Chamber Box Research Articles

Analisis Perawatan Komponen Chamber Box Pada Mesin Laminating Departemen Printing Produksi Kemasan Plastik (Studi Kasus:Pt.Daesang Ingredients Indonesia)

Miwon Indonesia is one of the companies that started as a company in 1973, the company finally changed the company's name with PT. Daesang Ingredients Indonesia The research method used is Preventive Maintenance, in this study researchers analyzed the time between laminating machine damage to the Chamber Box Heater component, the data taken was the Laminating machine down time data in July – December 2022 The results of analysis and data processing showed that the level of component reliability, namely for the chamber box heater component of 0.5892 occurred on day 5. And while the press roll rewinder component obtained a reliability level of 0.5925 on day 7. And the results of the calculation of costs before preventive maintenance are obtained at a cost of Rp. 47,953,572 per 6 months and costs after preventive maintenance are obtained at Rp. 29,677,876 per 6 months. With a difference of Rp.18,285,696. From the results of preventive maintenance costs, it can reduce maintenance costs at PT. Daesang Ingredients Indonesia than before preventive maintenance calculations are carried out.

Performance evaluation of local honey bee race (Apis melifera secutellata) in the Metekel Zone of North Western Ethiopia.

Honeybee colonies differ in performance due to variations in their traits in terms of production, productivity and behaviour. The objective of this study was to identify and evaluate the performance of honey bee race at their geographical location. A total of 20 honey bee colonies from traditional hives were transferred into frame hives and arranged randomly with enough space between the colonies. Colonies were evaluated for aggressiveness, hygienic behaviour, brood area, pollen and nectar stores, absconding and honey yield. The results indicated that colonies were generally aggressive, and the majority of colonies at 2.3-m away from the entrance reacted to the external body. They removed 95.7% ± 0.75% of the pin-killed pupae in 24 h, and there was significant (p < 0.05) variation among the different observations. The average population of the brood was 24.925 ± 7.714 unit area of brood/hive during the honey flow period. Similarly, the area allocated for storing pollen grains could reach up to 11.46 ± 3.96-unit area of pollen/hive. The swarming and absconding behaviour of the race was on average 3.39± 0.6, and 25% queen cells were found during the breeding season and dearth period, respectively. On average, the 8.85 ± 0.54 kg honey yield per colony per harvest on one honey chamber box was nearly similar to the national average (19.4 kg/hive/year) when harvested two times per year. In general, the Apis mellifera secutellata race is good in hygienic tendency and also performs well for honey yield under optimal management practices. The absconding and aggressive behaviour was high; the main reasons were extreme weather condition, and different pest and disease, seasonality of bee flora were the major ones. So, based on the current findings A. m. scutellata was predominantly available in the area and highly productive if well-managed. On the other hand, we are recommended on dearth period management and on the height of shade bee colonies.

Performance Evaluation of Domestic Refrigerator with Waste Heat Recovery System

The objective of the article is to study the performance of domestic refrigerator with waste heat recovery system. The usage of domestic refrigeration systems are increasing every day due to the requirement. During the operation of domestic refrigeration system, heat is rejected through the condensing coil to the atmosphere and leads to thermal pollution. Hence this heat can be recovered by suitable waste heat recovery system and employed for useful domestic applications. Hot chamber box has been fabricated and assembled with the domestic refrigerator. Experimental analysis has been carried out under air cooled condenser and hot chamber condenser with different loading conditions like no load, 1 litre, 3 litres, 5 litres, and 10 litres of water in the evaporator unit. COP is calculated for all the loading conditions and compared with air cooled condenser and hot chamber condenser. COP of all the loading conditions is maintained almost in the same range value. COP value is obtained in the range of 5 to 5.5 for the air cooled and hot chamber condensation modes. Hence the performance of domestic refrigerator is not changed due to the running of hot chamber box. Due to installation of hot chamber box waste heat is recovered from the condenser coil. The maximum heat recovery is arrived in the range of 31.15 to 33.66 kJ/kg.

Volatile Degassing From Magma Chambers as a Control on Volcanic Eruptions

AbstractThe loss of volatiles from a magma reservoir affects the magmatic overpressure responsible for driving ground deformation and eruptions. Although the high‐temperature metamorphic aureole around a magma chamber is typically considered to have low permeability, recent theoretical, experimental, and field studies have highlighted the role of transient permeability in magmatic systems. Also, direct measurements suggest that passive degassing is a significant component of total volatile loss in both basaltic and silicic volcanoes. Consequently, the effective permeability of the crust when magma is present in the system can be many orders of magnitude larger than that of exhumed rock samples. We develop a fully coupled porothermoelastic framework to account for both the flow of volatiles as well as associated effects on the stress state of the crust and calculate an analytical solution for spherical geometry. We then combine a magma chamber box model with these solutions to analyze eruption dynamics in magmatic systems. We find that in addition to viscous relaxation, magma recharge, and cooling timescales, the pore pressure diffusion timescale exerts a first‐order control on volcanic eruptions with moderately high crustal permeabilities of order 10−17 to 10−19 m2. We describe a parameter space to identify which components dominate in different regimes for volcanic eruptions according to these different timescales.

An Artificial Simulation Environment Experimental Method for Wallboard Experiments

In order to meet the needs of a large number of wall experiments, this paper presents a simple method to simulate the temperature of the external environment by using the high and low temperature alternating chamber to explore the temperature response of the wallboard. To make the artificial simulation environment similar to the main factors of the natural environment, this paper chooses the appropriate summer external temperature conditions to measure the temperature changes of the actual wall parts of the typical natural environment in summer, and uses the weighted average as the simulation target temperature value. We use the high-low temperature alternating experimental box to simulate the external environment temperature changes, with pure gypsum wallboard inside and high-low temperature alternating experimental box contact to change the high-low temperature alternating chamber box temperature, and record the temperature inside the wall to explore a temperature range that is close to the actual wall temperature. The experimental results show that the temperature change of the inner wall of the wall is close to the actual wall, and can be used as the simulation temperature when the temperature is 18~56℃ and the temperature rise and fall rate is 0.19℃/min.

Testing the Use of Static Chamber Boxes to Monitor Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wood Chip Storage Heaps

This study explores the use of static chamber boxes to detect whether there are fugitive emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from a willow chip storage heap. The results from the boxes were compared with those from 3-m stainless steel probes inserted into the core of the heap horizontally and vertically at intervals. The results from probes showed that there were increases of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the heap over the first 10 days after heap establishment, which were correlated with a temperature rise to 60 °C. As the CO2 declined, there was a small peak in methane (CH4) concentration in probes orientated vertically in the heap. Static chambers positioned at the apex of the heap detected some CO2 fluxes as seen in the probes; however, the quantities were small and random in nature. A small (maximum 5 ppm) flux in CH4 occurred at the same time as the probe concentrations peaked. Overall, the static chamber method was not effective in monitoring fluxes from the heap as there was evidence that gases could enter and leave around the edges of the chambers during the course of the experiment. In general, the use of standard (25 cm high) static chambers for monitoring fluxes from wood chip heaps is not recommended.

Uplift Response of Irregular-Shaped Anchor in Cohesionless Soil

This paper presents an innovative soil anchor in loose and dense sand. Many studies on the anchor plates, both theoretical and experimental, have been conducted, although the existing works were mainly performed on regular and symmetrical anchor plates. A new anchor system is an irregular and non-symmetry shape anchor. This is an innovative system due to the special shape and the penetration into soils. Two sizes of irregular-shaped anchors, 159 and 297 mm, were used. The non-symmetry anchor employed in the system contributes to its good performance and high pullout load capacity. The maximum resistance increased based on the embedment ratio and the density of the sand. An important innovation of this system is the installation method, where it does not require excavation and grouting. The main objective of this research is to validate the break-out factors and the ultimate uplift capacity load of the irregular-shaped anchor with the existing researches related to anchor plates. The experimental research was performed on the models in a chamber box. For the 159 mm-width irregular-shaped anchor, an embedment ratio L/D between 1 and 7 and for the 297 mm-width embedment ratio L/D between 1 and 4 were employed. The irregular-shaped anchors were used in dry, loose and dense sand. The new irregular-shaped anchors are compatible with the symmetrical anchor plates as determined by existing researchers.

A smog chamber comparison of a microfluidic derivatisation measurement of gas-phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal with other analytical techniques

Abstract. A microfluidic lab-on-a-chip derivatisation technique has been developed to measure part per billion (ppbV) mixing ratios of gaseous glyoxal (GLY) and methylglyoxal (MGLY), and the method is compared with other techniques in a smog chamber experiment. The method uses o-(2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA) as a derivatisation reagent and a microfabricated planar glass micro-reactor comprising an inlet, gas and fluid splitting and combining channels, mixing junctions, and a heated capillary reaction microchannel. The enhanced phase contact area-to-volume ratio and the high heat transfer rate in the micro-reactor resulted in a fast and highly efficient derivatisation reaction, generating an effluent stream ready for direct introduction to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). A linear response for GLY was observed over a calibration range 0.7 to 400 ppbV, and for MGLY of 1.2 to 300 ppbV, when derivatised under optimal reaction conditions. The analytical performance shows good accuracy (6.6% for GLY and 7.5% for MGLY), suitable precision (&lt;12.0%) with method detection limits (MDLs) of 75 pptV for GLY and 185 pptV for MGLY, with a time resolution of 30 min. These MDLs are below or close to typical concentrations of these compounds observed in ambient air. The feasibility of the technique was assessed by applying the methodology to quantify α-dicarbonyls formed during the photo-oxidation of isoprene in the EUPHORE chamber. Good correlations were found between microfluidic measurements and Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.84, Broadband Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (BBCEAS) (r2 = 0.75), solid phase micro extraction (SPME) (r2 = 0.89), and a photochemical chamber box modelling calculation (r2 = 0.79) for GLY measurements. For MGLY measurements, the microfluidic technique showed good agreement with BBCEAS (r2 = 0.87), SPME (r2 = 0.76), and the modeling simulation (r2 = 0.83), FTIR (r2 = 0.72) but displayed a discrepancy with Proton-Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) with r2 value of 0.39.

Pullout capacity of irregular shape anchor in sand

This paper presents research done on a special type of irregular shape anchor and its pullout capacity. Many experiments and theoretical studies have been done on the pullout capacity of anchors. However the irregular shape anchor is an exception. A normal anchor system needs grout and excavation for installation, but installation of the irregular shape anchor involves driving the anchor into the soil and pulling it out to increase the soil compression through rotation of the anchor head. The irregular shape of the anchor presented is a new anchor system, which is a state of the art product in plate anchor design that does not need any grouting or excavation on site. According to studies, the maximum resistance of the anchor increases depending on the embedment ratio and sand compaction, which may be loose or dense sand. The experiments for this irregular shape anchor model with a length of 297mm were conducted in a chamber box and the embedment ratio L/D used in this experiment varies between 1 and 4. The weight densities of the dry sand used for loose and dense. The results obtained show that the embedment ratio and sand weight density have significant effect on the pullout capacity of the anchor. The pullout capacity increases with increment of the embedment ratio and sand weight density. Evaluation using the dimensionless breakout factor also shows that the value increases with incrementing embedment and sand weight density.

Effects of different cold-air exposure intensities on the risk of cardiovascular disease in healthy and hypertensive rats

Ten-week-old male Wistar rats (systolic blood pressure, 106-116mmHg; body weight, 300-320g) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (systolic blood pressure, 160-176mmHg; body weight, 210.9-244.9g) were used as healthy and hypertensive subjects to determine the effects of varying degrees of cold-air exposure in a climate chamber box. The three cold-air ranks were cold air I [minimum temperature (TMIN) 6.4°C, ↓∆T48 8.6°C], cold air II (TMIN 3.8°C, ↓∆T48 11.2°C), and cold air III (TMIN -0.3°C, ↓∆T48 15.3°C), as established from the cold-air data of Zhangye City, China. Each cold-air rank consisted of a temperature drop and a temperature increase with the same initial and terminal temperatures (15°C). After cold-air exposure, the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as systolic blood pressure, whole blood viscosity (10/s and 150/s), plasma fibrinogen, and blood lipids of the rats were determined. The results indicated that the CVD risk factors of the healthy and hypertensive rats increased significantly with cold-air exposure intensities. The increase in systolic blood pressure was greater during temperature drops, whereas the increases in whole blood viscosity and plasma fibrinogen were greater after cold-air exposure. The effects of cold-air exposure on the CVD risk factors of healthy rats, particularly the systolic blood pressure, whole blood viscosity (150/s), and LDL/HDL, were greater than those in hypertensive rats. In conclusion, CVD risk may increase with cold-air ranks. Blood pressure-induced CVD risk may be greater during cold-air temperature drop, whereas atherosclerosis-induced CVD risk may be greater after cold-air exposure. The effect of cold air on the CVD risk factors in healthy subjects may be more significant than those in hypertensive subjects.

Experimental Performance of Soil Hook System as an Innovative Soil Anchors in Sand

Soil Hook System (SHS) is an innovative soil anchor. This paper presents an innovative and efficient system of anchor in loose sand. However the previous works were mainly performed on regular and symmetrical anchor plates but SHS is an irregular shape anchor. Two sizes of irregular shape anchors, 159 mm and 297 mm were used the non-symmetry anchor employed in the system contribute to its good performance and high pull-out load capacity. An important innovation of this system is due to its special shape and the method of installation where is does not require excavation and grouting. The experimental research included in the research was performed on Soil Hook System which was conducted in a chamber box based on embedded ratio 1-7. SHS is compatible withstand the symmetrical anchor plates as determined by other researchers.

ZnO Nanoparticles on Si, Si/Au, and Si/Au/ZnO Substrates by Mist‐Atomisation

ZnO nanoparticles were prepared on Si substrates by a mist‐atomisation technique. Precursor of aqueous solution zinc nitrate and HMTA were released on substrates heated at 200, 300, and 400°C confined in chamber box. The surface of Si substrate was varied, that is, gold‐seeded Si (Si/Au), ZnO nanorods on Si/Au (Si/Au/ZnO), and just Si. The samples were subsequently analysed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to study their structural, surface morphology, and PL emission properties. Analysis from the XRD patterns of the films showed strong a- and c-axis lattice and of pure ZnO hexagonal wurtzite type. The crystallite size varied from 6 to 43 nm and was found to generally increase with increasing substrates′ temperatures (Ts). SEM micrographs revealed granular‐like structure throughout. Shifts pattern of PL emission at ultraviolet and visible range was found to support size changes observed. Both substrate surface type and deposition temperature were found to significantly affect crystalline growth of ZnO nanoparticles. Chemical equations and justification for growth patterns are also suggested.

Total radical yields from tropospheric ethene ozonolysis

The gas-phase reactions of ozone with alkenes can be significant sources of free radicals (OH, HO(2) and RO(2)) in the Earth's atmosphere. In this study the total radical production and degradation products from ethene ozonolysis have been measured, under conditions relevant to the troposphere, during a series of detailed simulation chamber experiments. Experiments were carried out in the European photoreactor EUPHORE (Valencia, Spain), utilising various instrumentation including a chemical-ionisation-reaction time-of-flight mass-spectrometer (CIR-TOF-MS) measuring volatile organic compounds/oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs/OVOCs), a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) system for measuring HO(2) radical products and a peroxy radical chemical amplification (PERCA) instrument measuring HO(2) + ΣRO(2). The ethene + ozone reaction system was investigated with and without an OH radical scavenger, in order to suppress side reactions. Radical concentrations were measured under dry and humid conditions and interpreted through detailed chemical chamber box modelling, incorporating the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.1) degradation scheme for ethene, which was updated to include a more explicit representation of the ethene-ozone reaction mechanism.The rate coefficient for the ethene + ozone reaction was measured to be (1.45 ± 0.25) × 10(-18) cm(3) molecules(-1) s(-1) at 298 K, and a stabilised Criegee intermediate yield of 0.54 ± 0.12 was determined from excess CO scavenger experiments. An OH radical yield of 0.17 ± 0.09 was determined using a cyclohexane scavenger approach, by monitoring the formation of the OH-initiated cyclohexane oxidation products and HO(2). The results highlight the importance of knowing the [HO(2)] (particularly under alkene limited conditions and high [O(3)]) and scavenger chemistry when deriving radical yields. An averaged HO(2) yield of 0.27 ± 0.07 was determined by LIF/model fitting. The observed yields are interpreted in terms of branching ratios for each channel within the postulated ethene ozonolysis mechanism.

Lateral stress effects on liquefaction resistance correlations

When the sand compaction pile (SCP) method is implemented to improve loose deposits of sandy soils, its effect is evaluated generally in terms of increase in density, which is beneficial for reducing the liquefaction potential of the deposits during earthquakes. An additional advantage can be expected to occur due to concurrent increase in lateral stress. When the resistance to liquefaction is evaluated on the basis of SPT N-value or CPT qc-value, the increased resistance to penetration due to the sand compaction has been interpreted conventionally as being associated mainly with the increase in density. Therefore, in order to properly evaluate the effectiveness of ground improvement in compacted soils, it is necessary to quantify the effect of lateral stresses on the penetration resistance and liquefaction strength. In this paper, based on the results of SPT and CPT performed in a chamber box in the laboratory, the relationships between penetration resistance, liquefaction resistance and relative density were re-examined and the influence of lateral stress, expressed in terms of KC, was investigated. Although the results indicated that generally the resistance to liquefaction increases with increasing KC–value, little difference was noted when the density of the deposit was high. Based on the results, recommended charts incorporating the effect of KC were proposed.

Gas phase precursors to anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol: Using the Master Chemical Mechanism to probe detailed observations of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene photo-oxidation

A detailed gas-phase photochemical chamber box model, incorporating the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.1) degradation scheme for the model anthropogenic aromatic compound 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, has been used to simulate data measured during a series of aerosol chamber experiments in order to evaluate the mechanism under a variety of VOC/NOx conditions. The chamber model was used in the interpretation of comprehensive high (mass and time) resolution measurements of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and its photo-oxidation products recorded by a Chemical Ionisation Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (CIR-TOF-MS). Supporting gas and aerosol measurements have also enabled us to explore the ‘missing link’ between the gas and aerosol phases. Model-measurement comparisons have been used to gain insight into the complex array of oxygenated products formed, including the peroxide bicyclic ring opening products (α,β-unsaturated-γ-dicarbonyls and furanones) and the O2-bridged peroxide bicyclic ring-retaining products. To our knowledge this is the first time such high molecular weight species, corresponding to various peroxide bicyclic products represented in the MCMv3.1, have been observed in the gas-phase. The model was also used to give insight into which gas-phase species were participating in SOA formation, with the primary and secondary peroxide products, formed primarily under low NOx conditions, identified as likely candidates.

The efficiency of gravity distribution devices for on-site wastewater treatment systems

A detailed analysis of different types of gravity distribution devices, designed to split on-site wastewater effluent equally between percolation trenches, has been carried out both in the laboratory and also in the field under realistic loading conditions. Five different types of distribution device have been compared: a V-notch distribution box, stilling chamber box, T-splitters with and without baffles and tipping bucket device. The trials carried out in the laboratory with clean water showed that flow distribution for all devices was sensitive to both the off-level installation angles and variable flow rates, with the most stable performance achieved using the T-splitters with baffles and tipping bucket devices. In parallel to this, the on-site flow regime experienced at two sites was continuously monitored using a tipping bucket and data-logger over eighteen month periods, finding that the most common flow rates at the distribution unit were in the range of 0.1-2.5 L/min. The on-site performance of these devices receiving both septic tank and secondary treated effluent showed that significant solid deposition and biofilm development had severely affected the equal distribution between the trenches, hence highlighting the need for regular maintenance to ensure efficient performance over time after installation.

A Comparison of Gravity Distribution Devices Used in On-Site Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems

A detailed analysis of different types of gravity distribution devices, designed to split on-site wastewater effluent equally between percolation trenches, has been carried out both in the laboratory and also in the field under realistic loading conditions. Four different types of distribution device have been compared: a V-notch distribution box, stilling chamber box and tee-splitters with and without baffles. The trials carried out in the laboratory with clean water showed that flow distribution for all devices was sensitive to both the off-level installation angles and variable flow rates, with the most stable performance achieved using the flow splitter with upstream baffle plates. In parallel to this, the on-site flow regime experienced at two sites was continuously monitored using a tipping bucket and data-logger over twelve month periods, finding that the most common flow rates at the distribution unit were in the range of 0.1–2.5 l min−1. The on-site performance of these devices receiving both septic tank and secondary treated effluent showed that significant solid deposition and biofilm development had severely affected the equal distribution between the trenches, hence highlighting the need for regular maintenance to ensure efficient performance over time after installation.

Soil Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide from No‐till Corn

AbstractFertilized agricultural soils can be a significant source of emissions of NO and N2O into the atmosphere. This study was conducted to determine the influence of N rate on the emissions of these gases in a no‐till corn (Zea mays L.) crop grown in western Tennessee. The influence of N rate was assessed for a 210‐d period on replicated plots receiving 0, 140, and 252 kg N ha−1 (0N, 140N, and 252N) as ammonium nitrate (AN). Plots were located on a Routon silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic Typic Ochraqualf) at the West Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station in Jackson, TN. Gas fluxes were measured by static chamber boxes located on plots. The measurement technique was automated and replicate chamber estimates were made eight times daily for the entire study period. Fertilizer application significantly affected both NO and N2O emission rates. The cumulative N2O‐N lost from the fertilizer treatments was from 10 to 20‐fold that of NO. On an areal basis, the 140N treatment emitted 4.23 kg N2O‐N and 0.19 kg ha−1 of NO‐N whereas the 252N treatment emitted 6.56 kg N2O‐N and 0.50 kg ha−1 NO‐N. Soil parameters of water‐filled pore space (WFPS), NO3− and NH4+, were correlated with N2O emissions but only soil NO3− was correlated with NO flux. Our data, and more recent data in the literature, suggest that N2O emissions from fertilized soil may be considerably higher than previously thought. Emissions of N2O were 2.6 to 3.0% of the fertilizer amounts applied. These higher emissions may, in part, explain some of the reason for the shortfall in the global N2O budget.

Arrangement for active sound damping

It is known in the state of the art to dampen noise emissions by means of "anti-sound". In the gas exhaust installations of combustion machines, this is realized most often in that the exhaust gas flowing in the gas exhaust installation is charged with "anti-sound" produced by loudspeakers (12). However, such arrangements are disadvantageous in that the flow of hot exhaust gases reduces the service life of the loudspeakers, or that such measures are insufficient for actively damping the sound. The invention therefore presents an arrangement that avoids the disadvantages that exist in the state of the art. According to the invention, this is achieved in that the gas exhaust tube (10) ends in one of the two chambers of a double chamber box (17), and that a bass reflex tube (21) protrudes into this chamber of the double chamber box (17). The excellent sound cancellation at low loudspeaker output is achieved because the sound cancellation takes place in the chamber of box (17), where the ends of the bass reflex tube (21) and the gas exhaust tube (10) terminate, and that the radiation axis S intersects the center line M in space A between the two tubes (10, 21) or in tube (21), and the distance L between the dividing wall (18) and center line M is 75% of the largest diameter extension of loudspeaker 12.

空気場攪乱の最小化を狙った電磁弁制御空気温度計の開発 : 短波長放射中の開口部室内側対流熱伝達に関する研究 第1報

With a view to simultaneously and precisely measuring the subtle air temperature distribution in the air atomosphere at multiple points on the wall surface of the room in the vicinity of the opening exposed to short wave radiation, the air temperature measuring system which actively sucks the air to be measured and which can suppress the amount of air suction required for a single-point measurement to approx. 0.96 cubic centimeter has been developed. In this system, the 20 mm chromel-alumel thermocouple with a diameter of 12 μm is suspended inside the 250 mm-long shielded cylinder with an inner diameter of 0.8 mm and outer diameter of 2.0 mm in such a way that thermocouple does not come into contact with the internal wall of the cylinder, then the shielded cylinder is connected via the miniature solenoid valve to the compact chamber box which can control the pressure to any required negative pressure with respect to the atmospheric pressure. The operating settings at which the amount of air suction was minimized were a suction drive pressure of 85 mmHg, and a solenoid valve release time of 50 ms.