Changes In Element Concentrations Research Articles

Predicting Properties of Torrefied Biomass by Intrinsic Kinetics

Power generation facilities are under constant pressure to comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations—namely, coal utilities. One possibility to aid in compliance is through the use of torrefied biomass as a replacement or supplement for traditional fossil coal. To obtain a continuous understanding of the changes to biomass as it is torrefied, a three-stage chemical reaction model with intrinsic rate coefficients was used. This gas/vapor phase model predicts the evolution of primary torrefaction products and was further used to predict changes in elemental composition and energy content of torrefied biomass. From the model, over the typical torrefaction region (up to ∼25–30% mass loss), the relative amount of carbon increased by approximately 9%, the oxygen decreased approximately 10%, and the hydrogen content was relatively unchanged. The material retained 90% of the original available energy, and the higher heating value increased by 22.5% from 19.1 to 23.4 MJ/kg. These properties were modeled as a function of mass loss and correspond well to values measured by others for woody feedstock (root mean squared error of 2.0% for carbon, 0.43% for hydrogen, and 2.8% for oxygen).

Impact of Heat Treatment on Humic Acid Elemental Content and Thermal Stability

The article examines the impact of thermal peat modification on the elemental content and properties of humic acids. It has been revealed that preliminary heat treatment of different peat types characterized by various decomposition degrees causes the changes in elemental content; precisely it leads to the increase in macromolecule benzoid degree and subsequent enhancement of its thermal stability.

Dynamic changes of nutrition in litchi foliar and effects of potassium-nitrogen fertilization ratio

Field experiments were conducted to determine the annual dynamic changes of element contents in litchi leaves and the effects of the potassium and nitrogen ratio (K 2 O/N ratios: 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4) on the yield and planting benefits of litchi. The cultivar ‘Feizixiao ’ litchi planted in a typical acidic upland orchard was used as a subject. The following results were obtained. (1) The elemental contents of litchi leaves significantly varied during the different developmental stages. Throughout the developmental period, the elemental contents in litchi leaves were in the descending order of N > K > Ca > Mg > P > S > B > Zn > Mo. The K content showed a highly significant negative correlation with the Ca and Mg contents and significant negative correlation with the Zn content. The Ca, Mg, and Zn contents exhibited significantly positive correlation with each other. The N content was significantly negatively correlated with the S and B contents in leaves, and the S and B contents showed significant positive correlation with each other. The P content exhibited significant negative correlation with Ca and Si, whereas Ca and Si were significantly positively correlated with each other. (2) Under the same N application conditions, the yield and planting benefits of litchi initially increased and then subsequently decreased with increasing K 2 O/N ratio. litchi had the highest yield and plant benefit when the ratio of K 2 O to N ranged from 1.0 to 1.2. Thus, this ratio is recommended for the main litchi production areas in China.

The Content of Silver, Cobalt, Chromium, Iron, Mercury, Rubidium, Antimony, Selenium, and Zinc in Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Background and Purpose: The changes of trace element contents and trace element relationships in malignant giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) in a comparison with normal bone tissue were investigated using a non-destructive neutron activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of long-lived radionuclides. Materials and Methods: The silver (Ag), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) content and Co/Ag, Cr/Ag, Fe/Ag, Hg/Ag, Sb/Ag, Se/Ag, Co/Rb, Cr/Rb, Fe/Rb, Hg/Rb, Sb/ Rb, Se/Rb, Co/Zn, Cr/Zn, Fe/Zn, Hg/Zn, Sb/Zn, and Se/Zn ratios were estimated in normal bone samples from 27 patients with intact bone (12 females and 15 males, aged from 16 to 49 years) and in tumor samples, obtained from open biopsies or after operation of 8 patients with malignant GCTB (3 females and 5 males, 14 to 56 years old). The reliability of difference in the results between intact bone and malignant GCTB was evaluated by Student’s t-test. Results: It was found that in malignant GCTB tissue the mass fractions of Co, Fe, Sb, and Se are significantly higher and the mass fraction of Rb is lower than in normal bone tissues. Moreover, it was shown that significantly higher Fe/Ag, Se/ Ag, Se/Rb, Co/Zn, Fe/Zn, Hg/Zn, Sb/Zn, Se/Zn mass fraction ratios are typical of the malignant GCTB tissue compared to intact bone. In malignant GCTB tissue many correlations between trace elements found in the control group was no longer evident. Conclusions: Finally, it was concluded that in malignant transformed bone tissues a trace element metabolism is significantly disturbed. The studies on the role of trace elements in the etiology of malignant GCTB and the usefulness of trace elements as bone tumor markers have to be continued.

Diversity of arsenite oxidizing bacterial communities in arsenic-rich deltaic aquifers in West Bengal, India.

High arsenic (As) concentration in groundwater has affected human health, particularly in South-East Asia putting millions of people at risk. Biogeochemical cycling of As carried out by different bacterial groups are suggested to control the As fluxes in aquifers. A functional diversity approach in link with As precipitation was adopted to study bacterial community structures and their variation within the As contaminated Bengal Delta Plain (BDP) aquifers of India. Groundwater samples collected from two shallow aquifers in Karimpur II (West Bengal, India), during years 2010 and 2011, were investigated to trace the effects immediately after monsoon period (precipitation) on community structure and diversity of bacterial assemblages with a focus on arsenite oxidizing bacterial phyla for two successive years. The study focused on amplification, clone library generation and sequencing of the arsenite oxidase large sub-unit gene aioA and 16S rRNA marker, with respect to changes in elemental concentrations. New set of primers were designed to amplify the aioA gene as a phylogenetic marker to study taxonomically diverse arsenite oxidizing bacterial groups in these aquifers. The overall narrow distribution of bacterial communities based on aioA and 16S rRNA sequences observed was due to poor nutrient status and anoxic conditions in these As contaminated aquifers. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum detected, within which Acidovorax, Hydrogenophaga, Albidiferax, Bosea, and Polymorphum were the major arsenite oxidizing bacterial genera based on the number of clones sequenced. The structure of bacterial assemblages including those of arsenite oxidizing bacteria seems to have been affected by increase in major elemental concentrations (e.g., As, Fe, S, and Si) within two sampling sessions, which was supported by statistical analyses. One of the significant findings of this study is detection of novel lineages of 16S rRNA-like bacterial sequences indicating presence of indigenous bacterial communities BDP wells that can play important role in biogeochemical cycling of elements including As.

Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure of Wi-Fi on development of teeth and changes in teeth element concentration in rats. [corrected

The present study determined the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to Wi-Fi (2.45GHz)-induced electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on tooth and surrounding tissue development as well as the element levels in growing rats. Twenty-four rats and their offspring were equally divided into two separate groups identified as experiment and control. The experiment group was exposed to 2.45GHz EMR for 2h/day during the periods of pregnancy (21days) and lactation (21days). The offspring of these dams were also exposed to EMR up to decapitation. The control group was exposed to cage stress for 2h per day using the same protocol established for the experimental group. On the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after birth, 8 male offspring rats from each of the two groups were decapitated, and the jaws were taken for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Caspase-3 (1/50 dilution) was used in the immunohistochemical examination for apoptotic activity. On the last day of the experiment, the rats' incisors were also collected. In samples that were histologically and immunohistochemically examined, there was an increase in apoptosis and caspase-3 in both the control and the Wi-Fi groups during the development of the teeth. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of development and apoptotic activity. Results from the elemental analysis showed that iron and strontium concentrations were increased in the Wi-Fi group, whereas boron, copper, and zinc concentrations were decreased. There were no statistically significant differences in calcium, cadmium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, or phosphorus values between the groups. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations between the experimental and control groups showed that exposure to 2.45GHz EMR for 2h per day does not interfere with the development of teeth and surrounding tissues. However, there were alterations in the elemental composition of the teeth, especially affecting such oxidative stress-related elements as copper, zinc, and iron, suggesting that short-term exposure to Wi-Fi-induced EMR may cause an imbalance in the oxidative stress condition in the teeth of growing rats.

Hydrological connectivity and mixing of Lake Towuti, Indonesia in response to paleoclimatic changes over the last 60,000 years

The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) is an important driver of global climate, but its response to and involvement in paleoclimate change is poorly constrained. We generated a new record of sediment geochemistry from Lake Towuti (2.5°S, 121.5°E), Indonesia, located in the heart of the IPWP, to investigate changes in hydrological connectivity with upstream lakes and the extent of lake mixing and oxygenation during paleoclimate changes over the last 60,000years BP (60ka). Lake Towuti is located at the downstream end of the Malili Lakes, a chain of large, ancient, and biologically diverse tectonic lakes occupying a geologically heterogeneous terrain in central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Major and trace element data from river and lake sediments suggest no changes in sediment provenance during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), indicating that some of the Malili Lakes remained hydrologically open despite a regionally drier climate. However, samples from the LGM are uniformly less enriched in trace elements than samples from the Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3), which suggests a decrease in weathering intensity during the LGM, likely in response to decreased precipitation and temperature. Changes in Fe and other redox-sensitive trace element concentrations indicate changes in water column oxygenation, with the highest oxygen availability occurring during the LGM (15–35ka) likely due to more frequent and/or deeper mixing of Lake Towuti's water column. The glacial–interglacial trend in lake oxygenation corresponds with changes in regional precipitation and associated changes in the seasonal cycle. The high degree of faunal endemism in these lakes may be related to changes in the lake geochemistry associated with glacial–interglacial environmental variability driven by changing inputs and redox variability.

Novel approach for quantitatively estimating element retention and material balances in soil profiles of recharge basins used for wastewater reclamation

We investigated changes in element content and distribution in soil profiles in a study designed to monitor the geochemical changes accruing in soil due to long-term secondary effluent recharge, and its impact on the sustainability of the Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) system. Since the initial elemental contents of the soils at the studied site were not available, we reconstructed them using scandium (Sc) as a conservative tracer. By using this approach, we were able to produce a mass-balance for 18 elements and evaluate the geochemical changes resulting from 19years of effluent recharge. This approach also provides a better understanding of the role of soils as an adsorption filter for the heavy metals contained in the effluent. The soil mass balance suggests 19years of effluent recharge cause for a significant enrichment in Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mg, K, Na, S and P contents in the upper 4m of the soil profile. Combining the elements lode record during the 19years suggest that Cr, Ni, and P inputs may not reach the groundwater (20m deep), whereas the other elements may. Conversely, we found that 58, 60, and 30% of the initial content of Mn, Ca and Co respectively leached from the upper 2-m of the soil profile. These high percentages of Mn and Ca depletion from the basin soils may reduce the soil's ability to buffer decreases in redox potential pe and pH, respectively, which could initiate a reduction in the soil's holding capacity for heavy metals.

The Effect of Social Stress on Salivary Trace Elements

Social stress can alter the saliva in favor of metabolism of trace elements. This study aimed to assess the effect of social stress on salivary copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) contents in dental students before and after a comprehensive English test. Twelve students with an average age of 27 years were selected from three dental schools. The students were carries-free, and salivary samples were collected 1 week before the test day and right before the comprehensive English test. Unstimulated saliva was collected from the participants. The pH of the saliva samples was measured using a portable pH meter, and the salivary trace element contents were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After checking data to be normally distributed, Student's paired t test was used for statistical analysis. Salivary pH significantly increased right before the English test. Salivary Cu concentration decreased in students after the test (P > 0.05). The level of Zn, Mn, and Fe increased, while only Mn change was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Under the limitations of this study, induction of social stress led to a significant increase in Mn concentration in the saliva. The salivary Cu, Zn, and Fe contents, however, did not exhibit significant changes. Changes in salivary inorganic trace element content, as a result of physiological stress, might influence health of teeth, enamel, and oral mucosal tissues.

Climate change triggers effects of fungal pathogens and insect herbivores on litter decomposition

Increasing infestation by insect herbivores and pathogenic fungi in response to climate change will inevitably impact the amount and quality of leaf litter inputs into the soil. However, little is known on the interactive effect of infestation severity and climate change on litter decomposition, and no such study has been published for deciduous forests in Central Europe. We assessed changes in initial chemical quality of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and maple litter (Acer platanoides L.) in response to infestation by the gall midge Mikiola fagi Hart. and the pathogenic fungus Sawadaea tulasnei Fuckel, respectively, and investigated interactive effects of infestation severity, changes in temperature and soil moisture on carbon mineralization in a short-term laboratory study. We found that infestation by the gall midge M. fagi and the pathogenic fungus S. tulasnei significantly changed the chemical quality of beech and maple litter. Changes in element concentrations were generally positive and more pronounced, and if negative less pronounced for maple than beech litter most likely due to high quality fungal tissue remaining on litter after abscission. More importantly, alterations in litter chemical quality did not translate to distinct patterns of carbon mineralization at ambient conditions, but even low amounts of infested litter accelerated carbon mineralization at moderately increased soil moisture and in particular at higher temperature. Our results indicate that insect herbivores and fungal pathogens can markedly alter initial litter chemical quality, but that afterlife effects on carbon mineralization depend on soil moisture and temperature, suggesting that increased infestation severity under projected climate change potentially increases soil carbon release in deciduous forests in Central Europe.

In vitro evaluation of bioactivity of SiO2-CaO-P2O5-Na2O-CaF2-ZnO glass-ceramics

Abstract Zinc is an essential trace element that stimulates bone formation but it is also known as an inhibitor of apatite crystal growth. In this work addition of ZnO to SiO2-CaO-P2O5-Na2O-CaF2 glass-ceramic system was made by conventional melt-quenching technique. DSC curves showed that the addition of ZnO moved the endothermic and exothermic peaks to lower temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis did not reveal any additional phase caused by ZnO addition and showed the presence of wollastonite and hydroxyapatite crystalline phases only in all the glass-ceramic samples. As bio-implant apatite forming ability is an essential condition, the surface reactivity of the prepared glass-ceramic specimens was studied in vitro in Kokubo’s simulated body fluid (SBF) [1] with ion concentration nearly equal to human blood plasma for 30 days at 37 °C under static condition. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to study the changes in element concentrations in soaking solutions and XRD, FT-IR and SEM were used to elucidate surface properties of prepared glass-ceramics, which confirmed the formation of HCAp on the surface of all glass-ceramics. It was found that the addition of ZnO had a positive effect on bioactivity of glass-ceramics and made it a potential candidate for restoration of damaged bones.

An Application of Computer Image Processing Technique to Decoration Pattern Design

The rapid development and image processing technique to the computer is updated day by day, which lead the decorating pattern design to extend into the computer aided design from the original manual drawing.Decorative pattern is more huge miscellaneous from the contents with changeful graphics form, In this kind of advanced tool, with the help of computer of decorative pattern from figure element content changes to the graphics can carry on a processing and save in the form of digital data, can also make use of the computer to carry on the conventional image to it what processing technique falls through processing,thus form decorate pattern special manifestation and characteristics of the new era.

Biomonitoring urban air pollution using transplanted lichens: element concentrations across seasons.

We investigated the bioaccumulation of selected trace elements in samples of the lichen Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. transplanted across two seasons in the urban area of Genoa (NW Italy), which is heavily affected by traffic and industrial pollution. Total concentration of most elements did not exhibit differences between seasons, exceptions being Al and Na, higher in summer, and As, Cd, and Ti, higher in winter. Differences emerged in the initial concentrations of some elements in control samples, and this was accounted for by the use of exposed-to-control (EC) ratios, which allowed interpretation of changes in element concentrations. The study area resulted highly polluted, likely by particulate matter, as suggested also by the higher concentrations of airborne PM10 during winter months. Bioaccumulation of particulate matter seems to be affected by differences in rainfall regimes across seasons, since element solubilization and leaching due to precipitation may vary considerably.

Strontium and its relationship with trace elements Mg, Cu, Co, and Mo in human blood and serum

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of exposure to strontium on human blood and serum concentrations of magnesium, copper, cobalt, and molybdenum. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyze the elemental content of whole blood and blood serum of 97 healthy men including 70 workers in a thermal power plant and 27 control subjects from the rural area of Dragash (Kosovo), an environment without pollution. The results showed that chronic moderate exposure to strontium decreases the levels of copper in blood (BCu) and serum (SCu), of cobalt in blood (BCo) and serum (SCo), and of molybdenum in blood (BMo). All changes in blood and serum concentrations of these essential elements were significant but remained within the normal range. The results suggest that strontium may induce adverse health effects in humans.

Historical variation and recent ecological risk of heavy metals in wetland sediments along Wusuli River, Northeast China

The 150-year historical changes in concentrations of pollution elements (Pb, Cu and Zn) in sediment profiles from two riparian freshwater wetlands along the Wusuli River (boundary river between China and Russia) were studied, and the ecological risk of heavy metals and their effects on four riparian wetlands during the urban development from Khanka Lake to Black Bear Island along the Wusuli River were assessed. Results showed that there are sharp increases of the enrichment factor and the ratio of anthropogenic/total of heavy metals in the sediment profiles during the 2000s, which showed that intensive human activities during city development had greatly affected heavy metals distribution since the 1960s. According to the principal component analysis, sediment textures, redox regimes, and organic matter contents accounted for 45.7, 23.6 and 16.5 % of the total variance of element concentrations, respectively. This study also showed that ecological risk of heavy metals was increased along the Wusuli River and closely related to the water quality of the rivers as their hydrological regimes likely affect wetlands.

Temperature limits for preservation of primary calcite clumped isotope paleotemperatures

Solid-state reordering of C–O bonds in the calcite lattice can alter the clumped isotope composition of paleotemperature archives such as fossil brachiopod shells without inducing significant changes in shell microstructure and trace element concentrations, metrics commonly used to gauge preservation quality. To correctly interpret the paleoenvironmental significance of clumped isotope-derived paleotemperatures, it is necessary to understand the temperature–time domain in which solid-state C–O bond reordering is important. We address this question using a combination of laboratory and natural geological experiments on Paleozoic brachiopod shells. The laboratory experiments involve heating fossil brachiopod calcite at different temperatures and times to directly observe rates of 13C–18O bond reordering. The resulting Arrhenius parameters are indistinguishable from values previously determined for an optical calcite with similar trace element compositions. We develop an alternative kinetic model for reordering that accounts for non-first-order reaction progress observed during the initial several hundred minutes of laboratory heating experiments, and show that the simplified first-order approximation model (Passey and Henkes, 2012) predicts reaction progress equally well for temperatures and timescales relevant to sedimentary basins. We evaluate our laboratory-based rate predictions by studying brachiopod calcite from several sedimentary basins with independently constrained burial temperature histories. Specifically, we use the laboratory-derived Arrhenius parameters to predict the evolution of brachiopod calcite clumped isotope compositions during successive one million-year time steps reflecting the burial and exhumation temperature paths of each basin. While this exercise is limited by the relatively large uncertainties in the temperature histories of these basins, we find general correspondence, within error, between predicted and observed clumped isotope values. We present simplified temperature–time diagrams for calcite showing domains where primary clumped isotope compositions will be preserved, partially reordered, and fully reordered. In conclusion, calcite samples dwelling at ∼100°C or lower for 106–108 year timescales should not be affected by solid-state C–O bond reordering.

Prediction of element transfer due to flux and optimization of chemical composition and mechanical properties in high-strength low-alloy steel weld

The transfer of elements C, Si, Mn, P and S from slag into the weld metal or from weld metal into the slag and microhardness has been studied using formulated fluxes. The fluxes have been formulated using extreme vertices design with an aim to develop mathematical models for change in element content and mechanical properties versus flux constituents for submerged arc welding of high-strength low-alloy steel. It is found that CaO is the most significant flux constituent and Al2O3 is the second most significant constituent among individual mixtures. CaO·MgO and CaO·Al2O3 among binary mixtures have significant effect on element transfer and microhardness. Developed mathematical models have been checked for adequacy using t-test and analysis of variance (F-test). Flux mixtures’ composition has been provided for optimum chemical composition and mechanical properties. One of the optimum flux mixture with composition, CaO 11.61, Al2O3 12.33, CaF2 15.00 and MgO 39.06, would be providing desirable chemical composition and mechanical properties.

The content of mineral elements in Camellia olei fera ovary at pollination and fertilization stages determined by auto discrete analyzers and atomic absorption spectrophotometer

In order to elucidate the nutrition of Camellia olei fera at pollination and fertilization stages, the contents of mineral elements were determined by auto discrete analyzers and atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and the change in the contents of mineral elements was studied and analysed under the condition of self- and cross-pollination. The results are showed that nine kinds of mineral elements contents were of "S" or "W" type curve changes at the pollination and fertilization stages of Camellia olei fera. N, K, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mn element content changes showed "S" curve under the self- and out-crossing, the content of N reaching the highest was 3.445 8 mg x g(-1) in self-pollination of 20 d; K content reaching the highest at the cross-pollination 20 d was 6.275 5 mg x g(-1); Zn content in self-pollination of 10 d reaching the highest was 0.070 5 mg x g(-1); Cu content in the cross-pollination of 5 d up to the highest was 0.061 0 mg x g(-1); Ca content in the cross-pollination of 15 d up to the highest was 3.714 5 mg x g(-1); the content of Mn reaching the highest in self-pollination 30 d was 2. 161 5 mg x g(-1). Fe, P, Mg element content changes was of "S" type curve in selfing and was of "W" type curve in outcrossing, Fe content in the self-pollination 10 d up to the highest was 0.453 0 mg x g(-1); P content in self-pollination of 20 d reaching the highest was 6.731 8 mg x g(-1); the content of Mg up to the highest in self-pollination 25 d was 2.724 0 mg x g(-1). The results can be used as a reference for spraying foliar fertilizer, and improving seed setting rate and yield in Camellia olei fera.

Past human impact and pollutant loading reconstruction in Lake Engure as a tool for lake basin management

Abstract Environmental pollution of lakes and rivers is considered as one of the most important environmental problems. Analysis of nutrient and trace element accumulation in sedimentary phases of lakes can reflect the overall regional pollution level, and the observed accumulation patterns of pollutants in sediment profiles can be used to reconstruct the history of anthropogenic impacts. As pollutants in sediments are associated with other substances, it is important not only to study total concentrations of pollutants, but also their speciation forms. The aim of this study was to describe phosphorus (including speciation forms) and trace element concentrations in sediment profiles of Lake Engure and to evaluate human impact on organic matter accumulation and properties in lake sediments. The concentrations of the studied elements in sediments of Lake Engure are at background levels, which is clearly evident when compared with metal concentrations in lake sediments in West European countries. The analysis of element concentration changes in sedimentary profiles provided information about trends in recent accumulation (within the last 100 years) and on the balance between natural and human-induced accumulation processes. Analysis of nutrient concentrations in sediments aided in identifying background values as targets for lake management activities.

Fluvial landforms and their implication towards understanding the past climate and seismicity in the northern Katrol Hill Range, western India

The tectonically active Kachchh peninsula in western India lies in the southwest monsoon trajectory and hence provides a rare opportunity to decipher the temporal changes in climate–tectonics interaction in the evolution of the fluvial landforms. Reconstructions based on geomorphology, sedimentology, and geochemistry supported by optical chronology suggest that the fluvial aggradation in the region was initiated during the onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The sedimentary characteristics and major elemental concentrations suggest that the sediments are dominated by fluvially reworked miliolites with subordinate contribution from the Mesozoic sandstones and shales and were deposited with the initiation of the ISM after the LGM. Temporal changes in facies architecture and major element concentrations suggest a progressive strengthening of the monsoon between 17 and 12 ka. This was succeeded by an overall strengthened ISM phase with fluctuations after 12 ka and <8 ka. Following this, a gradual decline in the ISM is inferred until around 3 ka. However, presence of the younger valley-fill sediments which are dated to ∼1 ka are ascribed to a short-lived phase of renewed strengthened ISM in the region before the onset of present day aridity.Based on the morphology of the fluvial landforms, two major events of enhanced uplift can be suggested. The geomorphic expression of the older uplift event dated to >17 ka is represented by the beveled Mesozoic bedrock surfaces which accommodated the post LGM valley-fill aggradation. The younger event of enhanced uplift which is assigned to <3 ka was responsible for the incision of the fill sediments and the Mesozoic bedrock, and the evolution of the present day fluvial landforms. The time averaged incision/uplift rate indicates that the Katrol Hill Range is uplifting at the rate of ∼4 mm per year, implying seismically active terrain.