IoT Challenges Research Articles

Machine learning for False Information Detection in Social Internet of Things

By capitalizing on object relationships and local navigability, the social internet of things (SIoT) is one of the burgeoning paradigms that could solve the technical challenges of conventional IoT. Because of this paradigm's capacity to combine conventional IoT with social media, it is possible to create smart objects and services with greater utility than those created using conventional IoT infrastructures. In recent years, scholars have become interested in SIoT, leading to a plethora of works examining various mechanisms for providing services and technologies within this context. In this vein, we present a comprehensive review of recent research covering important aspects of SIoT. In this research, we give a detailed justification for the function of several machine learning paradigms and provide a practical application of it to unexamined concerns relating to erroneous data and other social IoT. First, we give a classification of false news detection approaches and an analysis of these techniques. Second, the potential uses for detecting fake news are examined at length, including how it might be applied to the areas of fake profile detection, traffic management, bullying detection, etc . We also suggested a detailed review of the possibilities of machine learning algorithms for detecting bogus news and intervening in social networks. In our paper, we introduce categories of fake news detection methods providing a comparison between these methods. After that, the promising applications for false news detection are extensively discussed in terms of fake account detection, bot detection, bullying detection, and the security and privacy of SIoT. After all, A thorough discussion of the potential of machine learning approaches for fake news detection and interventions in SIoT networks along with the state-of-the-art challenges, opportunities, and future search prospects. This article seeks for aiding the readers and researchers in explaining the motive and role of the different machine learning paradigms to offer them a comprehensive realization of so far unexplored issues related to false information and other scenarios of SIoT networks.

A REVIEW SIOT (SOCIAL INTERNET OF THINGS): TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES AND TRENDS

The social or human actions in the IoT platform derive the new paradigm in the IoT environment called the Social Internet of Things (SIoT). The Social Internet of Things is that part of an IoT capable of establishing social relationships with other objects concerning humans. SIoT attempts to moderate IoT challenges in scalability, trust, and resource discovery by taking a cue from social computing. In the IoT family, there is a subset of SIoT, a relatively recent concept. Moreover, a method of integrating IoT with social networking. SIoT is a simulation of human-to-human and object-to-object social networks where Humans are called intellectual and relational objects. They build their social network to accomplish shared objectives such as enhancing accessibility, success, and productivity and providing their needed services. This paper has extensively surveyed the SIoT (social Internet of things) for beginners involved in SIoT Studies. This paper gives you a clear view and ideas about SIoT's architecture, relationships, trust management, and applications and challenges implemented related to SIoT.

Towards SDN-based smart contract solution for IoT access control

Access control is essential for the IoT environment to ensure that only approved and trusted parties are able to configure devices, access sensor information, and command actuators to execute activities. The IoT ecosystem is subject to various access control complications due to the limited latency between IoT devices and the Internet, low energy requirements of IoT devices, the distributed framework, ad-hoc networks, and an exceptionally large number of heterogeneous IoT devices that need to be managed. The motivation for this proposed work is to resolve the incurring challenges of IoT associated with management and access control security. Each IoT domain implementation has particular features and needs separate access control policies to be considered in order to design a secure solution. This research work aims to resolve the intricacy of policies management, forged policies, dissemination, tracking of access control policies, automation, and central management of IoT nodes and provides a trackable and auditable access control policy management system that prevents forged policy dissemination by applying Software Defined Network (SDN) and blockchain technology in an IoT environment. Integration of SDN and blockchain provides a robust solution for IoT environment security. Recently, smart contracts have become one of blockchain technology’s most promising applications. The integration of smart contracts with blockchain technology provides the capability of designing tamper-proof and independently verifiable policies. In this paper, we propose a novel, scalable solution for implementing immutable, verifiable, adaptive, and automated access control policies for IoT devices together with a successful proof of concept that demonstrates the scalability of the proposed solution. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated in terms of throughput and resource access delay between the blockchain component and the controller as well as from node to node. The number of nodes in the IoT network and the number of resource access requests were independently and systematically increased during the evaluations. The results illustrate that the resource access delay and throughput were affected neither linearly nor exponentially; hence, the proposed solution shows no significant degradation in performance with an increase in the number of nodes and/or requests.

IOT Architecture, Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract: The Internet of Things, as defined by the Internet itself, is the connection of embedded computing devices embedded differently within the existing infrastructure. According to IoT, soon our planet will contain the largest number of devices connected to the Internet. This paper is a discussion of the trending term 'Internet of Things' challenges and opportunities, as well as the formation of IoT, which describes widely used technologies such as M2M communications, cloud computing, IPv6, and RFID technologies, thus describing the use of IoT different fields. Finally, there is a brief review of all possible IoT applications

Non-Invasive Data Acquisition and IoT Solution for Human Vital Signs Monitoring: Applications, Limitations and Future Prospects.

The rapid development of technology has brought about a revolution in healthcare stimulating a wide range of smart and autonomous applications in homes, clinics, surgeries and hospitals. Smart healthcare opens the opportunity for a qualitative advance in the relations between healthcare providers and end-users for the provision of healthcare such as enabling doctors to diagnose remotely while optimizing the accuracy of the diagnosis and maximizing the benefits of treatment by enabling close patient monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive review of non-invasive vital data acquisition and the Internet of Things in healthcare informatics and thus reports the challenges in healthcare informatics and suggests future work that would lead to solutions to address the open challenges in IoT and non-invasive vital data acquisition. In particular, the conducted review has revealed that there has been a daunting challenge in the development of multi-frequency vital IoT systems, and addressing this issue will help enable the vital IoT node to be reachable by the broker in multiple area ranges. Furthermore, the utilization of multi-camera systems has proven its high potential to increase the accuracy of vital data acquisition, but the implementation of such systems has not been fully developed with unfilled gaps to be bridged. Moreover, the application of deep learning to the real-time analysis of vital data on the node/edge side will enable optimal, instant offline decision making. Finally, the synergistic integration of reliable power management and energy harvesting systems into non-invasive data acquisition has been omitted so far, and the successful implementation of such systems will lead to a smart, robust, sustainable and self-powered healthcare system.

Edge computing

IoT edge computing is a new computing paradigm “in the IoT domain” for performing calculations and processing at the edge of the network, closer to the user and the source of the data. This paradigm is relatively recent, and, together with cloud and fog computing, there may be some confusion about its meaning and implications. This paper aims to help practitioners and researchers better understand what the industry thinks about what IoT edge computing is, and the expected benefits and challenges associated with this paradigm. We conducted a survey using a semi-structured in-depth questionnaire to collect qualitative data from relevant stakeholders from 29 multinational companies and qualitatively analyzed these data using the Constructivist Grounded Theory (Charmaz) method. Several researchers participated in the coding process (collaborative coding). To ensure consensus on the constructs that support the theory and thus improve the rigor of qualitative research, we conducted an intercoder agreement analysis. From the analysis, we have derived a substantive and analytic theory of what companies perceive about IoT edge computing, its benefits and challenges. The theory is substantive in that the scope of validity refers to the 29 surveys processed and analytic in that it analyzes “what is” rather than explaining causality or attempting predictive generalizations. A public repository with all the data related to the information capture process and the products resulting from the analysis of this information is publicly available. This study aims to strengthen the evidence and support practitioners in making better informed decisions about why companies are adopting edge computing and the current challenges they face. Additionally, the testing theory phase shows that the results are aligned with the ISO/IEC TR 30164 standard.

Energy Efficiency in IoT Based on Sensor Node Deployment Pattern

: IoT becomes more complicated due to its large size. The existing techniques of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are not useful directly to the IoT; that is why using energyefficient schemes for the IoT is a challenging issue. Due to battery-constrained IoT devices, energy efficiency is of great importance. This paper gives an overview and broad survey on IoT, WSN in IoT, challenges in IoT and WSN, energy-conserving issues and solutions and different Node Deployment patterns. This paper addresses energy competence issues for green IoT by proposing an energy-efficient heuristic for a regular and particular deployment scheme. QCMCSC heuristic is implemented for Strip Based Deployment Pattern and analyzed in terms of Energy Efficiency and Life Time of a sensor on Energy Latency Density Design Space, a topology management application that is power efficient. QC-MCSC for Strip-based deployment patterns and random deployment patterns are compared.

The Challenges of IoT, TLS, and Random Number Generators in the Real World

Many in the cryptographic community scoff at the mistakes made in implementing RNGs. Many cryptographers and members of the IETF resist the call to make TLS more resilient to this class of failures. This article discusses the history, current state, and fragility of the TLS protocol, and it closes with an example of how to improve the protocol. The goal is not to suggest a solution but to start a dialog to make TLS more resilient by proving that the security of TLS without the assumption of perfect random numbers is possible.

Development of Fog-based Dynamic Load Balancing Framework for Healthcare using Fog Computing

Fog computing has become one of the leading technologies by conquering the many significant challenges in IoT, Big Data, and Cloud. Computing models are inclining toward Fog than Cloud due to faster processing. The numerous idle devices near the users help overcome the issue of latency found in the Cloud. Resource management through load balancing plays an essential role in efficient data processing. Based on the current pandemic situation, Emergency patient’s vital sign monitoring system for COVID and other variants is implemented with support of dynamic resource load balancing environment. Apart from this, previously, we have faced many such diseases such as plague and flu which were pandemic and have become normal diseases now. Apart from them, there are many critical conditions and diseases such as hypertension, kidney failure, heart attack, cancer, lung, and liver disease that need continuous monitoring. It is not feasible to treat all patients at the hospital as the count is increasing very speedily. There is a need for infrastructure to handle resource issues without any delay in the treatment of patients using the fog computing. The proposed approach DynaReLoad would provide prompt health services and prevent early deaths due to critical conditions. An immediate alert to the doctors will be generated when detecting any abnormality. The effectiveness of DynaReLoad has been analyzed with other load balancing algorithms to achieve a low latency with minimum MakeSpan, better scheduling time, and response time, maximizing load balancing level and resource utilization using iFogSim.

IoT and Blockchain Rostrum 2021: Implementation, Challenges, and Future Phenomena

IoT and blockchain are the area that focuses on the security of the data. So many researches are already addressed in this relevant domain. Still there are many opportunities in IoT that need to be addressed [1]. For example, as the number of devices are increasing, the memory space is decreasing, while using the network layer communications protocol for relaying datagram. Its routing function enables internet working, and essentially establishes the internet (IPv4 and IPv6), as well as security issues, such as vulnerable access control mechanisms [5]. This paper’s main objective is to focus on the advantages of blockchain and implement it on IoT. In this research paper, how the combination of blockchain and IoT can create the wonders in the field of data security of smart devices is also discussed. Moreover, based on the past data, some challenges of IoT are also addressed.

IoT Forensic Frameworks (DFIF, IoTDOTS, FSAIoT): A Comprehensive Study

Abstract In the Internet of Things, millions of electronic items, including automobiles, smoke alarms, watches, eyeglasses, webcams, and other devices, are now connected to the Internet (IoT). Aside from the luxury and comfort that the individual obtains in the field of IoT, as well as its ability to communicate and obtain information easily and quickly, the other concerning aspect is the achievement of privacy and security in this connection, especially given the rapid increase in the number of existing and new IoT devices. Concerns, threats, and assaults related to IoT security have been regarded as a potential and problematic area of research. This necessitates the quick development or creation of suitable technologies with the nature of crimes in the IoT environment. On the other hand, criminal investigation specialists encounter difficulties and hurdles due to various locations, data types, instruments used, and device recognition. This paper provides an in-depth explanation of the criminal content of the Internet of Things. It compares its stages to the detailed stages of traditional digital forensics in terms of similarities and differences, the frameworks used in dealing with electronic crimes, and the techniques used in both types. This paper presents previous discussions of researchers in the field of digital forensics. For the IoT, which brings us to the most important parts of this paper, which is a comprehensive study of the IoT criminal frameworks that are used to protect communication in the field of IoT, such as Digital Forensic Investigation Framework (DFIF), Digital Forensic Framework for Smart Environments (IoTDOTS), Forensic State Acquisition from the Internet of Things (FSAIoT), and discusses the challenges in their general frameworks and provides solutions and strategies. Keywords: digital forensic, FSAIoT, IoT, IoT Challenges, IoT Forensic, IoT Framework, IOTDOTS.

Secure and Efficient Implicit Certificates: Improving the Performance for Host Identity Protocol in IoT

Implicit certificates own the shorter public key validation data. This property makes them appealing in resource-constrained IoT systems where public-key authentication is performed very often, which is common in Host Identity Protocol (HIP). However, it is still a critical challenge in IoT how to guarantee the security and efficiency of implicit certificates. This article presents a forgery attack for the Privacy-aware HIP (P-HIP), and then propose a Secure and Efficient Implicit Certificate (SEIC) scheme that can improve the security of the P-HIP and the efficiency of elliptic-curve point multiplications for IoT devices. For a fix-point multiplication, the proposed approach is about 1.5 times faster than the method in SIMPL scheme. Furthermore, we improve the performance of SEIC with the butterfly key expansion process, and then construct an improved P-HIP. Experimental results show that compare to the existing schemes, the improved scheme makes a user/device have both the smallest computation cost and the smallest communication cost.

IoT technologies, applications and challenges, blockchain and its role in IoT: a survey

IoT technologies, applications and challenges, blockchain and its role in IoT: a survey

IoT technologies, applications and challenges, blockchain and its role in IoT: a survey

The IoT is the next epoch of communication. It is a very unique platform which is getting well liked for everyone. The major reason for this to happen is the advancement in technology and its potential to get connected to everything. The IoT gives us an opportunity to build effective administrations, applications for manufacturing and more. The existing and forthcoming IoT applications are favourably hopeful to increase the level of comfort, efficiency and automation. To implement such a world in an ever increasing fashion requires high security, privacy, authentication and recovery from attacks. Existing technologies are not enough to achieve that. Blockchain addresses the solutions to the above security issues of IoT. Blockchain technology attracts all industries by its decentralised architecture. The main aim of this paper is how the system becomes powerful while integrating blockchain with an IoT application. This paper explains various architectures of IoT and explains various technologies used as IoT solutions. It also explains about the IoT applications and its challenges. Finally, how the blockchain technology is used to overcome the challenges in IoT applications is discussed.

A Game Theoretic Approach to Irregular Repetition Slotted Aloha

Many technological enhancements are being developed worldwide to enable the “Internet of Things” (IoT). IoT networks largely rely on distributed access of billions of devices, but are still lagging in terms of combined reliability and low latency. To mend that shortcoming, it is paramount to adapt existing random access methods for the IoT setting. In this article, we shed light on one of the modern candidates for random access protocols fitted for IoT: the “Irregular Repetition Slotted ALOHA” (IRSA). As self-managing solutions are needed to overcome the challenges of IoT, we study the IRSA random access scheme in a distributed setting where groups of users, with fixed traffic loads, are competing for ALOHA-type channel access. To that aim, we adopt a distributed game-theoretic approach where two classes of IoT devices learn autonomously their optimal IRSA protocol parameters to optimize selfishly their own effective throughput. Through extensive simulations, we assess the notable efficiency of the game based distributed approach. We also show that our IRSA game attains the Nash equilibrium (NE) via the “better reply” strategy, and we quantify the price of anarchy in comparison with a centralized approach. Our results imply that user competition does not fundamentally impact the performance of the IRSA protocol.

Challenges in the implementation of internet of things projects and actions to overcome them

The objective of this article is to present actions to overcome challenges in the implementation of IoT projects. The theory of environmental impact, which presents problems and coping mechanisms, was used as a theoretical lens. Using a qualitative and exploratory approach, the research initially involved a pilot study through five in-depth interviews and documentary analysis to verify the challenges of IoT. The findings of the first phase prompted a new round of interviews that was conducted with eleven professionals, making it possible to identify the main challenges and actions to implement IoT projects. The data analysis involved a cyclical coding process using ATLAS.ti software. Eight main challenges were identified in the implementation of IoT projects: administration, data collection and management; cost; innovation; the integration of technologies; an efficiency matrix; people; security; and bringing value and business solution. Seven actions to overcome the challenges were also identified: IoT architecture; scalability, sustainability, and reliability in projects; ensure security and support; information, resources, and project management; interaction of people and things; the standardization of the IoT concept; and the promotion of knowledge of technologies and processes. This article contributes to the literature primarily in its focus on description of the relationships and co-occurrence between challenges and actions. The results can guide practitioners in the implementation of IoT projects.

Recent Technologies, Security Countermeasure and Ongoing Challenges of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): A Survey.

The inherent complexities of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) architecture make its security and privacy issues becoming critically challenging. Numerous surveys have been published to review IoT security issues and challenges. The studies gave a general overview of IIoT security threats or a detailed analysis that explicitly focuses on specific technologies. However, recent studies fail to analyze the gap between security requirements of these technologies and their deployed countermeasure in the industry recently. Whether recent industry countermeasure is still adequate to address the security challenges of IIoT environment are questionable. This article presents a comprehensive survey of IIoT security and provides insight into today’s industry countermeasure, current research proposals and ongoing challenges. We classify IIoT technologies into the four-layer security architecture, examine the deployed countermeasure based on CIA+ security requirements, report the deficiencies of today’s countermeasure, and highlight the remaining open issues and challenges. As no single solution can fix the entire IIoT ecosystem, IIoT security architecture with a higher abstraction level using the bottom-up approach is needed. Moving towards a data-centric approach that assures data protection whenever and wherever it goes could potentially solve the challenges of industry deployment.

Intelligent Traffic Management system based on IoT Challenges and Applications

Intelligent Traffic Management system based on IoT Challenges and Applications

Edge Computing for IoT-Enabled Smart Grid

Smart grid is a new vision of the conventional power grid to integrate green and renewable technologies. Smart grid (SG) has become a hot research topic with the development of new technologies, such as IoT, edge computing, artificial intelligence, big data, 5G, and so on. The efficiency of SG will be increased by smart embedded devices that have intelligent decision-making ability. Various types of sensors and data sources will collect data of high resolution. One of the vital challenges for IoT is to manage a large amount of data produced by sensors. Sending this massive amount of data directly to the cloud will create problems of latency, security, privacy, and high bandwidth utilization. This issue is addressed by edge computing (EC). In EC, the data are processed at the edge of the network that is near the embedded gadgets. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the smart grid systems, based on IoT and EC. The development in the rising technologies, the framework for EC-IoT-based SG, and requirements to implement the EC-IoT-based SG system are highlighted in the paper. Framework for EC-IoT-based SG is examined, and important requirements to implement the EC-IoT-based SG system are outlined. Finally, some critical issues and challenges faced in the implementation of EC-IoT-based SG systems are identified. Some important open research issues are also identified.

ThinkHome – A Smart Home Initiative

Smart home has evolved from exclusively referring to the centralized and semi-automated control of environmental systems. A smart home is also one of the applications of IoT. This paper presents the system architecture and methodologies used to create a new sophisticated smart home which creates user routines and predicts power consumption from the data received from the various sensors. Smart homes are those where daily household devices/ appliances can be monitored and controlled remotely. When these household devices are connected with the internet using proper network architecture and standard protocols, the system can be called as a Smart Home in IoT environment. This paper not only presents various problems and challenges in IoT and Smart Homes but also provides solutions that would help overcome those problems and challenges.