Change In Direction Research Articles

The sensitivity of tidal asymmetry descriptors in the Ems estuary

Tidal asymmetry in estuaries and other tidally dominated coastal systems is commonly evaluated to assess system states or their development. Based on different methods, local states are classified as either flood or ebb dominant. An increasing number of descriptors for deriving tidal asymmetry in recent years calls for a comparison and discussion of their sensitivity on input data and its quality. We compared tidal asymmetry from water level and current velocity using various descriptors that deduce from harmonic, ratio, and skewness methods. Computed from one-year measurements at different stations along the Ems estuary, their comparability was enabled by a new approach of scaling. Our results on the variation of sampling intervals demonstrated a highly site-specific sensitivity of the descriptors that led up to changes in the asymmetry direction in tidal duration asymmetry and phase lag. The slack water asymmetry appeared most sensitive to the studied parameter settings. As expected, variability of tidal asymmetry reduced with an increasing number of analyzed tides. At the same time, uncertainty from the asymmetry during spring or neap phases compared to spring-neap periods remained in all analyzed descriptors. Hence, the characterization of the estuary in terms of flood- or ebb-dominance depends critically on the quality and extent of the input data. For all parameter settings, the impact of river discharge on tidal asymmetry was pronounced but varied depending on the location in the estuary. The actual characterization of the effect of asymmetry, e.g., on sediment transport, is not conducted in this study. We propose that this requires a more comprehensive dataset, such as depth and cross-sectional variability of currents and sediment concentrations.

DNA methylation of the Lamin A/C gene is associated with congenital heart disease.

Prior studies report associations of maternal serum Lamin A, encoded by the LMNA gene, with fetal congenital heart disease (CHD). It is unknown whether DNA methylation (DNAm) of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites in LMNA impacts the CHD susceptibility. We investigated the associations of LMNA DNAm with CHD using publicly available data of CHD cases (n = 197) and controls (n = 134) from the Gene Expression Omnibus repository. Peripheral blood DNAm was measured using Illumina 850 K BeadChip for cases and 450 K BeadChip for controls. We tested 31 LMNA CpGs to identify differences in DNAm between cases and controls using linear regression correcting for multiple testing with false discovery rate (FDR). In a case-only analysis, we tested the variations in LMNA DNAm between CHD subtypes. To identify the consistency of DNAm across tissue types we compared peripheral blood (n = 197) and heart tissue DNAm (n = 20) in CHD cases. After adjusting for age, sex, and cell types there were significant differences in 17 of the 31 LMNA CpGs between CHD cases and controls (FDR p ≤ .05). We identified lower DNAm of cg09820673 at 3' UTR for hypoplastic left heart syndrome compared to other CHD subtypes. Three CpGs exhibited uniform DNAm in blood and heart tissues in cases. Eleven CpGs showed changes in the same direction in blood and heart tissues in cases compared to controls. We identify statistically significant differences in LMNA DNAm between CHD cases and controls. Future studies should investigate the role of maternal LMNA DNAm in CHD development.

The coalescence and oscillation of eutectic gallium indium alloy droplets

Gallium-based liquid metal droplets have excellent deformation performance, and their oscillation has huge potential in oscillator and organ-on-chip research. At present, the oscillation of gallium-based liquid metal droplets controlled by external energy (such as the application of electric fields and chemical reactions) has been thoroughly studied, while there are vacancies in the study of the oscillation due to coalescence of droplets without external energy input. A numerical simulation study on the oscillation process after the coalescence of two and three eutectic gallium indium alloy droplets is conducted. The degree of deformation of the droplet is described by the dimensionless length change in the symmetry axis direction of the line connecting the centers of the initial droplets in the top view, that is, in the y direction. The oscillation curve of the droplet is obtained by the fitting method. The results show that the oscillation of coalesced droplets has obvious periodicity and damping attenuation characteristics, and increasing the number of droplets or reducing the droplet radius will increase the damping coefficient. Furthermore, the ratio of droplet sizes and their initial distribution have an impact on the variations in kinetic energy of the three droplets in the y direction, thereby influencing the deformation of the droplets. This research enriches the theory of gallium-based liquid metal droplet deformation and plays a significant role in guiding the application of droplet oscillation in the fields of micromixers and measuring the physical parameters of solutions.

The Relationship Between Trust in Principal and Teacher Voice

This study aims to determine the relationship between trust in principal and teacher voice according to teachers' perceptions. This descriptive study is designed in the correlational survey model, one of the quantitative research designs. The study's target population consists of 2150 teachers working in primary, secondary and high schools in Bolu city centre. The study sample consists of 342 teachers determined by simple random sampling method. Personal information form, trust in principal scale and teacher voice scale are used to obtain data. Since the collected data do not show a normal distribution, non-parametric tests are used for the study. According to the study results, teachers' perceptions of trust in principal and teacher voice are at a high level and as teachers' perceptions of trust in principal increase, their perceptions of teacher voice change in the same direction. The study offers some significant implications for both principals and teachers.

Development Process of Unification Education Policy: Focusing on University and Society

Purpose: Unification education is greatly influenced by policy depending on its target. This unification education policy has characteristics that vary depending on the target. Accordingly, the development process of the unification education policy was reviewed, focusing on universities and society. Method: This study first reviewed laws related to unification education policy. Next, we looked at the contents of unification education related to these laws. Based on this, the model of unification education was reviewed. Results: In order to increase the effectiveness of unification education policies targeting universities and social education, efforts are needed to analyze and present the characteristics of unification education in universities and society, and to develop unification education by reflecting the characteristics of individual entities involved. These efforts will converge into public value. Conclusion: In order to induce endogenous changes in a positive direction along with the sustainability of our society related to unification education, the results of unification education being developed in elementary and middle schools should be deepened through university and social education, and through this, the unification policy of our society will be improved. The formation of a bottom-up unification policy that allows this to be formed is required. To this end, various policy efforts will be needed to ensure that the currently developing university and social unification education is developed more actively.

Reflection of changes in post-war architecture and town planning of Kharkiv in periodical specialist publications

The article provides a historiographical overview of publications about the architecture and construction of Kharkov in professional architectural journals of Ukraine during the period of post-war reconstruction (1947-1955) and during the transition period of “changes in the artistic direction of Soviet architecture.” The article contains a description of the views and positions of Kharkov architects on current architectural and urban planning issues. This period of development of Kharkiv architecture and urban planning is fundamentally conceptually and stylistically heterogeneous. Accordingly, around the middle of the 1950s, the nature of the content and tone of the publications changed significantly. This is due to ideological and political transformations in the country as a whole, and in particular radical changes in the "ideological and creative direction" of Soviet architecture. The topics of the publications of Kharkiv architects considered in this article cover a wide range from the main provisions of the General Plans of the city to a critical examination of the features of specific buildings, as well as the problems of professional training of architects. The authors of the researched publications are architects-designers, construction engineers, officials, including the main architects of the city at that time, teachers of architectural universities. The beginning of the researched period is the post-war reconstruction of Kharkiv, the publications of the first post-war decade reflect the current architectural and urban planning practice, the prospects for the implementation of various aspects of the first master plan for the development of the city. Literary sources of the mid-1950s fully reflect the turn in the direction of the development of architecture on the example of Kharkov. Professional magazines pay more attention not to architectural activity, but to construction problems. The change in the name of the magazine indirectly indicates the beginning of a change in attitude towards the profession of an architect. The final part of this article will be published later; it covers publications during the transition to industrial construction of the 1960s - early 1970s.

Paradigm of educational modernization Nurcholish Madjid perspective and relevance to the merdeka belajar concept

The aim of this research is to analyze the development of Islamic education through the newly launched concept of "Merdeka Belajar" from the perspective of Nurcholish Madjid's thoughts. This research employs a library research approach with in-depth descriptive analysis. The findings reveal that the achievements of educational reform in Indonesia through "Merdeka Belajar" have both relevance and gaps when compared to Nurcholish Madjid's perspective on educational modernization in three areas: First, the relevance of the conception of values and development principles in the three dimensions of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning through a student-oriented learning approach. Second, the gaps in the practical implementation of "Merdeka Belajar," are: 1) the concept of "Merdeka Belajar" tends to be autonomous concerning the administration of education at educational units, creating opportunities for changes in educational direction; and 2) the aspect of educational equality, which remains uneven to this day. Therefore, these findings can serve as representative evaluation material for stakeholders and policymakers regarding the development of education in Indonesia, particularly in the context of Islamic education

Transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex elicits an immediate transcranial evoked potential

BackgroundTranscranial evoked potentials (TEPs) measured via electroencephalography (EEG) are widely used to study the cortical responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Immediate transcranial evoked potentials (i-TEPs) have been obscured by pulse and muscular artifacts. Thus, the TEP peaks that are commonly reported have latencies that are too long to be caused by direct excitation of cortical neurons. MethodsIn 25 healthy individuals, we recorded i-TEPs evoked by a single biphasic TMS pulse targeting the primary motor hand area (M1HAND) or parietal or midline control sites. Sampling EEG at 50 kHz enabled us to reduce the duration of the TMS pulse artifact to a few milliseconds, while minor adjustments of the TMS coil tilt or position enabled us to avoid cranial muscular twitches during the experiment. ResultsWe observed an early positive EEG deflection starting after approx. 2 ms followed by a series of superimposed peaks with an inter-peak interval of ∼1.1–1.4 ms in multiple electrodes surrounding the stimulated sensorimotor region. This multi-peak i-TEP response was only evoked by TMS of the M1HAND region and was modified by changes in stimulation intensity and current direction. DiscussionSingle-pulse TMS of the M1HAND evokes an immediate local multi-peak response at the cortical site of stimulation. Our results suggest that the observed i-TEP patterns are genuine cortical responses evoked by TMS caused by synchronized excitation of pyramidal neurons in the targeted precentral cortex. This notion needs to be corroborated in future studies, including further investigations into the potential contribution of instrumental or physiological artifacts.

Microstructure evolution during directional solidification of 2009Al/SiCp at different pulling velocities: Modeling and Experiment

The cellular automaton-lattice Boltzmann method-immersed moving boundary coupled model is established to study the microstructure evolution during the solidification process of 2009Al/SiCp. After several model benchmarks, the natural convection of liquid phase and its effect on particle settlement under different pulling velocities were studied firstly. The results showed that at higher pulling velocity, the particle decelerates downward before contacting with dendrite front due to intensified natural convection. At lower pulling velocity, the particle decelerates gradually until a change in direction and upward movement. As the particle approach the tip of the dendrite, the particle experiences a brief upward movement before contacting the dendritic front. Then the convection induced by particles has an impact on the distribution of solutes in the liquid phase. It has been observed that at lower pulling velocity, there is a significant difference in solute distribution at the solidification front. The primary reason for this phenomenon is the higher solute concentration near the solidification front at lower pulling velocity, rather than the higher liquid phase flowing rate. Finally, our model investigated the microstructure evolution process during the directional solidification process of 2009Al/SiCp at different pulling velocities. The results indicate a good agreement between the simulation results and experiment observations.

Change in attitudes after a suicide prevention media campaign in the Mid-Norway region

BackgroundSuicide prevention media campaigns are one way of reaching people at increased suicide risk who would otherwise not seek help. This is the first study of a Norwegian campaign directed both at individuals at risk for suicide and at their social network.MethodsWe evaluated a media campaign consisting of outdoor posters, feature articles, film clips, and online banners in print, digital, and social media spread across the Mid-Norway region in late autumn 2022. This campaign material consisted of information about how to seek help for suicide thoughts and mental health problems and how to help a friend in similar situations. Before and after this campaign, 1149 adult individuals living in Mid-Norway participated in a survey on attitudes to suicide, mental ill health, and help-seeking.ResultsThere were only marginal changes in attitudes and help-seeking literacy after the campaign. This result was sustained when controlling for age, sex, and campaign visibility. For males, there were a few changes in the negative direction, i.e. lack of willingness to seek help from family and friends, after the campaign.ConclusionWe conclude that the campaign did not seem to have the desired effect and suggest ways of improving future regional Norwegian media campaigns.

Patient safety — Are we speaking the same language?

BackgroundSince the radical years following the To Err is Human report, patient safety research has become settled on standardisation and audit cultures. Recent work suggests a change in direction. Current efforts exploring the intricate relationship between stability and change within organisations establish a more balanced patient safety perspective. Frontline staff insights are key to this new knowledge. AimThis study aims to explore the patient safety perceptions of registered nurses working directly with patients in acute care settings. MethodFacilitated reflexive workshops were conducted with nine wards from October to November 2022. Data analysis explored creative works and reflective notes of group discussions with frontline registered nurses using a critical lens. FindingsWe offer four analytical interpretations of how frontline registered nurses understand and experience patient safety. These are as follows: buzzwords, keep ME safe, listen to US, and this is MY role. These manifest the business of patient safety where nurses are, under siege, the silenced team member and experience tension between accountability and responsibility. DiscussionCritical questioning and reappraisal of patient safety practices require the vast knowledge of frontline staff to be fully utilised. ConclusionThis research reveals much of what is avoided in patient safety literature — the tension between what registered nurses understand, experience, and can deliver in patient safety practice. It challenges organisational leaders to enable and support frontline nurses in driving local change.

Provenance response to evolving palaeogeography recorded by Carboniferous sandstones in the northern Pennine Basin, UK

On the basis of a combination of heavy mineral data, provenance-sensitive heavy mineral indices, garnet major element chemistry, rutile trace element chemistry and zircon U–Pb geochronology, six major changes in sandstone provenance during Carboniferous deposition in the northern Pennine Basin, UK, have been recognised. These changes are a manifestation of both tectonic and climatic factors. The earliest Tournaisian sediment was supplied from the local Southern Uplands High, but the increasingly humid climate led to the establishment of the Pennine River system, which introduced northerly-derived sediment from farther afield in the mid Tournaisian. This system was operative until the mid Bolsovian, but shows stratigraphic variations due to changes in input from different parts of the Pennine River hinterland (East Greenland, northern Scotland, western Norway). These variations are believed to be at least partly related to tectonism, since the maximum supply from high-grade metamorphic sources in East Greenland in the Namurian was concurrent with a tectonically-driven change in drainage direction in this part of the northern sourcelands. In addition, at the base of the Visean, there was a temporary influx of mature sediment coincident with a climatically-driven regression and, at the base of the Duckmantian, sediment was briefly introduced from the west as a far-field manifestation of Alleghanian tectonism. Finally, continued uplift of the Variscan mountain belt to the south of the UK led to establishment of northward-directed transport systems that reached the northern Pennine Basin in the mid-Bolsovian, leading totermination of supply from the Pennine River.

The exploration of the upper body kinematics and kinematic asymmetries during forwards and backwards wheelchair propulsion

The current literature available on the kinematic asymmetries in the upper body during wheelchair propulsion remains limited (Slowick, Requejo, Mulro. & Neptune, 2015, Front Bioeng Biotech, 3, 86-86). This research provides an opportunity to add to this limited area and help provide an understanding of the how the upper body movements change when faced with a change in speed and direction. The present cross-sectional laboratory study aimed to explore the kinematics and kinematic asymmetries during forwards and backwards wheelchair propulsion in able bodied individuals. This study investigated the effect of changes in speed and quantified the upper body kinematics of forwards and backwards wheelchair propulsion. Upon ethical approval, five able bodied participants, 3 male and 2 female (age = 21 ± 1 years, stature = 173 ± 8 cm, mass = 73 ± 7 kg) provided written informed consent and participated in this study. Participants took part in exercise regularly but had no prior wheelchair experience. Individual measurements (Height, weight, weekly exercise levels, injury history, dominant hand and upper body pain via the musculoskeletal pain questionnaire) were taken then participants took part in a series of trials in a wheelchair. Four Inertial Measurement Units (IMeasureU, Blue Trident, VICON, Oxford, UK) were placed on the participant's 7th cervical vertebrae, underneath the wheelchair seat and on the lateral side of each humerus above the elbow joint. Before testing began, participants were given a five-minute familiarisation period on the wheelchair. The testing consisted of ten forwards and ten backwards self-paced wheelchair propulsions on an Invictus Active Trainer (Invictus Active, Wolverhampton, UK), a 20 metre sprint overground on a track (with verbal encouragement throughout the sprint) and a single arm 3 kg medicine ball throw. All tests were performed from a stationary start and shoulder angles were measured to 180° before each test began. This research expects to see a difference in angular velocity between each participant's arms, with a greater level of asymmetry as speed increases. Participants are required to work harder in order to gain speed and as a result their propulsion technique will change to meet the new demands. The other expectation is to see the same side as the participants dominant hand have a higher level of force production during propulsion compared to their arm with the non-dominant hand.

Work bout handling of a search dog reduces handgrip strength and increases firefighters' risk of falls.

Firefighters work with dogs as support for their search activities for victims. Firefighters who handle dogs supposedly have higher acute muscle pain, more stumbling, and fatigue. This study aimed to verify the influence of a mantrailing dog on the firefighter's psychophysiological and muscular responses and the number of imbalances in a simulated activity of searching for people. The sample consisted of 10 canine operators characterized by mass (92.57 ± 9.66 kg), height (1.78 ± 0.06 m), age (37.8 ± 2.1 yr), and length of service (9.5 ± 4.6 yr), who performed a search activity under 2 experimental conditions (dog condition and control condition). The simulated search activity consisted of a predefined hike of 2.5 km between the beginning of a search and the place where the sham victim was hidden. Cardiometabolic variables, pain level, and muscular performance were measured pre and postactivity (time factor). The number of imbalances suffered during hiking was also quantified. ANOVA data indicated interactions (condition × time) related to handgrip strength (P < 0.05). Handgrip strength was reduced in the postsearch activity with the dog, and it increased the control when compared to the preactivity (-12.3% versus +9.2%). Also, the level of pain and discomfort in the neck, trunk, and hip regions was higher with dogs (P < 0.05). Under the dog and control conditions, there were 25 and 05 imbalances, respectively, during the hike. There were no significant differences between the experimental conditions for vertical jump performance and cardiovascular responses either with dog or control. The findings of this study highlight that a mantrailing dog with the firefighter increased the number of slips, trips, sudden changes in direction, and loss of body balance, accompanied by a reduction in handgrip strength, and increased acute pain in the neck, trunk, and hip. These findings may contribute to support strategies for mitigating injuries and optimizing the performance of canine operators in the fire department and other units cinotechnic.

Study of wellbore instability in shale formation considering the effect of hydration on strength weakening

Shale formations often contain a high proportion of clay minerals, which, upon contact with drilling fluid, undergo hydration expansion. This leads to wellbore instability, a problem that poses significant challenges globally. This study aims to investigate the variation of mechanical properties of shale with respect to hydration time. We employ an empirical model that relates shale strength parameters to the time of drilling through geological formations. Additionally, we consider both shear failure along the wellbore boundary and shear sliding along bedding planes in the analysis. We establish a predictive model for wellbore instability in shale formations. The model quantitatively analyzes the variation of wellbore collapse pressure with drilling time. The research findings indicate that, when the influence of bedding is considered, both the wellbore collapse pressure and the optimal well trajectory undergo significant changes, in addition, for some wellbore trajectories, the collapse pressure can increase by more than 30%. Therefore, it is essential to account for the influence of bedding in wellbore stability analysis in shale formations. As the bedding dip angle changes, both the numerical values and distribution range of wellbore collapse pressure and the optimal well trajectory change noticeably. Changes in bedding dip direction, however, do not affect the numerical values of collapse pressure but do influence the distribution region of the optimal well trajectory. Thus, in wellbore trajectory design within shale formations, it is crucial to determine the orientation of bedding and adjust the well trajectory accordingly to enhance wellbore stability. Furthermore, shale hydration does not impact the optimal well trajectory for a block, but with prolonged hydration, the minimum drilling fluid density required to maintain wellbore stability gradually increases. This suggests that hydration intensifies the weakening effect on bedding plane strength. The research results are helpful to understand the effect of hydration on shale wellbore stability and ensure shale wellbore stability during drilling cycle.

Cyclic failure of interfaces between sand and snakeskin-inspired surfaces

Cyclic loading of deep foundations and soil anchorage elements can lead to failure by accumulation of deformations or loss of strength. Snakeskin-inspired surfaces have been shown to mobilise direction-dependent friction angles and volumetric responses due to their asymmetric profile. This paper presents an investigation on the cyclic interface element behavior of sand-structure interfaces with snakeskin-inspired surfaces with the goal of understanding the potential impact of these surfaces on the cyclic behavior of geotechnical elements. Load- and displacement-controlled cyclic interface shear tests were performed with constant stiffness boundary conditions. Four different snakeskin-inspired surfaces and reference rough and smooth surfaces were tested. The results show that under symmetric shear stress cycles, failure always takes place in the caudal direction (i.e. along the scales) due to the smaller interface friction angles. A shear stress bias can produce a change in the failure direction to the cranial one (i.e. against the scales). An equation is introduced to predict the magnitude of shear stress bias that changes the failure direction. This investigation shows that the snakeskin-inspired surfaces can be used to control the direction of failure of soil-structure interface elements which can help in increasing the cyclic stability and reducing the susceptibility of brittle failure.

A broadband single‐layer reflectarray antenna with split ring element

AbstractA broadband single‐layer reflectarray comprising three‐layer concentric split ring elements is proposed. The reflection phase is achieved by changing the flare angle of the inner and outer split rings. The resonance of the element is easily controlled by varying the relative relationships between the homomorphic patches. And the length of the split ring changes in the azimuth direction, which improves the utilization rate of unit space. The middle split ring acts as a parasitic structure with constant size, making the surface current distribution of the element more uniform to improve the element bandwidth. A reflectarray containing 256 elements is designed and tested. The measured results indicate that the peak gain is 25.3 dBi corresponding to the aperture efficiency of 42%. And the 1‐dB gain bandwidth of the reflectarray of 21.7% is achieved.

Using high sensitivity DC accelerometers for torque estimation on a wind turbine gearbox

In this paper we propose a novel approach to estimate the torque on a wind turbine gearbox using single-axis high sensitivity DC accelerometers. The torque estimator uses an Augmented Extended Kalman Filter (AEKF), combining physics-based models with measurement data. The accelerometer sensor model is derived by analysing the measurements, leading to the identification of two torque-driven acceleration contributions: acceleration due to force excitation and acceleration due to a change in measurement direction. For the latter, two different sources, with distinct frequency content, are capable of changing the measurement direction. The first source corresponds to rigid body motion (f < 0.15Hz), the second one to ring gear deformation (0.15 < f < 4Hz). Using this information, the measured signal can be filtered to target specific acceleration contributions. The first torque estimation approach targets frequencies from 0.15 to 4Hz and produces a Normalised Mean Absolute Error (NMAE) of 2.12%. The second approach targets frequencies up to 0.15Hz, and will estimate the rigid body deflection angle. The torque is calculated through a linear identified relation between the rigid body angle and applied input torque. This approach yields an NMAE of 2.59%. This leads to the conclusion that high sensitivity DC accelerometers are a valid option for estimating torque on a wind turbine gearbox. These torque monitoring approaches will pave the way for advanced condition monitoring strategies and the calculation of remaining useful lifetime of the gearbox.

Estimating the performance of wind turbines misaligned with respect to the wind direction using a simplified CFD based approach

Wind direction in atmospheric boundary layer changes constantly. As such, the power extracted from the wind turbines in a wind farm is subjected to change. This change in wind direction impacts the wake pattern which in turn affects the power output of the downstream wind turbines. Empirical wind farm models are useful in such cases to assess the overall performance of the wind farms. However, the results provided by these models can be made more useful if fluid-structure interaction (FSI) effects are also considered. In the present work, we begin by looking at the potential flow model and the issues associated with it and used a modified model with constant vorticity to analyze the wind power available to the downstream wind turbines in a wind farm misaligned with respect to wind direction for irrotational flow. A simplified FSI based approach is used to carry out the simulations without the need of modelling the complicated wind turbine geometry.

A numerical study on transport of dust particles accompanied by air gouging process and energy consumption in a circulating ventilation workshop

A modified circulating layered ventilation system is proposed to address the issue of particulate pollutants in the casting cleaning workshop, taking into account the characteristics of end treatment and production processes. By combining Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence model and Discrete Phase Model (DPM), the particle transport law in the coupled flow process of thermal plumes generated by purified circulating airflow and heat source was explored, and ventilation energy consumption was evaluated from the perspective of particle removal energy efficiency ratio. Comparing three ventilation modes: mixed ventilation (MV), wall-based attachment ventilation (WAV), and wall-based attachment ventilation with deflector (WAV-D), it was found that the large vortex region formed by the change in airflow direction during WAV played a key role in particle transport. Placing deflector helped to reduce the impact of vortex recirculation zones generated by the intersection of airflow and plumes on particles. A higher fresh air rate will weaken the diffusion effect of particles in the horizontal air lake region. Continuously increasing the air supply volume to a certain level has little effect on the transportation of low-inertia particles, yet it still manages to effectively enhance the removal efficiency of medium-inertia particles. However, for high-inertia particles, an increase in air supply can easily lead to excessive particle concentration in local areas. When the particle removal efficiency reaches a certain level, higher supply air volume and fresh air rate may lead to a significant decrease in energy efficiency ratio.