Patients and Methodology:
 This study was carried out in Nangarhar regional hospital and safi medical complex on 45 Afghani people from December 2018 up to December 2020. The study design was prospective.
 A total of 45 patients (Cases) with confirmed diagnosis of Brucellosis on the basis of serology enrolled in the study. Complete blood count and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate studies are also performed. Considered hematological parameters includes Hemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell count (WBC), Platelet count (PLT) and ESR. As well interview was done with each patient and a questionnaire was used. The collected data was analyzed with Microsoft excel program Autosum statistics. Results. A total of 45 patients were enrolled. The mean age±SD of the patients under the study were (28.74±15.22) years. The most common hematological changes observed were; anemia (57.7%), thrombocytopenia (24%), leucocytosis (13.3%), pancytopenia (24.4%), lymphocytopenia (31.1%), lymphocytosis (55.5%) & leucopenia (40%). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate were elevated in about 66% of patients. Fever and headache were the most common presenting symptoms (73%) and (82%) respectively. Night sweats in (40%), joint pain (53%), muscle pain (53%) and lymphadenopathy in 46% of patients. Conclusion: This result of this study shows that Brucellosis commonly affects people of low socioeconomical states, female sex, uneducated, those consuming contaminated dairy products, peoples living in rural areas and those having consuming or contact with animal. Salmonella typhi causes changes in the hematological parameters due to involvement of bone marrow.

The Effect of Exercise on the Total Leukocyte, Absolute Neutrophil, Lymphocyte and Platelet Counts among Sudanese Football Players

Background: Aerobic exercise induces physiological stress on the body and brings changes in hematological parameters. This study aimed to determine the effect of playing football as an exercise on the total white blood cell count, absolute Neutrophil, lymphocyte and Platelet counts among Sudanese football players.
 Material and method: This was a descriptive case control study, done on a number of football players in Khartoum state, Sudan and conducted within the period from August 2021 to October 2021. Three ml of venous blood samples had been collected from every participant in the study, parameters had been measured and calculated using blood cells counter (Sysmex KX-21N). 
 Results: When compared the TWBCs, Absolute Neutrophil, Lymphocytes and platelet counts between cases and control there was a significant differences with (P ≤0.05). Also there was a significant difference in the case group before and after one hour of exercise with (P =0.00), and in significant differences between different age groups with (P ≥0.05).
 Conclusion: Playing football for 1 hour cause a significant increase in the TWBCs, absolute Neutrophils, absolute Lymphocytes and Platelets counts. Age variation has no effect on the measured parameters
 Keywords: Football, TWBCs, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes and Platelets.

INFLUENCE OF A NEW COMPLEX PREPARATION ON IMMUNOBIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF SHEEP

The article presents studies to study effect of a new complex drug on immunobiochemical parameters of sheep. In our experiments on use of a new complex veterinary drug virococcid at a dose of 100 mg / kg of live weight, carried out on sheep spontaneously infested with parasitosis, significant positive changes in hematological parameters of blood and in systems of cellular and humoral immunity were revealed, which made it possible to normalize processes of hematopoiesis, which favorably affected clinical state of experimental animals, toxic effect on hepatocytes was not established.

Safety and Efficacy of Mitapivat (AG-348), an Oral Activator of Pyruvate Kinase R, in Subjects with Sickle Cell Disease: A Phase 2, Open-Label Study (ESTIMATE)

BackgroundSickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common and devastating inherited blood disorders characterized by a single nucleotide mutation in the beta-globin chain leading to the production of mutant hemoglobin S (HbS). HbS polymerizes upon deoxygenation causing red blood cells (RBC) to sickle which results in extremely painful episodes of vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC), severe hemolytic anemia, chronic multiorgan failure and a reduced life span. An important metabolic feature directly associated with RBC sickling is increased intracellular levels of the glycolytic intermediate 2,3-diphosphyglycerate (2,3-DPG) which promotes deoxygenation by lowering the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (Hb). Pyruvate kinase R (PKR) is a key enzyme in RBC metabolism, generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to maintain energy homeostasis, membrane integrity and deformability, and modulates 2,3-DPG levels. Mitapivat (AG-348) is an oral, small molecule allosteric activator of PKR and shows promise as an anti-sickling agent in addition to its effect in PK deficiency and thalassemia. The safety and efficacy of mitapivat in subjects with SCD was evaluated in the dose finding period of this ongoing phase 2 study.MethodsThe ESTIMATE study is a phase 2, open-label study in which subjects ≥16 years with SCD (HbSS, HbS/β0, HbS/β+) with a baseline hemoglobin >6.1 g/dL and ≤11.1 g/dL, no chronic transfusion and adequate organ function were eligible. In the 8-week Dose Finding Period, initial dosing of mitapivat was 20 mg twice daily (BID). Subjects received a maximum of two sequential dose escalations of mitapivat (i.e. from 20 mg BID to 50 mg BID and 100 mg BID) depending on safety. The primary endpoints were safety, evaluated by frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs), and efficacy of mitapivat on RBC sickling. RBC sickling was evaluated by change in Point of Sickling (PoS), the pO2 at which sickling occurs as measured by oxygen gradient ektacytrometry on the Lorrca (RR Mechatronics). Secondary endpoints included changes in hematological parameters, levels of 2,3-DPG and ATP, Hb-oxygen affinity (p50) and surrogate markers of organ damage and mortality. Subjects who safely tolerated mitapivat and showed evidence of clinical improvement, were eligible to continue a 52-week follow-up period (Fixed Dose Extension Period).ResultsSix subjects have been enrolled as of September 2020 and completed the Dose Finding Period. All had homozygous HbSS except one patient who had HbS/β0-thalassemia. Baseline characteristics were: median age of 36 years (range 20-59 years), 4 (66.7%) were female and 5 (83.3%) were on stable-dose hydroxyurea. All subjects received dose escalation to a maximum dose of 100 mg BID. No serious adverse events (SAEs) occurred. Adverse events (AEs) were mild and often transient, with the most common treatment emergent AEs: transaminase increase (n=3 [50.0%], Grade 1), gastrointestinal disorders including dyspepsia, diarrhea and abdominal discomfort (n=3 [50.0%], Grade 1) and headache (n=2 [33.3%], Grade 1). One VOC occurred without hospital admission and did not require dose reduction or discontinuation. Table 1 summarizes the anti-sickling effect as well as the hematological and biochemical response to mitapivat treatment. Sickling occurred at lower pO2 levels in all 6 patients during the Dose Finding Period reflected by a significant decrease in treatment week 8 mean PoS compared to baseline. 5/6 subjects (83.3%) achieved a Hb increase of ≥1 g/dL during this period, which was accompanied by a decrease in hemolytic markers. Consistent with activation of PKR, 2,3-DPG levels decreased and ATP levels increased. Additional results including biomarker data will be presented.ConclusionMitapivat demonstrated an adequate safety profile during the 8-week Dose Finding Period in patients with SCD. The data show promising efficacy in terms of a decrease in the pO2 at which RBCs start to sickle, as well as increase in Hb from baseline and a concomitant decrease in markers reflecting hemolysis. The observed changes in 2,3-DPG and ATP levels are consistent with the proposed mechanism of the drug. The study is ongoing and further data including follow-up data, patient-reported outcomes, PKR activity and thermostability will be reported at a later stage. [Display omitted] Disclosuresvan Dijk: Agios Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Axcella Health: Research Funding. Rab: Axcella Health: Research Funding; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Rijneveld: Servier: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding. Nur: Celgene: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Speakers Bureau. Schutgens: CSL Behring: Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Research Funding; OctaPharma: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Shire/Takeda: Research Funding; Bayer: Research Funding. Wijk: Agios Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Axcella health: Research Funding; Global Blood Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Van Beers: Pfizer: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; RR Mechatronics: Research Funding.

HAEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE DERANGEMENTS IN PATIENTS DUE TO NON-RESISTANT AND RESISTANT TYPHOID FEVER

Objective: To assess and compare the frequency of haematological parameter derangements in patients due to non-resistant and extended drug resistant (XDR) typhoid fever.
 Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department of Combined Military Hospital Quetta, from Jan to Dec 2019.
 Methodology: A total number of 172 blood culture Salmonella positive patients irrespective of age and gender were included in this study. Salmonella strains were isolated and grouped further according to their drugs sensitivity. 3ml venous blood was collected from these patients in Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid container and blood complete count was done by semiautomated haematology analyser XP-100.
 Results: There were 126 (73%) males and 46 (27%) females with mean age of 17.5 ± 10.3 years. Out of 172 subjects, 106 (61.6%) had non-resistant typhoid and rest 66 (38.4%) were diagnosed with extended drug resistant Typhoid. We compared anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia between two groups and found anaemia statistically significant with the p-value of 0.001.
 Conclusion: This study has documented that changes in haematological parameters are significant in typhoid fever and early patients diagnosis, management and disease course can be monitored with them. Patients with significant anaemia and not responding to first line therapy should be considered as a case of extended drug resistant (XDR) Salmonella.

Changes in haematological parameters in hens under short-term exposure to adverse environmental factors

Short-term exposure to adverse factors is a common phenomenon in industrial egg production. An urgent problem is to understand the impact of environmental changes on poultry use. A comparative analysis of changes in haematological parameters in hens under short-term exposure to adverse environmental factors of different natures was performed. For this purpose, a control and 3 experimental groups of hens were established in a modern complex for the production of food eggs. Within 24 hours, the hens of the 2nd group were deprived of fodder, the 3rd group – of light, and the 4th group – were kept in significant overcrowding. The smallest changes in the blood system of hens were observed under the influence of the factor of lack of fodder, namely an increase, within the physiological standard, in the content of leukocytes and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a decrease in haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, erythrocytes, platelets, and a violation of the ratio of different forms of leukocytes – an increase in the concentration of heterophils (3.3%>normal) against a decrease in the concentration of monocytes (1.6%<normal), lymphocytes and basophils. Therewith, under the influence of the factor of the absence of light, a higher content of leukocytes in the blood by 10.6%, a lower concentration of haemoglobin by 22.4%, hematocrit – by 4.2%, platelets – by 9.8%, and a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate by 9.8%, a higher concentration of heterophils by 5.9% and a lower concentration of lymphocytes – by 4.6% were identified compared to the factor of the absence of fodder. The most significant changes in the blood system were noted under the influence of the factor of significant over-consolidation of hens, namely, a higher content of leukocytes in the blood by 17.1 and 5.9%, a lower concentration of haemoglobin by 29.6 and 9.2%, hematocrit – by 5.9 and 1.7%, erythrocytes – by 10.3%, platelets – by 35.8 and 28.8%, and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate by 4.9%, a higher concentration of heterophils by 11.3 and 5.4 % and lower concentration of monocytes by 0.8 and 0.4%, lymphocytes by 9.4 and 4.8% and eosinophils by 0.7% compared to the factor of lack of fodder and lack of light, respectively. Thus, in production conditions, it is necessary to avoid the over-compaction of poultry, as this factor has the greatest adverse effect

Some Selected Haematological Parameters of Patients with Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia in Sokoto, Nigeria

Background: In Sokoto Nigeria, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia complicate 6% and 4.29% of pregnancies respectively. The occurrences of these diseases pose additional challenges to the haematopoietic system in pregnancy with resultant changes in haematological parameters. Documented changes include worsening of the dilutional anaemia of pregnancy, exaggerated neutrophilic leucocytosis and varying patterns of platelet count. However, the pattern of these changes have been shown to be influenced by nutritional status, presence of co-morbidities such as diabetes, renal diseases, haemoglobinopathies and infections as well as race and genetics. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to determine haematocrit, white blood cell and platelet counts of patients with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia and compare same with normotensive pregnancy. Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative. Settings: Ninety-three pregnant women from two tertiary hospitals in Sokoto Northwest Nigeria were consecutively enrolled and grouped into three groups (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and normotensive pregnancy) of 31 each. Materials and Methods: Structured proforma was used for clinical data capturing while automated full blood count using Nortek 3-part haematology analyser was conducted on venous blood. Leishmann stained peripheral blood smears were examined to validate the haemogram findings. Statistics: Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0. Data distribution was ascertained using Shapiro-Wilk and summarized as means ± standard deviations. Comparison of means was performed using Anova or Independent samples t-test as appropriate. Results were presented in tables and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: There were statistical significant differences in mean haematocrit (32.67±4.30 vs.29.74±6.08 vs.32.24±3.02; p=0.031), white blood cell count (8.02±2.11 vs. 15.92±7.11 vs. 4.61±2.78; p=0.001) and platelet count (212.19±59.01 vs. 203.10±64.86 vs. 266.23±65.29; p=0.001) of pre-eclamptics, eclamptics and normotensive pregnant women respectively. The highest mean MCV, MCH and RDW were recorded for eclampsia (89.35±5.80, 29.00±2.76 and.17.70±21.23) when compared with pre-eclampsia (87.95±10.68, 28.33±2.76 and.13.61±1.07) and normotensive pregnancy (81.29±4.66, 28.27±3.80 and.14.23±6.67) respectively. The following mean MPV, PDW, PCT and P-LCR were recorded for the pre-eclamptics (9.89±0.94, 20.47±25.54, 0.21±0.05 and 30.77±8.94), eclamptics (9.46±0.81, 15.52±1.02, 0.19±0.53 and 27.82±7.66) and normotensive pregnancy (9.36±0.64, 16.02±2.35, 0.25±0.06 and 19.23±5.93) respectively. Patients with severe pre-eclampsia had lower mean haematocrit (32.44±3.80 vs.33.23±5.56; p=0.649) and platelet count (187.00±45.62 vs. 273.78±39.76; p=0.001) but higher white blood cell count (8.06±2.11 vs.7.922.25; p=0.869) when compared to those with mild pre-eclampsia respectively. Similarly, the severe preeclamptics had higher mean MCV (88.01±10.51 vs.87.79±11.73; p=0.959), MCH (28.46±2.83 vs.28.01±2.71; p=0.692), MCHC (32.53±3.07 vs.32.11±2.88; p=0.727) and RDW (13.72±1.04 vs.13.34±1.15; p=0.380) when compared with mild pre-eclamptics respectively. Furthermore, higher mean MPV(10.07±0.97 vs.9.43±0.75; p=0.087) and P-LCR (31.92±9.37 vs.27.98±7.54; p=0.273) but lower mean PDW (15.89±0.87 vs.31.64±47.39; p=0.348) and PCT (0.19±0.05 vs.0.26±0.04; p=0.001) were recorded in severe pre-eclampsia when compared with mild pre-eclampsia respectively. Conclusions: We observed higher mean haematocrit values for pre-eclampsia when compared with eclampsia and normotensive pregnancies. We also observed normocytic-normochromic red cell picture, neutrophilic leucocytosis and consumptive thrombocytopaenia in patients with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia; reflecting challenges posed by these diseases on the haematopoietic system during pregnancy. Furthermore and in keeping with disease progression, some of these haematological changes were noted to be more pronounced in severe pre-eclampsia when compared with mild preeclampsia.

HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT OF A DEDICATED COVID HOSPITAL: A SPECIAL CONSIDERATION TO HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION.

Introduction:The world is currently facing the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic.It is well established that hemoglobin deficient state is associated with severe form of Covid19 disease. the present study was done assess the changes in hematological parameters with special reference to hemoglobin and clinical outcome in intensive care unit of a Dedicated COVID Hospital, Government Medical College,Jalgaon.Materials and Methods: The present study was of retrospective, analytical type conducted at Government Medical College, Jalgaon which was a Dedicated COVID hospital. We collected the data of demographics, co-morbidities, laboratory investigations, drug prescription and clinical outcome from the record section of medicine department after taking required permission.Results: Out of 111 patients with confirmed Covid19 infection, majority belonged to age group of 51-60 years (24.3%). Mean hemoglobin was not statistically different in survivor versus non-survivor analysis. Conclusion: Although the hematological parameters and inflammatory markers were significantly deranged in deceased patients as compared to cured patients, mean hemoglobin was not significantly different.Thus,as per the findings of present study mean hemoglobin cannot be considered as marker of prognosis in patients with moderate to severe Covid19 disease.

The effects of isolates and immune function on hematologic parameters of Blastocystis infection rats

Objective: To define a complex of changes in hematologic parameters associated with subtypes (ST) of Blastocystis sp. infections and the status of immune function in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and lay the foundation for Blastocystis hominis pathogenesis research. Methods: 5 isolates of ST1, ST3 and ST7 were used, including 1 isolate of ST1 from symptomatic patient, 2 isolates of ST3 and ST7 from symptomatic patients and asymptomatic carrier separately. Immune compromise model was set up using dexamethasone (DEX) and infection models with 5 isolates of ST1, ST3 and ST7, and then examined the hematologic changes post infection 15 days using fully automatic hematology analyzer sysmex xe-2100. Results: The results showed that infections of Blastocystis STs leaded to the increase of platelet indexes including MPV and PDW except ST3 isolated from asymptomatic carrier only with PDW increase and the higher values of PLT in ST7 isolated from asymptomatic carrier compared with the controls in the immune competence status (P < 0.05). However, the infections of Blastocystis ST7 isolated from symptomatic patient gave rise to higher values of WBC, LYMP, EO, MCV and RDW-SD while lower values of NEU% compared with the controls in immune compromise status (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, higher values of WBC and LYMP and lower NEUT% values were observed in ST1 infections compared with the controls (P < 0.05); lower NEUT values in ST1 infections and controls compared with ST3 and ST7 respectively were observed (P < 0.05); the infection of ST3 isolated from symptomatic patient resulted in higher values of MCV and RDW-SD while the asymptomatic isolate of ST3 only had higher RDW-SD (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The virulence of Blastocystis sp. isolated from symptomatic patient is higher than that of the identical subtype one isolated from asymptomatic carrier. The infection of ST7 isolated from symptomatic patients may result in the most distinct hematologic changes among STs, and then followed by ST1 symptomatic isolate. And the severity of Blastocystis sp. infection may be mediated by the immune status of host.

Clinico-haematological profile in COVID-19 patients: an observational study at tertiary care center

Background: It is known as in other viral infections, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections, can be associated with haematological changes and often has the potential to optimize the monitoring of the infectious process and their severity. Hence, we took up this study to analyze clinico-haematological profiles in coronavirus disease-2019 patients and to compare haematological changes between mild, moderate, and severe cases. Materials and methods: The study included the patients who were tested positive for coronavirus disease-2019 infection and the patients were classified into mild, moderate and severe cases. The demographic data and the laboratory haematological parameters were collected and statistically analysed. The median values were compared between mild, moderate, and severe cases using non-parametric tests, Kruskal-Wallis test with posthoc Mann-Whitney, and the p-value was calculated using Chi-square test for statistical significance. Results: Data was collected for 276 patients, of which 167 patients were mild cases, 50 were moderate and 59 were severe. The median was derived for all the haematological parameters in mild, moderate, and severe groups which showed an increasing trend in total leucocyte count, absolute neutrophil count, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and a decreasing trend in absolute lymphocyte count and statistically significant with p-value <0.05. Conclusions: Coronavirus disease-2019 infection is associated with changes in haematological parameters, as the severity of the disease progresses total leucocyte count, absolute neutrophil count, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio increase but absolute lymphocyte count decreased. High neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and lymphopenia are valuable early risk stratification parameters.

In Vivo Delivery of siRNAs Targeting EGFR and BRD4 Expression by Peptide-Modified Redox Responsive PEG-PEI Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

The study aims to investigate the in vivo distribution, antitumor effect, and safety of cell membrane-penetrating peptide-modified disulfide bond copolymer nanoparticles loaded with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Polyethylene glycol disulfide bond-linked polyethylenimine (PEG-SS-PEI) was modified with peptides GALA and CREKA and used as vectors to prepare siRNA nanoparticles. The GALA- and CREKA-modified PEG-SS-PEI nanoparticles (GC-NPs) were prepared by mixing siEGFR and siBRD4 (1:1) with GALA-PEG-SS-PEI and CREKA-PEG-SS-PEI (1:1) in an aqueous solution at an N/P ratio of 30:1. Nanoparticles loaded with scrambled siRNA were prepared with the same method. The gene silencing effect on EGFR and BRD4 in vitro was evaluated by Western blotting analysis. TNBC xenograft models were established by subcutaneous injection of MDA-MB-231 cells into female nude mice. At 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after administration of five formulations of Cy5-siRNA (133 μg/10 g) via the tail vein, the mice were observed and imaged for a biodistribution study using an in vivo imaging system. In the pharmacodynamics experiment, tumor-bearing mice were treated with respective siRNA preparations at a dose of 133 μg/10 g for 18 days, and the body weight and tumor size were recorded every other day. The protein expression levels of EGFR, p-EGFR, PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, BRD4, and c-Myc were determined using Western blotting analysis. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters, organ indices, and HE staining results for the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney were analyzed to evaluate the safety of the nanoparticles. GC-NPs loaded with siEGFR and siBRD4 significantly inhibited the expression of EGFR and BRD4 in vitro. The strongest fluorescence signals were observed in the GC-NP group, especially in tumors, indicating the excellent tumor-targeted delivery of GC-NPs we constructed. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the GC-NP-treated group, and the expression of EGFR, p-EGFR, PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, BRD4, and c-Myc in the tumors decreased by 71%, 68%, 61%, 68%, 48%, 58%, 59%, and 74% compared to the control group, respectively. There was no significant change in hematological parameters, biochemical indices, or tissue morphology in GC-NP-treated mice. SiRNA cotargeting EGFR and BRD4 delivered by GALA- and CREKA-modified PEG-SS-PEI had favorable antitumor effects in vivo toward TNBC with tumor-targeting efficacy and good biocompatibility.

The role of tidal acclimation on the physiological responses of the green shore crab, Carcinus maenas, to thermal stress

Animals inhabiting the intertidal zone are exposed to abrupt changes in environmental conditions associated with the rise and fall of the tide. For convenience, the majority of laboratory studies on intertidal organisms have acclimated individuals to permanently submerged conditions, and thus we currently know little about how acclimation to cyclic emersion-immersion influences the ability of intertidal organisms to cope with fluctuations in environmental conditions. In the present study, the green shore crab Carcinus maenas was acclimated to either a simulated tidal regime of continuous emersion-immersion (tidal) or to permanently submerged conditions (non-tidal). Aquatic oxygen consumption was assessed when crabs were exposed to cooling (15 °C - 5 °C) or warming (15 °C - 25 °C) regimes. Tidal crabs had lower levels of oxygen consumption over the 15 °C - 20 °C range. During acute thermal stress, the Q10 values of non-tidal crabs increased as the temperature declined to 5 °C, whereas tidal crabs maintained relatively consistent Q10 values across the temperature range (5 °C–25 C). These changes in oxygen consumption were paralleled by changes in haematological parameters. Tidal crabs had higher levels of haemocyanin which may have augmented oxygen delivery to the tissues and buffered acid-base imbalances. Surprisingly lactate levels were higher in tidal crabs, these appeared unconnected to anaerobic metabolism, but may have been an important metabolic fuel for tidal crabs. These results suggest that acclimation to a simulated tidal cycle may result in different physiological responses to environmental stressors and as such is an important consideration when assessing the responses of intertidal animals in a laboratory setting.

Hematological parameters of cattle with dermatitis associated with parasitic infection

The purpose of the research is study of the animal's body clinical status and changes in hematological parameters before and after treatment against sarcoptoidosis of cattle. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on bull calves and heifers aged 6–10 months, medium finish, of 100–120 kg of body weight. The test animals were divided into three groups: two test groups and one control group of 15 animals each. Before the experiment and at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment with acaricides, scrapings from the affected skin and blood were taken from animals of all groups for research. The first test group animals were treated with ivermectin subcutaneously at a dose of 5 ml per animal, and the second test group was treated with cydectin subcutaneously at a dose of 5 ml per animal. The control animals were not treated. Results and discussion. The conducted hematological studies found a decrease in erythrocytes and hemoglobin in sarcoptoidosis, which indicated a decrease in oxygen supply to the body, and, consequently, organs and tissues. The white blood cell differential was observed to have a noticeable decrease in monocytes and lymphocytes.

The diagnostic value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in determining the severity of COVID-19

Background: Changes in hematological parameters play a role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to investigate the significance of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and hematologic parameters in determining the severity of COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in two pandemic hospitals between 01, April, and 01, July 2020. Using the COVID-19 diagnostic criteria of the world health organization (WHO), the patients were divided into two groups as severe and non-severe. Demographic and clinical characteristics, white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet counts, and NLR of all patients were examined at the first admission. Multivariate analyzes were performed to determine the independent predictive data and ROC analysis to test the diagnostic accuracy of the hematological parameters. Results: Of the 381 patients included in the study, 42 (11%) had severe COVID-19 infection. While the mean NLR was 7.61±7.48 in patients with severe COVID-19, the mean NLR of non-severe patients was 2.97±2.37 (95% CI: 2.294 to 6.984, p<0.001). Long duration of hospital stay, elevated NLR ratio, female gender were predictive variables of severe COVID-19 cases (OR =0.833, 95% CI: 0.744 to 0.934, p=0.002; OR=0.195, 95% CI: 0.057 to 0.6731, p=0.010; OR=0.664, 95% CI: 0.501 to 0.881, p=0.005, respectively). In ROC analysis, NLR ratio had 2.625 optimum cut-off value, 60% specificity (95% CI: 54.7 to 65.4), 86% sensitivity (95% CI: 71.5 to 94.6), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 4.2 (95% CI: 2.0 to 8.9) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.6) for severe COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that there might be a relationship between elevated NLR and severity in COVID-19 cases. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 001 *Correspondence: Dr. Umut Gulacti, Adiyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Emergency Medicine, Adiyaman, Turkey. E-mail: umutgulacti@gmail.com

A Cross Sectional Study to Assess the Status of Hemoglobin and Other Blood Indices among Pregnant Women Attending Tertiary Care Hospital of Vadodara

Introduction: A number of adaptations happen in the anatomy, physiology and metabolic processes within the mother which aids in successful progression of the pregnancy. The different blood indices such as haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count; total WBC count etc. can be measured to evaluate haematological status in a pregnant woman. The hematological profile of the pregnant women has an impact on both pregnancy and its outcome. Anaemia in pregnancy can be leads to morbidity and mortality in mother and fetus. The current study was designed to determine the variation in status of hemoglobin and other blood indices in anemic and non-anemic pregnant women.
 Aims ans Objectives: 1. To study the hematological and other blood indices among pregnant women, 2. To assess the degree of anemia in pregnant women, 3. To compare the Various hematological parameters between anemic and non -anemic pregnant women.
 Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional comparative descriptive survey design and quantitative approach was adopted to achieve the goal of the study. The study was conducted at the tertiary care hospital of Vadodara, Gujarat. Total 300 pregnant women were recruited and socio demographic information was collected. Hemoglobin concentration (Hb), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC), and platelet count, blood indices of the recruited samples were studied.Mean and SD of Haematological parameters were calculated and unpaired t-test was used to compare the pregnant anaemic women data with non-anaemic pregnant women.
 Results: Out of 300, 204 pregnant women were found anemic and most of the pregnant women 84% belonged to rural area. In accordance with severity of anemia, Moderate degree of anemia was found to be highest (41%) in anemic pregnant women. Comparison of non - anaemic pregnant women with anaemic pregnant women shows significant changes in haematological parameters (p <0.05).
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is significant changes in hematological parameters in each trimesters of pregnancy as well compare to non-anemic to anemic pregnant women. Most of the hematological changes occur in order to physiological adaptation of pregnancy but abnormal status of Haemoglobin and other blood indices cause adverse outcome of the pregnancy.

Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Merremia Tridentata (Linn) Hallier F.

The acute and chronic toxicity evaluation of Ethanol leaf extract of Merremia tridentata (Linn) Halier F. (MTELE) was carried out on albino wistar rats. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity profile of the extract were determined using standard methods. The animals were assigned into groups and administered varying doses of MTELE (100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight and 0.2 ml of distilled water) for a period of hundred days (fourteen weeks). The body weight, relative organ weight, haematology, serum biochemical indices and histopathological studies of the liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and lungs were appropriately carried out to determine propensity of possible toxicity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids while anthraquinone and cyanogenic glycosides were absent. The median lethal dose LD50 was estimated as 2200 mg/kg body weight. There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in the percentage change in body weight of rats administered 200 and 400 mg/kg/day dose of the extract for 100days when compared to the control group. Moreover, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the relative weight of the spleen of rats and significant (p<0.05) increase in the relative weight of the liver, kidney, heart and lungs of rats administered 400 mg/kg/day dose. All serum biochemical parameters studied showed significant (p<0.05) increase in group administered 400 mg/kg body weight dose while alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino transferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogesase and potassium ion showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the group administered 200 mg/kg/day. There is no significant change in hematological parameters like RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, monocytes, basophils, MCV, MCH, MCHC, in the extract treated animals except the lymphocyte that showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction only in the group treated with 400 mg/kg body weight dose. Administration of MTELE at 200 mg/kg body weight did not occasioned any histo-architectural change in the liver and spleen but caused varying degree of remarkable histological derangement in the other tissues. Furthermore, there were remarkable pathologies in the liver, kidney, spleen, heart and lungs ranging from vascular congestion, haemorrhage, fibrosis, to renal and myocardial damage in the group treated with 400 mg/kg/day dose for hundred days. However, 100 mg/kg body weight dose showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the parameters evaluated indicating safety at this dosage. Ethanol leaf extract of Merremia tridentata (Linn) Halier F. (MTELE) may not be safe at chronic administration even at dosage as low as 200 mg/kg body weight. The plant should be cautiously employed to avoid unwarranted complication on long term administration.