Changes In Behavior Patterns Research Articles

Кибернетическая концепция глобального управления

The cybernetic model of governance, well-established at the national level, has yet to be applied in transnational and global dimensions for analytical purposes, despite favorable conditions for its implementation. Global governance practices are increasingly resembling classic cybernetic challenges, such as maintaining the planet's average temperature within a 1.5°C increase relative to the pre-industrial era. This task essentially involves the creation of climate control on a planetary scale. Its resolution demands not only an acceleration of the energy transition and changes in social behavior and economic consumption patterns at an individual level but also a consideration of the mechanisms of the planet's climatic and geological evolution. This article traces the genealogy of the cybernetic governance model from its initial description in the works of Norbert Wiener to contemporary studies in political science, identifying key concepts and limitations of this model. Utilizing the Copenhagen School of Security Studies, particularly the concept of "macro-securitization," the article justifies the selection of climate change as a crucial case for the cybernetic model of global governance. The analysis of the practice of implementing global governance in the field of climate change aligns with the main characteristics of the cybernetic model and can be viewed as its practical application. The cybernetic model's primary challenge in a global context lies in its requirement for an overarching, unified approach to complex and diverse global issues. The model's emphasis on measurable indicators poses difficulties in areas where quantifiable metrics are less apparent or where multiple competing interests and values must be balanced. This necessitates a nuanced understanding of the global political and socio-economic landscape and the intricate interplay between various actors and factors influencing global governance. The article suggests that while the cybernetic model offers valuable insights for certain global challenges, particularly in environmental governance, its broader application across diverse global governance domains warrants careful consideration and adaptation to the complex realities of global politics and policy-making.

Longitudinal Analysis of Patterns and Correlates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Women From Preconception to Postpartum: The Singapore Preconception Study of Long-Term Maternal and Child Outcomes Cohort.

Longitudinal changes in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior patterns from preconception to postpartum are not fully characterized. We examined changes and baseline sociodemographic/clinical correlates of PA and sedentary behavior in women from preconception to postpartum. The Singapore Preconception Study of Long-Term Maternal and Child Outcomes cohort recruited 1032 women planning pregnancy. Participants completed questionnaires at preconception, 34 to 36weeks gestation, and 12months postpartum. Repeated-measures linear regression models were used to analyze changes in walking, moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), screen time, and total sedentary time, and to identify sociodemographic/clinical correlates associated with these changes. Of the 373 women who delivered singleton live births, 281 provided questionnaires for all time points. Walking time increased from preconception to late pregnancy but decreased postpartum (adjusted means [95% CI]: 454 [333-575], 542 [433-651], and 434 [320-547]min/wk, respectively). Vigorous-intensity PA and MVPA decreased from preconception to late pregnancy but increased postpartum (vigorous-intensity PA: 44 [11-76], 1 [-3-5], and 11 [4-19]min/wk, MVPA: 273 [174-372], 165 [95-234], and 226 [126-325]min/wk, respectively). Screen time and total sedentary time remained consistent from preconception to pregnancy but decreased postpartum (screen: 238 [199-277], 244 [211-277], and 162 [136-189]min/d, total: 552 [506-598], 555 [514-596], and 454 [410-498]min/d, respectively). Individual characteristics of ethnicity, body mass index, employment, parity, and self-rated general health significantly influenced women's activity patterns. During late pregnancy, walking time increased, while MVPA declined significantly, and partially returned to preconception levels postpartum. Sedentary time remained stable during pregnancy but decreased postpartum. The identified set of sociodemographic/clinical correlates underscores need for targeted strategies.

"It helps me to stay on the right path, rather than give in": Mixed-method process evaluation of the ImpulsePal app-based intervention for weight management.

Empirical research indicates that impulsive processes that operate below conscious monitoring can undermine peoples' attempts to change behaviour patterns, especially those that have become habitual. This may, therefore, be a serious challenge for those trying to lose weight. A novel smartphone app-based intervention (ImpulsePal) offers practical strategies to manage impulsive urges to facilitate reductions in the consumption of energy-dense processed food and overeating. This process evaluation of ImpulsePal aimed to explore what was delivered/received and used, mechanisms of action, and potential contextual factors impacting intervention engagement and outcomes. A mixed-methods process evaluation, with composite analysis of the quantitative (app usage statistics) and qualitative data (semi-structured interviews), was conducted alongside a feasibility randomised controlled trial with individuals with a body mass index of at least 25 kg/m2 who wanted to lose weight. Of 58 participants receiving ImpulsePal, 56 had successfully shared app usage statistics, and 36 (62%) were interviewed. Although usage statistics indicated reductions in the use of some features, interviews indicated that participants were still using app-recommended strategies without requiring them to open ImpulsPal. Overall, interviews highlighted that participants valued having access to in-the-moment support, felt more aware of their own eating behaviour and influences on it, and felt an increased ability to avoid and reconceptualise, in-the-moment temptations. This process evaluation offers support for a logic model suggesting that impulse management, using ImpulsePal, can promote healthier eating among those motivated to lose weight. It also highlights the necessity of using multimodal methods to explore the delivery and use of digital interventions.

Changes in lifestyle behaviour and dietary patterns among Iranian medical students during COVID-19 lockdown.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many aspects of human life, including physical and mental health. The public health measures to prevent COVID-19 transmission led to social isolation, physical inactivity, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, obesity, and consumption of unhealthy food. To evaluate changes in lifestyle behaviour during the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Iranian medical students. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. In September 2021, an online questionnaire containing 32 questions was administered to 1143 medical students in Teheran universities. Some 286 completed copies of the questionnaire were excluded because of incomplete answers. Descriptive statistics of central tendency measures and dispersion were used and independent t-test and a Chi-square test between two variables were conducted. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. A total of 462 (53.9%) students had COVID-19 during the fifth wave of the disease, 657 (76.7%) were deprived of social and sports activities, and 278 (32.4%) had difficulty completing their academic studies. Students who took vitamin supplements experienced lower levels of stress and 711 (83.0%) reported bodyweight change. There were significant relationships between bodyweight change, stress level and hospitalization due to COVID-19. There was a significant relationship between smoking, bodyweight change and hospitalization rate. A total of 426 (50.3%) students did not have a regular sleep-wake pattern, 701 (81.8%) spent more time using social media, 197 (23.0%) consumed more fast food, and 674 (78.6%) experienced stress or anxiety. There was an increased tendency towards unhealthy lifestyle among medical students in Tehran during COVID-19 lockdown. These findings can be useful in assessing lifestyle behaviours among students and in planning for improvements.

PENDEKATAN REALITY THERAPY TERHADAP KORBAN TRAUMATIS AKIBAT PASCA BENCANA ALAM: STUDI LIBRARY RESEARCH

Adolescence is a transitional period to build student identity and develop a self-assessment mindset. Adolescent developmental tasks require significant changes in attitudes and behavior patterns. Due to the developmental tasks of adolescence describing the extent of changes that must be made and the problems that arise from the changes themselves, adolescence is often a difficult problem to solve. Lack of confidence in social interaction is one of the obstacles in changing attitudes and behavior. As a result, students who lack confidence in the social environment often do not have friends, are alone, and have difficulty adjusting to their environment. Students who lack self-confidence have more difficulty growing and developing in the activities they participate in at home, at school, and in the community. This writing uses a literature review and literature study by exploring various literature related to self-confidence in social interaction and group counseling approaches to rational emotive behavior therapy. Group counseling utilizes the dynamics of group members in the service process. The stages in the REBT counseling approach are using the ABC theory.

MENINGKATKAN KEPERCAYAAN DIRI SISWA DALAM BERINTERAKSI SOSIAL DENGAN KONSELING KELOMPOK RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY: LITERATURE REVIEW

Adolescence is a transitional period to build student identity and develop a self-assessment mindset. Adolescent developmental tasks require significant changes in attitudes and behavior patterns. Due to the developmental tasks of adolescence describing the extent of changes that must be made and the problems that arise from the changes themselves, adolescence is often a difficult problem to solve. Lack of confidence in social interaction is one of the obstacles in changing attitudes and behavior. As a result, students who lack confidence in the social environment often do not have friends, are alone, and have difficulty adjusting to their environment. Students who lack self-confidence have more difficulty growing and developing in the activities they participate in at home, at school, and in the community. This writing uses a literature review and literature study by exploring various literature related to self-confidence in social interaction and group counseling approaches to rational emotive behavior therapy. Group counseling utilizes the dynamics of group members in the service process. The stages in the REBT counseling approach are using the ABC theory.

RURAL ADULTS' BEHAVIOR CHANGES DURING COVID-19: A LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS

Abstract The advent of the SARS-CoV-2 virus necessitated behavior changes for most older adults. Changes were largely associated with voluntary or enforced compliance with social distancing policies. Whereas the value of social distancing for mitigating the spread of the dangerous SARS-CoV-2 virus is not the subject of serious debate among public health advocates, policies that encouraged or enforced social distancing have been met with skepticism in the general public. Understanding patterns in behavior changes may be helpful to public health professionals and policymakers who develop health communication and revised guidelines in the efforts to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 and future public health infections. Our study examined patterns in behavior changes. This study had two aims. First, using survey responses from 661 adults living in rural areas about changes they made to 20 different behaviors, we identified four classes of behavior changes: (1) non-social distancers (10.7%), (2) social distancers (54.0%), (3) social distancers making civic exceptions (24.0%), and (4) social distancers making religious exceptions (11.3%). Second, polytomous logistic regression was used to predict the probability of membership in those latent patterns of behavior change. Predictor variables included demographic variables (i.e., age, sex, and race) and variables theoretically predicted to covary with patterns of behavior change (i.e., social trust, self-assessment of health, experience of pain, and depressive symptoms). This study provides insight into behavior changes during the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that may be used by practitioners to understand variations in how people responded to the outbreak.

Beyond the crisis: fertility variations and the family policies in the Portuguese municipalities

In a profound ageing context, such as the Portuguese, fertility becomes a key variable for the analysis of population dynamics, with increased importance given the very low levels recorded in the country. According to INE [2020], Portugal has a total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.40 children per woman, one of the lowest in the EU [Eurostat, 2022].The economic and financial crisis of 2008 and the Troika intervention (European Commission, European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, the three authorities that monitored international bailout programs) in 2011, had impacted on the socioeconomic conditions of the Portuguese population, with repercussions in other behaviors as well as in fertility. Thus, the childbearing postponement led the TFR to fall to its lowest levels on record, reaching 1.21 children per woman in 2013. Although the economic recovery has allowed a slight recovery in fertility levels, the new crisis caused by COVID-19 was reflected in a new historic decline in births in the country in 2021, when the number of live births fell below 80 000, a decrease of 8% compared to 2019 [INE, 2022].Although this downward trend is common to almost all developed European countries [Aassve et al., 2020 ; Aassve et al., 2021], for Portuguese society it is a new wake-up call and a cause for concern given the population decline confirmed in the provisional data release from the 2021 Population Census (-2.1% compared to 2011). However, fertility patterns are not uniform, as they involve regional heterogeneity, which highlights a multiplicity of factors and behavioral patterns.This paper aims to approach fertility from a regional perspective to distinguish the diversity of patterns across the territory in the last two decades, and to discuss the extent to which the crises were a point of change or reinforcement of the transformations that were taking place. In the analysis, in addition to the framework and contextualisation of fertility trends by NUTS 3, the policy responses that have emerged at a local/municipal scale will be analysed.Although the crisis has contributed to the fertility decline in Portugal, its decline goes beyond the crisis reflecting changes in behavioral patterns and social and economic constraints. Thus, there persist constraints in the population dynamics that have prevented the reversal or mitigation of the decline in the inland territories that currently are also felt at the country level.

Cultural Differences in Coping with Changes in the External Environment: A Case of Behavioural Segmentation of Senior Consumers Based on Their Reaction to the COVID-19 Pandemic

A sudden change in the external environment, such as the COVID-19 pandemic meant for the senior customers in CEE, required coping mechanisms to adapt and a significant change in behavioural patterns. The paper presents what were the social and customer behaviour changes among elderly citizens caused by the pandemic and aims to identify regional differences in adapting to these changes. Results from CATI interviews of 5875 participants from Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, which had been conducted as a part of the international SHARE project bring a deeper understanding of regional differences. Behavioural segmentation done in each of the researched countries shows that the created clusters in each country are different and yet similar in certain aspects. Clusters of “adapters” – seniors with partial behavioural change are found in all three countries, even though they vary in some aspects of behaviour, they have significant commonalities as well. A cluster of “vulnerable” – seniors that had undergone a complete change of behavioural patterns to protect themselves - or a cluster of “resistant” – seniors resisting the change are found only in two of researched countries. Differences in understanding the threat and feeling the need to react in certain ways are found not only between countries but also within cultures. By employing Hofstede´s cultural dimensions score to explain detected differences, the article brings more understanding of how Power Distance, Indulgence, and Individualism could form differences in the usage of coping mechanisms among the elderly. The results bring insight into important aspects of changes in behaviour, which should be understood and mirrored in the business strategies of companies whose actual or potential customers are represented by this population. Implications for Central European audience: The research on behavioural changes among senior consumers due to the Covid-19 pandemic had been done in three countries of CEE – Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Germany and therefore, the implications are well suitable for the CEE region, yet the generalization to other countries must be done carefully as the results show that created behavioural segments in researched countries indicate cultural differences.Â

Implementasi Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) Di Desa Tanjangrono Kecamatan Ngoro Kabupaten Mojokerto

The Family Hope Program is a social assistance program for poor families as an effort to reduce poverty, improve the quality of human resources, as well as change behavior patterns that do not support improving the welfare of poor families. The implementation of the PKH program has not gone well because there are several indicators that cause the program not to run smoothly. This study aims to explain the Implementation of the Family Hope Program (PKH) in Tanjangrono Village, Ngoro District, Mojokerto Regency. This research method is descriptive qualitative. The type of data used in this study is secondary data based on periodic data in the form of data or instructions obtained from time to time where the data provides an overview of the progress of ongoing activities or circumstances. this research. Using online and offline data sources, including books, scientific papers, and some trusted news. This study shows the implementation of the Family Hope Program (PKH) in Tanjangrono Village is assessed from 4 indicators, namely communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. In implementing PKH, the lack of coordination and communication between the village government and PKH employees or implementers in providing socialization to residents regarding the Family Hope Program (PKH), as well as human resources in Tanjangrono Village are still not competent in carrying out their responsibilities in carrying out their duties which can lead to the Family Hope Program. (PKH) has not run optimally as well as the lack of commitment from the village government and employees in carrying out the existing programs in Tanjangrono Village. On the other hand, the existence of an SOP to provide order in providing services to the community will also have a good impact on the local government of Mojokerto Regency because in Mojokerto Regency it is reduced.

Assessing the size-dependent effects of microplastics on zebrafish larvae through fish lateral line system and gut damage.

This study evaluated the size-dependent effects of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fragments in zebrafish. Larvae were exposed to HDPE microplastic (MP) in three sizes, small (14.12μm), medium (80.32μm), and large (120.97μm), at 20mg/L. Size-dependent effects in terms of MP intake, subsequent gut damage, and behavioral changes were observed. The results showed that HDPE exposure did not affect the survivability of zebrafish larvae but caused two significant changes. First, exposure to large MPs caused the most serious damage to hair cells and mechanosensory receptors in the fish's lateral line system. Second, exposure to MPs<100μm resulted in their ingestion by larvae, thereby causing morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. All larvae exposed to MPs showed behavioral pattern changes associated with size differences. This study improves our understanding of the effects of MPs on aquatic organisms and highlights the need to implement efficient strategies for plastic waste management.

The Relationship of Sleep Duration, Excersise Habits, Physical Activity and Eating Frequency to Nutritional Status of Students of SMAN 22 Surabaya During The Pandemic Covid-19

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic that has spread throughout the country has caused changes in behavior patterns due to social restrictions. This has resulted in activities outside the home and in open spaces being limited and even abolished and replaced with online activities (in the network). Students who usually take part in teaching and learning activities and do sports and extracurricular activities that they like at school turn into online activities at home. Teenagers cannot socialize with their friends and their space becomes limited during the Covid-19 pandemic so they tend to play social media and get a lot of sleep disorders and experience depression. In addition to changing activities, adolescents' eating patterns and sleep duration also change due to changes in daily routines. This condition affects the nutritional status of adolescents.Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between sleep duration, exercise habits, physical activity and eating frequency with the nutritional status of the students of SMAN 22 Surabaya.Method: This research is an analytical observational study conducted at SMA Negeri 22 Surabaya with 170 respondents aged 15-17 years. The measurements taken included the respondent's nutritional status, anthropometry, sleep duration, exercise habits, physical activity and adolescent eating frequency during the pandemic. Statistical analysis used to test the hypothesis of this study using the chi-square test.Result: The nutritional status of non-obese as many as 94 students, and nutritional status of obesity as many as 76 students. Respondents with short sleep duration were 53 students, adequate sleep duration was 105 students, and long sleep duration was 12. Respondents with regular exercise habits were 45 students, and non-routine exercise habits were 125 students. Respondents with light physical activity were 75 students, moderate physical activity was 49 students, and high physical activity was 45 students. Respondents with low eating frequency were 113 students, 37 students had moderate eating frequency and 20 students had high meal frequency.Conclution: nutritional status is related to sleep duration, exercise habits, and eating frequency during the pandemic.

Changes in Population Health-Related Behaviors During a COVID-19 Surge: A Natural Experiment.

The study of impact of lockdowns on individual health-related behaviors has produced divergent results. To identify patterns of change in multiple health-related behaviors analyzed as a whole, and their individual determinants. Between March and August 2020, we collected data on smoking, alcohol, physical activity, weight, and sleep in a population-based cohort from Catalonia who had available pre-pandemic data. We performed multiple correspondence and cluster analyses to identify patterns of change in health-related behaviors and built multivariable multinomial logistic regressions to identify determinants of behavioral change. In 10,032 participants (59% female, mean (SD) age 55 (8) years), 8,606 individuals (86%) modified their behavior during the lockdown. We identified five patterns of behavioral change that were heterogeneous and directed both towards worsening and improvement in diverse combinations. Patterns ranged from "global worsening" (2,063 participants, 21%) characterized by increases in smoking, alcohol consumption, and weight, and decreases in physical activity levels and sleep time, to "improvement" (2,548 participants, 25%) characterized by increases in physical activity levels, decreases in weight and alcohol consumption, and both increases and decreases in sleep time. Being female, of older age, teleworking, having a higher education level, assuming caregiving responsibilities, and being more exposed to pandemic news were associated with changing behavior (all p < .05), but did not discriminate between favorable or unfavorable changes. Most of the population experienced changes in health-related behavior during lockdowns. Determinants of behavior modification were not explicitly associated with the direction of changes but allowed the identification of older, teleworking, and highly educated women who assumed caregiving responsibilities at home as susceptible population groups more vulnerable to lockdowns.

Dual-domain analysis of gun violence incidents in the United States.

This paper applies new and recently introduced approaches to study trends in gun violence in the United States. We use techniques in both the time and frequency domain to provide a more complete understanding of gun violence dynamics. We analyze gun violence incidents on a state-by-state basis as recorded by the Gun Violence Archive. We have numerous specific phenomena of focus, including periodicity of incidents, locations in time where behavioral changes occur, and shifts in gun violence patterns since April 2020. First, we implement a recently introduced method of spectral density estimation for nonstationary time series to investigate periodicity on a state-by-state basis, including revealing where periodic behaviors change with time. We can also classify different patterns of behavioral changes among the states. We then aim to understand the most significant shifts in gun violence since numerous key events in 2020, including the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns, and periods of civil unrest. Our dual-domain analysis provides a more thorough understanding and challenges numerous widely held conceptions regarding the prevalence of gun violence incidents.

A Research on the Investment Patterns in Banking and Securities: A Study on Indian Investment Behavior

Abstract: The Investment Industry is highly growing amidst the pandemic issues. Today with developing infrastructure we have numerous options in the investing industry. Investments are broadly classified into 2 types, namely the active and passive. The active investment requires investor to change their assets in the portfolio as per the trends of market and requires knowledge, time , patience. The passive doesn’t need you to be active and is termed as buy and hold strategy of the industry. This is for ones who cannot indulge completely. Active includes high investment and the passive includes smaller investments. The risk in active increases with increase in buying and selling of assets and securities where as passive risk reduces with longer time of hold to the securities. Therefore the study solely focuses on both factors and to assess the changes in behaviour pattern of citizens of India in terms of investment. Their behaviour is observed on majority parameters and also how technology has changed the phase of industry. In the present study, the researcher has tried to understand the mindset of Indian citizens and their attitude towards investment and its changing patterns. The researcher tries to convince the readers to understand and be aware of all forms of Investment. The pandemic era has created a vacuum of lack of capital. The study has tried to incorporate maximum aspects to justify the study. The investment industry has totally become electronic controlling with improvement in technology for easy usages, reach and access.

An oral gavage of lysine elicited early satiation while gavages of lysine, leucine, or isoleucine prolonged satiety in pigs.

Excess dietary amino acids (AA) may negatively affect feed intake in pigs. Previous results showed that Lys, Leu, Ile, Phe, and Glu significantly increased gut peptide secretion (i.e., cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1). However, the link between dietary AA and gut peptide secretion with changes in feeding behavior patterns has not been demonstrated to date in pigs. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Lys, Leu, Ile, Phe, and Glu, on feed intake and meal patterns in young pigs. Twelve male pigs (Landrace × Large White, body weight = 16.10 ± 2.69 kg) were administered an oral gavage of water (control) or Lys, Leu, Ile, Phe, Glu, or glucose (positive control) at 3 mmol.kg-1 following an overnight fasting. The experiment consisted in measuring individual feed disappearance and changes in meal pattern (including latency to first meal, first meal duration, intermeal interval, second meal duration, and number of meals) based on video footage. Compared to the control group Lys significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced feed intake during the first 30 min and up to 2.5 h post-gavage, including a reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in the first meal duration. Similarly, Leu and Ile also significantly decreased feed intake up to 3 h post-gavage on a cumulative count. However, the strongest (P ≤ 0.01) impacts on feed intake by the two branched chained AA were observed after the first- or second-hour post-gavage for Leu or Ile, respectively. In addition, Leu or Ile did not affect the first meal duration (P ≥ 0.05). Leu significantly increased (P ≤ 0.01) the intermeal interval while decreasing (P ≤ 0.05) the number of meals during the initial 2 h following the gavage when compared with the control group. In contrast, the oral gavages of Phe or Glu had no significant impact (P > 0.05) on the feeding behavior parameters measured relative to the control pigs. In turn, glucose had a short-lived effect on appetite by reducing (P < 0.05) feed intake for 30 min after the first-hour post-gavage. In conclusion, the impact of an oral gavage of Lys on feeding behavior is compatible with a stimulation of early satiation and an increased duration of satiety. The main impact of the oral gavages of Leu and Ile was an increase in the duration of satiety. The gastrointestinal mechanisms associated with non-bound dietary AA sensing and the impact on voluntary feed intake warrant further investigations.

Editorial: Reflections on human mobility in pandemic and post-pandemic times

Many of the theories on territorial development have been built in the last fifty years around the concept of human mobility, understood as the mobility at the regional, national, and international level of people, goods, economic factors, financial flows, and cultural transmission processes. However, the outbreak of the pandemic forces to review these assumptions, as well as the very essence of human (im)mobility. During the pandemic, on all the geographical scales, changes in behavioural patterns regarding coexistence, leisure, housing, work, and services were recorded and the resilient responses to the socio-health actions gained ground. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the disruptions caused by the pandemic to human mobility, and on the modifications and continuities that post-pandemic times have brought. The key questions revolve around what has changed and what remains, i.e., what role human mobility will continue to play in post-pandemic times.

Behavior and welfare impacts of water provision via misting in commercial Pekin ducks.

Ducks will access water to maintain feather condition and exhibit natural water-related behaviors such as wet preening. Providing water to ducks commercially is challenging as it may reduce litter and air quality leading to higher duck mortality or illness. This research aimed to measure the behavioral and welfare impacts of water provision via a misting system for commercial Pekin grower ducks in Victoria, Australia. Seven grower flocks were observed (four misted and three nonmisted in open-sided sheds) during May and November 2021. From 26 until 33 d of age, treatment ducks were provided 1 h of misting with shed curtains closed in both treatment and control sheds. At the start and end of the misting application period, external health and welfare measures were taken directly on the ducks via transect walks throughout each shed and catch-and-inspect observations on a sample of 150 ducks from each shed. Video recordings were also made of the misted and nonmisted ducks for 3 h representing time periods prior to, during, and after the 1-h misting across all sheds for all 8 d of the treatment period. Observations were made of all behavior that ducks exhibited at 10-min scan sample intervals across four cameras per shed, totaling 4,198 scans across the seven sheds. General linear mixed models showed the misting application predominantly had impacts on the patterns of behavioral change across the treatment time periods between the misted and nonmisted ducks rather than increasing or decreasing the overall expression of specific behaviors (interaction terms all P ≤ 0.003). The misted ducks increased drinking, tail wagging, and walking, and reduced preening, rooting litter, sitting, and stretching during misting relative to what they showed prior. The nonmisted ducks showed less sitting and more panting during misting relative to prior. Pearson's Chi-square tests showed some differences between the treatment groups in feather cleanliness on the back and wings (both P < 0.0001), likely resulting from pre-existing differences between sheds in blood from pin feathers. Most welfare indicators showed no positive or negative effect of the misting treatment. These results indicate overhead misting does affect duck behavior to some degree without compromising their welfare, but further research with larger water droplet sizes resulting in greater accumulation of surface water or extended durations of misting may lead to greater effects.

Isotemporal substitution of different behaviour patterns with the presence of MAFLD in Chinese adults.

Lack of physical activity and excessive sitting time contributed to ectopic fat accumulation, especially in the liver. Previous studies have illustrated the harm of sedentary behaviour and the benefits of physical activity on fatty liver disease. We aimed to explore the association between the behaviour patterns and the risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) using isotemporal substitution model to examine the effect of replacing one behaviour to another while keeping the total time and other behaviours fixed among Chinese middle-aged and elderly population. This study included 161 147 participants aged ≥40 years old from the nationwide, population-based cohort of the REACTION study. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure self-reported time for sleeping, sitting, walking and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). MAFLD was defined by evidence of fatty liver index (FLI) ≥ 60 in addition to one of the following three patterns, namely overweight/obesity, presence of diabetes, or evidence of metabolic dysregulation. Isotemporal substitution models using logistic regression models to evaluate the association of replacement of different behaviour patterns with each other and the risk of MAFLD. Substitution of 60 minutes per day of sleeping, walking or total MVPA for sitting was associated with a 2%-8% reduction of MAFLD risk in overall participants. In employed individuals, replacing sitting time with occupational MVPA or nonoccupational MVPA both could bring benefits to liver steatosis. Stratified analysis found that replacing 60 minutes of sitting time with an equivalent time of other behaviour pattern could reduce approximately 8% of the risk among MAFLD participants with metabolic abnormalities. Such a relationship might be explained by the important mediated role of metabolic elements, such as waist circumference, body mass index, triglycerides and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Furthermore, replacing sitting with MVPA showed a stronger association among participants who got enough sleep (sleep duration ≥7hours per day). Replacing sitting with other behaviour patterns could reduce the prevalence of MAFLD, and such substitution effect was much remarkably in individuals with abnormal metabolic status. Observably, obese individuals were more likely to benefit from appropriate changes in behaviour patterns. Moreover, the analysis of sleep duration stratification appealed that the adequacy of individual sleep duration also had a significant impact on the substitution effect. It is worth noting that adjusting the time allocation of behaviour patterns might have a beneficial impact on liver-metabolic health, and these findings might help us better recognize the importance of reasonable arrangement of behaviour patterns according to the individual's situation.

PROGRAM STUDENT OF THE MONTH SEBAGAI PROSES HABITUASI NILAI DISIPLIN SISWA

Student of the month is a program dedicated to giving appreciation and awards from the school to the best students with specific criteria. The selection of student of the month is based on the following criteria: (1) The percentage of student attendance in that month is above 90%, (2) Good character, (3) Obeys madrasa regulations, (4) Active in teaching and learning activities and extracurricular activities. This study aims to identify the process of implementing the student of the month program, determine the implementation of the student of the month program at MAN 2 Serang, and assess the impact of the student of the month program on students at MAN 2 Serang. This research is included in the descriptive analysis. This research is qualitative. The collection technique was done through interviews, documentation, and observation. Research subjects in this study were determined purposively, namely the selection of research subjects intentionally by researchers based on specific goals and criteria. The determination of research subjects is based on particular characteristics or characteristics that assess the researcher's subjectivity. The data analysis technique used is the inductive analysis technique. The study results concluded that the student of the month program led to a change in student habits, where there was a change in student behavior patterns, especially in increasing discipline. The sustainability of the program, which is carried out every month, has implications for forming a habitus for students.