Internet Of Things Challenges Research Articles

Agricultural Production System Based On IOT

Internet of things (IoT) is not a single word, but it has gathered billions of devices in the same lane. The Internet of things has given the lives of things. Machines have a sense now like a human. It works remotely as the program has been settled inside the chip. The system has become so smart and reliable. The Internet of things has brought out changes in most of the sectors of humankind. Meanwhile, agriculture is the main strength of a country. The more the production of agricultural products increased, the world will be more completeness from food shortage. The production of agriculture can be increased when the IoT system can be entirely implemented in the agricultural sector. Most of the approaches for IoT based agriculture have been reviewed in this paper. Related to IoT based agriculture, most of the architecture and methodology have been interpreted and have been critically analyzed based on previous related work of the researchers. This paper will be able to provide a complete idea with the architecture and methodology in the field of IoT based agriculture. Moreover, the challenges for agricultural IoT are discussed with the methods provided by the researchers.

Empowering SDN-Docker Based Architecture for Internet of Things Heterogeneity

Internet of Things (IoT), an emerging technology, connects billions of smart devices to the Internet through heterogeneous communication technologies enabling novel services and applications. This complex and variable environment encounters several challenges such as managing and controlling the network and IoT applications, programming IoT devices, responding to some specific Quality of Service requirements of certain applications. The current IoT network based on the complex, static, and closed traditional architecture represents a serious concern, especially with the amounts of data generated from the huge and heterogeneous IoT devices. In this paper, we present a new model for IoT architecture that brings together the benefits of Software Defined Networking (SDN) architecture and containerization (i.e., Docker) to address most IoT challenges and abstract the underlying communication and hardware subsystem. The SDN concept decoupled the control plane from data plane which implies a centralized global network view and provides flexibility in network configuration and resource management. Moreover, containerization technique through the docker in the device brings the portability and scalability of the applications. First, we propose, an SDN-based architecture for IoT. Then, with lightweight virtualization of IoT device supplied by Docker, we empower the functionalities and effectiveness of the SDN based architecture solution to challenge the IoT heterogeneity. Furthermore, we use the smart supermarket as a use case to validate our SDN-Docker based architecture in a real IoT scenario. The experimental results validate the architecture implementation.

A Rateless 16QAM Scheme for IoT Uplink Communications

How to achieve a high transmission rate at a low cost of energy consumption in a wide range of channel variations is a critical challenge in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In this article, a rateless 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (R-16QAM) scheme for IoT uplink communications is proposed to deal with this problem. The R-16QAM transmitter consists of an encoder, a random bit selector, and a tailored modulation mapper. Different from the sequential bits selection and Gary mapping in conventional 16QAM modulation, bits are randomly selected and mapped into a 16QAM symbol by a weighted summation of selected bits in R-16QAM. The random bits selection introduces correlation among modulated symbols, enabling the transmitter to work in a rateless manner, i.e., the transmitter keeps generating and sending R-16QAM symbols until a feedback of successful decoding is received from the receiver. It means that the number of symbols transmitted varies with channel variations. In this way, the proposed R-16QAM can automatically adjust to channel conditions and work well in a wide range of channel conditions. The weighted-summation mapping can be illustrated by a “Tanner graph,” based on which we develop a low complexity iterative demodulation algorithm to improve receiver performance. The simulations show that compared with narrow band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard and Turbo coded light-weight rate compatible modulation (TLRCM) for IoT uplink communications, the proposed R-16QAM scheme can consistently achieve a lower energy consumption in a signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) range of −10–15 dB. Moreover, it can achieve a maximum transmission throughput of 3.96 bits/s/Hz at SNR=15 dB while only 0.66 and 1.7 bits/s/Hz are achieved in NB-IoT and TLRCM, respectively. These advantages enable the proposed R-16QAM scheme to be particularly suitable to IoT application scenarios where nodes work with limit energy resources under a large range of channel variations.

An Enhanced Architecture to Resolve Public-Key Cryptographic Issues in the Internet of Things (IoT), Employing Quantum Computing Supremacy.

The Internet of Things (IoT) strongly influences the world economy; this emphasizes the importance of securing all four aspects of the IoT model: sensors, networks, cloud, and applications. Considering the significant value of public-key cryptography threats on IoT system confidentiality, it is vital to secure it. One of the potential candidates to assist in securing public key cryptography in IoT is quantum computing. Although the notion of IoT and quantum computing convergence is not new, it has been referenced in various works of literature and covered by many scholars. Quantum computing eliminates most of the challenges in IoT. This research provides a comprehensive introduction to the Internet of Things and quantum computing before moving on to public-key cryptography difficulties that may be encountered across the convergence of quantum computing and IoT. An enhanced architecture is then proposed for resolving these public-key cryptography challenges using SimuloQron to implement the BB84 protocol for quantum key distribution (QKD) and one-time pad (OTP). The proposed model prevents eavesdroppers from performing destructive operations in the communication channel and cyber side by preserving its state and protecting the public key using quantum cryptography and the BB84 protocol. A modified version is introduced for this IoT situation. A traditional cryptographic mechanism called "one-time pad" (OTP) is employed in hybrid management.

An Efficient Verifiable Searchable Encryption Scheme With Aggregating Authorization for Blockchain-Enabled IoT

Blockchain-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) provides a secure sharing of data and resources to the various miners of the IoT network, removes centralized control, and can overcome part of the existing challenges in traditional IoT. However, the IoT ecosystem faces some great challenges in terms of security, such as privacy leaking, eavesdropping, and so on, which seriously impede the deployment of the IoT ecosystem. Verifiable searchable encryption (SE) can make data owners (DOs) in the IoT dispel concerns about privacy and make data users (DUs) believe they get correct search results. For the blockchain-enabled IoT, this article proposes an efficient verification SE scheme with aggregation authorization and trusted revocation. With this scheme, DOs are willing to share their data to DUs for reward in a secure, efficient, and trusted way. For the DU, the DO can generate an aggregating key of a subset of encrypted documents, and then the DU has the privilege to search these documents and to verify the search results. By utilizing the trusted execution environment, the DO can revoke the search privilege of the DU. We present the analysis to show our proposed scheme achieves confidentiality, soundness, and fair payment at the same time. With the performance evaluations, we prove our proposal practical for blockchain-enabled IoT in terms of computational and smart contracts overhead.

Secured location-aware mobility-enabled RPL

Although there have been many studies on the Internet of Things (IoT), there are still major challenges for IoT to become ubiquitous. So far, the mobility management challenge has not been addressed well. Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), which is known as the de-facto for routing in IoT, does not support mobile nodes. Some studies have tried to address this challenge, but they either caused a very high Packet Loss Rate (PLR) or produced lots of control packets. Also, they have not considered the security aspects of their work which is crucial for real-world applications. In this study, a novel extension for the RPL called Secured Location-Aware Mobility-enabled RPL (SLM-RPL) is proposed to facilitate the mobility management of RPL while considering security precautions. From the mobility management point of view, according to extensive evaluations, SLM-RPL greatly reduces the hand-off delay and PLR compared to other mobility management schemes, even in big, dense, or highly dynamic networks. Therefore, SLM-RPL is shown to be the best option to be used in IoT applications, especially loss-sensitive ones. Also, SLM-RPL produces small numbers of control packets and has a low memory overhead. Moreover, from the security point of view, a probability-based method has been proposed and embedded in SLM-RPL, which is shown to be able to reduce the negative impacts of DODAG Information Solicitation (DIS) attacks by more than 99%. Also, a performable attack on SLM-RPL called False-Location-Injection (FLI) attack has been introduced, and a lightweight hybrid-structured Intrusion Detection System (IDS) has been provided to counter this attack as well as Sybil, Rank, Sinkhole, and impersonation attacks. The proposed IDS uses a voting-based approach which, when the ψ parameter is adjusted, can mitigate the impact of False-Reporting and collusion attacks. According to the evaluations, the proposed IDS can counter the mentioned attacks in the presence of Collusion attackers in different scenarios with Accuracy ≥0.99.

Challenges in internet of things towards the security using deep learning techniques

Securing IoT devices and delivering end-to-end security in an IoT ecosystem presents a variety of issues. Regardless of the way that security concerns are not new with regards to data innovation, the qualities of numerous IoT arrangements give new and special security issues. It's anything but a main concern to resolve these issues and guarantee the security of IoT items and administrations. Clients should have certainty that IoT gadgets and related information administrations are secure, especially as this innovation develops more unavoidable and coordinated into our day by day lives. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the Internet of Things and to go through all of the known security concerns that the Internet of Things faces today. All of the findings are based on publicly available documentation for essential Internet of Things components. Threats to IoT security, both inherent and newly developed, are discussed, as well as numerous potentials. The attack surfaces of the IoT system are examined, as well as the potential hazards associated with each surface. We then, at that point go over the benefits, weaknesses, and qualities of every Deep Learning approach for IoT security. We talk about the advantages and disadvantages of applying Deep Learning to IoT security. Future exploration headings could be founded on these chances and difficulties.

Survey of Secure Communications of Internet of Things with Artificial Intelligence

The Internet of Things(IoT) with artificial intelligence aims to build a network that enables smart devices to communicate autonomously and efficiently. It is one of the fastest-growing fields in the information era. It encompasses billions of smart devices worldwide. With the explosive growth of the number of Internet of Things access devices, the types of access network devices are also complex and diverse, especially the heterogeneity of the network is becoming more and more prominent. Faced with such a huge and complex network architecture and communication environment, the existing network security architecture is facing huge challenges. The paper first analyzes the existing three-tier architecture of the IoT and possible security issues, including DDoS Attack, Replay Attack, SQL Injection, Man-in-The-Middle Attacks, and illegal Access. Internet security solutions, including Security Framework, Security Routing Protocol, Authentication Protocol, Data Encryption Transfer & Storage, Key Exchange Protocol and Intrusion Detection, and then explore the possible applications of quantum computing and quantum communication in IoT security, including Quantum Security Hardware Used in IoT, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in IoT, Intrusion Detection During QKD with Deep Learning (DL) and Data Encryption Protocol in IoT Based On Quantum Walks (QW), and finally discussed the opportunities and trends of existing security solutions for the IoT Challenges, these challenges and trends can be used as potential research directions for future IoT security.

Integrated Industrial Reference Architecture for Smart Healthcare in Internet of Things: A Systematic Investigation

Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the efflorescing technologies of recent years with splendid real-time applications in the fields of healthcare, agriculture, transportation, industry, and environmental monitoring. In addition to the dominant applications and services of IoT, many challenges exist. As there is a lack of standardization for IoT technologies, the architecture emerged as the foremost challenge. The salient issues in designing an IoT architecture encompass connectivity, data handling, heterogeneity, privacy, scalability, and security. The standard IoT architectures are the ETSI IoT Standard, the ITU-T IoT Reference Model, IoT-A Reference Model, Intel’s IoT Architecture, the Three-Layer Architecture, Middle-Based Architecture, Service-Oriented Architecture, Five-Layer Architecture, and IWF Architecture. In this paper, we have reviewed these architectures and concluded that IWF Architecture is most suitable for the effortless development of IoT applications because of its immediacy and depth of insight in dealing with IoT data. We carried out this review concerning smart healthcare as it is among the major industries that have been leaders and forerunners in IoT technologies. Motivated by this, we designed the novel Smart Healthcare Reference Architecture (SHRA) based on IWF Architecture. Finally, present the significance of smart healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. We have synthesized our findings in a systematic way for addressing the research questions on IoT challenges. To the best of our knowledge, our paper is the first to provide an exhaustive investigation on IoT architectural challenges with a use case in a smart healthcare system.

Machine Learning-Enabled Internet of Things (IoT): Data, Applications, and Industry Perspective

Machine learning (ML) allows the Internet of Things (IoT) to gain hidden insights from the treasure trove of sensed data and be truly ubiquitous without explicitly looking for knowledge and data patterns. Without ML, IoT cannot withstand the future requirements of businesses, governments, and individual users. The primary goal of IoT is to perceive what is happening in our surroundings and allow automation of decision-making through intelligent methods, which will mimic the decisions made by humans. In this paper, we classify and discuss the literature on ML-enabled IoT from three perspectives: data, application, and industry. We elaborate with dozens of cutting-edge methods and applications through a review of around 300 published sources on how ML and IoT work together to play a crucial role in making our environments smarter. We also discuss emerging IoT trends, including the Internet of Behavior (IoB), pandemic management, connected autonomous vehicles, edge and fog computing, and lightweight deep learning. Further, we classify challenges to IoT in four classes: technological, individual, business, and society. This paper will help exploit IoT opportunities and challenges to make our societies more prosperous and sustainable.

IoT Challenges and Risks for Supply Chain Management: A Review

The Internet of things (IoT) could also be a widely used term in Supply chain management (SCM). Many industries were facing ‘N’ forms of challenges and weaknesses with respect to the availability chain management systems. This paper will investigate the various challenges in Supply chain management & how IoT are the stop solution for SCM. It tried to evaluate the impact of IoT on inventory management & logistic management. It also put a light-weight on the end-to-end visibility & transparency.

A Review of Using IoT for Energy Efficient Buildings and Cities: A Built Environment Perspective

Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) are rapidly utilized in smart buildings and smart cities to reduce energy consumption. This advancement has caused a knowledge gap in applying IoT effectively by experts in the built environment to achieve energy efficiency. The study aims to provide an extensive review of IoT applications for energy savings in buildings and cities. This study contributes to the field of IoT by guiding and supporting built environment experts to utilize IoT technologies. This paper performed a thorough study using a systematic review that covered an overview of IoT concepts, models, applications, trends and challenges that can be encountered in the built environment. The findings indicated limitations in developing IoT strategies in buildings and cities by professionals in this field due to insufficient comprehension of technologies and their applied methods. Additionally, the study found an indefinite implementation and constraints on using IoT when integrated into the built environment. Finally, the study provides critical arguments and the next steps to effectively utilize IoT in terms of energy efficiency.

Integration of Cloud in Mobile Forensics

With emerging technology and the connection of electronic devices to the internet, Internet of Things (IoT) has become part of human life. From the development of smartphones to smartwatches and smart-homes, electronic devices now have the capability of performing human activities or aiding humans in performing activities such as turning hall lights on or off with their voice. Although a large number of people use these devices for the greater good, a few individuals or group of people hide behind these devices to perform malicious activities. In order to apprehend and prosecute perpetuators who hide behind smart devices for evil gains, forensic examinations or investigations must be conducted. This review aims to identify digital forensic challenges in IoT. The inclusion criteria for this paper were international journals, articles, conference papers and case studies published from 2019 to 2022. Thematic analysis was used to analyze and synthesis the literature. Three themes emerged from the analysis; automated compromised smart-home tracer; data volatility and reconstruction; IoT forensic investigation framework. This integrative review combines evidence of digital forensic challenges in diverse IoT devices. Keyword IoT forensics, IoT challenges, Digital forensics, Smart-home forensics.

Digital Forensic Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)

With emerging technology and the connection of electronic devices to the internet, Internet of Things (IoT) has become part of human life. From the development of smartphones to smartwatches and smart-homes, electronic devices now have the capability of performing human activities or aiding humans in performing activities such as turning hall lights on or off with their voice. Although a large number of people use these devices for the greater good, a few individuals or group of people hide behind these devices to perform malicious activities. In order to apprehend and prosecute perpetuators who hide behind smart devices for evil gains, forensic examinations or investigations must be conducted. This review aims to identify digital forensic challenges in IoT. The inclusion criteria for this paper were international journals, articles, conference papers and case studies published from 2019 to 2022. Thematic analysis was used to analyze and synthesis the literature. Three themes emerged from the analysis; automated compromised smart-home tracer; data volatility and reconstruction; IoT forensic investigation framework. This integrative review combines evidence of digital forensic challenges in diverse IoT devices. Keyword IoT forensics, IoT challenges, Digital forensics, Smart-home forensics.

Design of an enhanced threshold sensitive distributed energy efficient clustering routing protocol for WSN-based IoT

ABSTRACT Internet of Things (IoT) is a smart technology that allows communication between humans and all things that contain sensors, actuators, embedded electronics, software, or storage via the internet. As a result, IoT should be seen as a part of the overall Internet of the future, which is likely to be very different from what we are using today. Despite the advantages of IoT, energy efficiency is still considered one of the main challenges in IoT. There are many algorithms that have been proposed to solve the energy efficiency problem. Unfortunately, most of them have some drawbacks. As a result, an Enhanced Threshold Sensitive Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering routing protocol (ETSDEEC) for WSN-based IoT was proposed in this paper. Hard and soft thresholds are used in the proposed protocol to determine whether nodes are allowed to send their sensed data. From the simulation, we found that the proposed ETSDEEC protocol performs better than EDEEC and TDEEC protocols in terms of network lifetime, energy dissipationand throughput. It is also found that the proposed ETSDEEC can improve the lifetime by 59.8% in comparison to EDEEC and about 37.7% in comparison to TDEEC protocols.

Internet of things based wireless sensor network: a review

Recently, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are developing technology with a variety of applications. The Internet of Things (IoTs) is defined as a network of ordinary objects such as Internet TVs, smartphones, actuators and sensors that are smartly connected together to enable new types of communication between people and things as well as between things themselves. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an important part in Internet of Things (IoT) technology. A contribution to wireless sensor networks and IoT applications is wireless sensor nodes’ construction with high-speed CPUs and low-power radio links. The IoT-based wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a game-changing smart monitoring solution. ZigBee standard is an important wireless sensor network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) communication protocol in order to facilitate low-power, low-cost IoT applications and to handle numerous network topologies. This paper presented a review on the energy efficient and routing topologies of ZigBee WSN, applications of IoT enabled Wireless Sensor Network as well IoT WSN security challenges.

IoT Challenges and Future Directions

The development potential for the enterprises in the modern era is huge as they invest in diverse technologies. Internet of Things is a leading technology that has immense growth opportunities. It is predicted that 41.6 billion IoT devices will be operational in 2025. Typically, with the Internet of Things (IoT) expanding at large, there are numerous technical challenges that are encountered. Given the ongoing advancements in the IoT sector, it is quite obvious that IoT may penetrate all the sectors like finance, healthcare, agriculture, smart wearables, to name a few. The IoT has a potential to introduce a major revolution amongst the various sectors. This paper presents an overview on the IoT advancements and discusses the Future applications and investigation Challenges. Keywords- Internet of Things, IoT Applications , future technologies, IoT Challenges, IoT Future.

IoT: A Boon for Advancement of Technology

Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) is a new model that has turned the traditional lifestyle into a high-tech lifestyle. Smart city, smart home, pollution control, energy saving, smart transportation, smart industry are such transformations due to IoT. A large number of important studies and surveys have been carried out to improve technology through IoT. However, there are still many challenges and problems that need to be addressed by the to reach the full potential of IoT. These challenges and issues need to be considered from different aspects of IoT such as application, challenge, enabling technology, social and environmental impact, etc. The main purpose of this review article is to provide a detailed discussion from both a technological and social perspective. Article discusses various key IoT challenges and issues, architecture, and key application areas. In addition, the paper highlights the existing literature and illustrates their contribution in different aspects of IoT. In addition, the importance of big data and its analysis in relation to IoT was discussed. This article will help readers and researchers understand IoT and its real-world applicability. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), IoT architecture, IoT challenges, IoT applications

Critical analysis of the layered and systematic approaches for understanding IoT security threats and challenges

As an emerging technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing the global economy and society. The wide adoption of IoT opens up new security and privacy challenges as well. Building efficient, secure IoT systems need a thorough understanding of the potential threats and vulnerabilities of the system. The non-uniformity in the presentation of IoT architecture poses a significant challenge in understanding security issues. Motivated by this, we present a systematic study of substantial threats and attacks based on four primary elements of the IoT ecosystem: devices, internal network services, external network services, and users. Besides, we include a detailed study of IoT malware. We examine the major security requirements and challenges to confront the devised attack categories. We believe that an IoT ecosystem can be designed efficiently and securely by adhering to the proposed requirements, including identity management, access control, end to end communication security and trust management systems.

A Systematic Review of Internet of Things Adoption in Organizations: Taxonomy, Benefits, Challenges and Critical Factors

Despite the evident growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications, IoT deployments in organizations remain in their early stages. This paper aims to systematically review and analyze the existing literature on IoT adoption in organizations. The extant literature was identified using five electronic databases from 2015 to July 2021. Seventy-seven articles have met the eligibility criteria and were analyzed to answer the research questions. This study produced a coherent taxonomy that can serve as a framework for future research on IoT adoption in organizations. This paper presents an overview of the essential features of this emerging technology in terms of IoT adoption benefits and challenges in organizations. Existing theoretical models have been analyzed to identify the factors that influence IoT adoption and to understand the future requirements for widespread IoT adoption in organizations. Six critical factors affecting and playing a key role in IoT adoption in organizations were identified based on the critical review findings: technological, organizational, environmental, human, benefit, and value. Decision-makers and developers can prioritize these critical factors and progressively improve their development to enhance IoT adoption efficiency. This review also includes an in-depth analysis to bridge gaps and provide a comprehensive overview to further understand this research field.