Internet Of Things Challenges Research Articles

The Next Generation Internet of Things Architecture Towards Distributed Intelligence: Reviews, Applications, and Research Challenges

Increasing the implication of growing data generated by the Internet of Things (IoT) brings the focus toward extracting knowledge from the raw data derived from sensors. In the current cloud computing architecture, all the IoT raw data are transmitted to the cloud for processing, storage, and controlling things. Nevertheless, the scenario of sending all raw data to the cloud is inefficient as it wastes the bandwidth and increases the network load. This problem can be solved by providing IoT Gateway at the edge layer with the required intelligence to gain the knowledge from raw data to decide whether to actuate or offload complicated tasks to the cloud. This collaboration between the cloud and the edge is called distributed intelligence. This work highlights the distributed intelligence concept in IoT. It presents a deep investigation of distributed intelligence between the cloud and the edge layers under IoT architecture, with an emphasis on its vision, applications, and research challenges. This work aims to bring the attention of IoT specialists to distributed intelligence and its role to deduce current IoT challenges such as availability, mobility, energy efficiency, security, scalability, interoperability, and reliability.

Survival Study on Blockchain Based 6G-Enabled Mobile Edge Computation for IoT Automation

Internet of Things (IoT) and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) technology acts as a significant part of daily lives to facilitate control and monitoring of objects to revolutionize the ways that human interacts with physical world. IoT system includes large volume of data with network connectivity, power, and storage resources to transform data into meaningful information. Blockchain has decentralized nature to provide useful mechanism for addressing IoT challenges. Blockchain is distributed ledger with fundamental attributes, namely recorded, transparent, and decentralized. Blockchain formed participants in distributed ledger to record the transactions and communicate with other through trustless method. Security is considered as the most valuable features of Blockchain. IoT and Blockchain are emerging ideas for creating the applications to share the intrinsic features. Several existing works has been developed for the integration of blockchain with IoT. But, Blockchain protocols in the state-of-the-art works with IoT failed to consider the computational loads, delays, and bandwidth overhead which lead to new set of problems. The review estimates main challenges in integration of Blockchain and IoT technologies to attain high-level solutions by addressing the shortcomings and limitations of IoT and Blockchain technologies.

Wireless Sensor Networks, Internet of Things, and Their Challenges

Internet of Things (IoT) is currently one of the top technological concepts where users and objects are interconnected using wired and wireless technologies such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), ZigBee, NFC, RFID, GPRS, LTE and Bluetooth, anywhere and anyplace. Within the past ten years, the idea of IoT has drawn massive consideration from both the business and research communities. Application domains may have many substantial benefits by means of an IoT approach. The idea of this field of study is to portray a basic knowledge of smart environmental monitoring system based on IoT. It has been stated in various studies in the past that IoT is facing multiple issues such as authentication, identification, availability, security and privacy, and socio-technical trust system (STTS). Nowadays, existing smart environments are continuing to face major IoT setbacks and challenges with regards to security, privacy, and STTS. Creating a STTS comparison in IoT is one of the principal significant breakthroughs necessary for building stable structures which will serve to eliminate doubt and technical setbacks. This study will present an outline of security, privacy and STTS in IoT while using a simulation method for comparing the results and justifying the outcomes. It aims to highlight and define the effectiveness of trust-management and how it should be exploited in IoT. The results will be indicated based upon past and present study result comparisons.

From Pre-Quantum to Post-Quantum IoT Security: A Survey on Quantum-Resistant Cryptosystems for the Internet of Things

Although quantum computing is still in its nascent age, its evolution threatens the most popular public-key encryption systems. Such systems are essential for today’s Internet security due to their ability for solving the key distribution problem and for providing high security in insecure communications channels that allow for accessing websites or for exchanging e-mails, financial transactions, digitally signed documents, military communications or medical data. Cryptosystems like Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA), elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) or Diffie–Hellman have spread worldwide and are part of diverse key Internet standards like Transport Layer Security (TLS), which are used both by traditional computers and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It is especially difficult to provide high security to IoT devices, mainly because many of them rely on batteries and are resource constrained in terms of computational power and memory, which implies that specific energy-efficient and lightweight algorithms need to be designed and implemented for them. These restrictions become relevant challenges when implementing cryptosystems that involve intensive mathematical operations and demand substantial computational resources, which are often required in applications where data privacy has to be preserved for the long term, like IoT applications for defense, mission-critical scenarios or smart healthcare. Quantum computing threatens such a long-term IoT device security and researchers are currently developing solutions to mitigate such a threat. This article provides a survey on what can be called post-quantum IoT systems (IoT systems protected from the currently known quantum computing attacks): the main post-quantum cryptosystems and initiatives are reviewed, the most relevant IoT architectures and challenges are analyzed, and the expected future trends are indicated. Thus, this article is aimed at providing a wide view of post-quantum IoT security and give useful guidelines to the future post-quantum IoT developers.

Software-Defined Edge Computing (SDEC): Principle, Open IoT System Architecture, Applications, and Challenges

Edge computing is a bridge for realizing the convergence between physical space and cyber space in the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Large numbers of physical objects produce a huge amount of data that needs to be efficiently processed in the edge side. This situation urgently requires novel ideas and framework in the design and management of edge computing to improve and enhance its performance. In this article, we propose an approach and principle of software-defined edge computing (SDEC) from the perspective of cyber-physical mapping, where the ultimate goal is to achieve a highly automatic and intelligent edge computing system. The SDEC can also help realize flexible management and intelligent collaboration among various edge hardware resources and services by way of software. To this end, we design an SDEC-based open IoT system architecture which decouples upper level IoT applications from the underlying physical edge resources and builds dynamically reconfigurable smart edge services. The software-definition mechanism of the SDEC platform is proposed to introduce the detailed processes that the underlying physical devices are defined in the form of software. We also describe an illustrative application case about smart factory to present the practical effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Finally, we outline several challenges which are worthy of in-depth study and research. The SDEC paradigm can share, reuse, recombine, and reconfigure edge resources and services so that the overall service capability of the edge side can be improved.

Challenges for adopting and implementing IoT in smart cities

Purpose The wider use of Internet of Things (IoT) makes it possible to create smart cities. The purpose of this paper is to identify key IoT challenges and understand the relationship between these challenges to support the development of smart cities. Design/methodology/approach Challenges were identified using literature review, and prioritised and elaborated by experts. The contextual interactions between the identified challenges and their importance were determined using Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM). To interrelate the identified challenges and promote IoT in the context of smart cities, the dynamics of interactions of these challenges were analysed using an integrated Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliqués à un Classement (MICMAC)-ISM approach. MICMAC is a structured approach to categorise variables according to their driving power and dependence. Findings Security and privacy, business models, data quality, scalability, complexity and governance were found to have strong driving power and so are key challenges to be addressed in sustainable cities projects. The main driving challenges are complexity and lack of IoT governance. IoT adoption and implementation should therefore focus on breaking down complexity in manageable parts, supported by a governance structure. Practical implications This research can help smart city developers in addressing challenges in a phase-wise approach by first ensuring solid foundations and thereafter developing other aspects. Originality/value A contribution originates from the integrated MICMAC-ISM approach. ISM is a technique used to identify contextual relationships among definite elements, whereas MICMAC facilitates the classification of challenges based on their driving and dependence power. The other contribution originates from creating an overview of challenges and theorising the contextual relationships and dependencies among the challenges.

A novel key exchange algorithm for security in internet of things

<p>Today Internet of things (IoT) interconnects any object possessing sensing and computing capabilities to the internet. In this era, increasing number of electronic devices and applications in Internet of Things (IoT) requires secured communication with low power consumption capabilities. As security is a major challenge in internet of things, it is important to design a key management solution that considers resource constrained nodes and hence key management in public key cryptography is a crucial issue. In this paper, a novel key exchange algorithm was developed and implemented on a low powered “Raspberry pi machine” to realize the overall impact it creates on the device. The performance of the proposed algorithm had shown a great improvement over the popular Diffie Hellman key exchange algorithm and a two-level security for data exchange between the parties is implemented.</p>

Internet

Nowadays Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging and effective technology along with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in a few constant applications in which the human intervention significantly reduced along with better human life. In IoT enabled WSNs, the sensor nodes used to assemble the fragile data and communicate towards the sink hub and actuators for automotive remote monitoring process. However as the WSNs operating at free frequency band, it is powerless against different attacks at various layers of WSNs protocol stack in which attackers may try to hack and compromise the user’s personal information. There are different types of attacks in WSNs and several research works conducted to protect from these attacks in WSNs. Majority of security methods proposed are based layered technique. However, the layer approach is not enough to protect the WSNs effectively as the many attackers used the cross-layer information to perform the attacks. This paper presents the study over the layered security solutions and their research problems at first to justify the importance of cross-layer solutions. The review of different ways of designing the cross-layer security techniques for WSNs with their behaviour presented as well. The challenges of IoT enabled WSNs single layered security solutions presented and then the various cross-layer solutions reviewed in this paper. The comparative study of different cross-layer techniques to demonstrate the layers and their parameters involved to detect of security threats. The outcome of this review work is the research challenges noticed from the present cross-layer solutions.

Configurable Distributed Data Management for the Internet of the Things

One of the main challenges in modern Internet of Things (IoT) systems is the efficient collection, routing and management of data streams from heterogeneous sources, including sources with high ingestion rates. Despite the existence of various IoT data streaming frameworks, there is still no easy way for collecting and routing IoT streams in efficient and configurable ways that are easy to be implemented and deployed in realistic environments. In this paper, we introduce a programmable engine for Distributed Data Analytics (DDA), which eases the task of collecting IoT streams from different sources and accordingly, routing them to appropriate consumers. The engine provides also the means for preprocessing and analysis of data streams, which are two of the most important tasks in Big Data analytics applications. At the heart of the engine lies a Domain Specific Language (DSL) that enables the zero-programming definition of data routing and preprocessing tasks. This DSL is outlined in the paper, along with the middleware that supports its runtime execution. As part of the paper, we present the architecture of the engine, as well as the digital models that it uses for modelling data streams in the digital world. We also discuss the validation of the DDA in several data intensive IoT use cases in industrial environments, including use cases in pilot productions lines and in several real-life manufacturing environments. The latter manifest the configurability, programmability and flexibility of the DDA engine, as well as its ability to support practical applications.

A survey on internet of things security: Requirements, challenges, and solutions

Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most promising technologies that aims to enhance humans’ quality of life (QoL). IoT plays a significant role in several fields such as healthcare, automotive industries, agriculture, education, and many cross-cutting business applications. Addressing and analyzing IoT security issues is crucial because the working mechanisms of IoT applications vary due to the heterogeneity nature of IoT environments. Therefore, discussing the IoT security concerns in addition to available and potential solutions would assist developers and enterprises to find appropriate and timely solutions to tackle specific threats, providing the best possible IoT-based services. This paper provides a comprehensive study on IoT security issues, limitations, requirements, and current and potential solutions. The paper builds upon a taxonomy that taps into the three-layer IoT architecture as a reference to identify security properties and requirements for each layer. The main contribution of this survey is classifying the potential IoT security threat and challenges by an architectural view. From there, IoT security challenges and solutions are further grouped by the layered architecture for readers to get a better understanding on how to address and adopt best practices to avoid the current IoT security threats on each layer.

IoT, an Emerging Technology for Next Generation Medical Devices in Support of Cardiac Health Care – A Comprehensive Review

Cardiac diseases are the major causes of death in both developed and developing nations. As per WHO, it is estimated around 17.9 million people died due to cardiovascular diseases which accounts for 31% of all global deaths every year. More than 75% deaths occur in middle and low income countries. Globally, the main reason for the fatality of cardiac patients is Stroke and Heart attack, secondly the unavailability of doctors and insufficiency of hospitals with proper infrastructure in remote areas. Around the world, only few cardiologists are available, especially in developing countries like India; around 64 million peoples are suffering from different types of cardiac diseases with just about 4000 cardiologist. The ratio between the availability of cardiologist and cardiac patients varies significantly, which leads to alternative measures to monitor the patients from their respective places to prevent the death. In recent days Internet of Things (IoT) is the most innovative technologies that revolutionize the health care sector by providing modern medical devices for diagnosing, monitoring and treating patients with several diseases. IoT help the people who are at higher risk of getting diseases and make them to live a healthy life. This review paper is aimed to explore the benefits, applications and challenges of IoT based medical devices which are designed to diagnose and monitor the cardiovascular diseases and also give an insight about the overwhelming superiority of IoT in solving the problems arising due to heart diseases by expanding the medical resources and its availability.

Blockchain for 5G-enabled IoT for industrial automation: A systematic review, solutions, and challenges

Abstract Internet-of-Things (IoT) has made ubiquitous computing a reality by extending Internet connectivity in various applications deployed across the globe. IoT connect billions of objects together for high speed data transfer especially in 5G-enabled industrial environment during information collection and processing. Most of the issues such as access control mechanism, time to fetch the data from different devices and protocols used may not be applicable infor future applications as these protocols are based upon a centralized architecture. This centralized architecture may have a single point of failure alongwith the computational overhead. So, there is a need for an efficient decentralized access control mechanism for device-to-device (D2D) communication in various industrial sectors IoT-enabled industrial automation. In such an environment, security and privacy preservation are major concerns as most of the solutions are based upon the centralized architecture. To mitigate the aforementioned issues, in this paper, we present an in-depth survey of state-of-the-art proposals having 5G-enabled IoT as a backbone for blockchain-based industrial automation for the applications such as-Smart city, Smart Home, Healthcare 4.0, Smart Agriculture, Autonomous vehicles and Supply chain management. From the existing proposals, it has been observed that blockchain can revolutionize most of the current and future industrial applications in different sectors by providing a fine-grained decentralized access control. Various transactions and database logs can be traced efficiently using blockchain for consistency and preivacy preservation in the aforementiioned industrial sectors. The open issues and challenges of 5G-enabled IoT for blockchain-based Industrial automation are also analyzed in the text. Finally, a comparison of existing proposals with respect to various parameters is presented which allows the end users to select one of the proposals in comparison to its merits over the others.

The Internet of Things (IoT): a survey of techniques, operating systems, and trends

PurposeInternet has changed radically in the way people interact in the virtual world, in their careers or social relationships. IoT technology has added a new vision to this process by enabling connections between smart objects and humans, and also between smart objects themselves, which leads to anything, anytime, anywhere, and any media communications. IoT allows objects to physically see, hear, think, and perform tasks by making them talk to each other, share information and coordinate decisions. To enable the vision of IoT, it utilizes technologies such as ubiquitous computing, context awareness, RFID, WSN, embedded devices, CPS, communication technologies, and internet protocols. IoT is considered to be the future internet, which is significantly different from the Internet we use today. The purpose of this paper is to provide up-to-date literature on trends of IoT research which is driven by the need for convergence of several interdisciplinary technologies and new applications.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive IoT literature review has been performed in this paper as a survey. The survey starts by providing an overview of IoT concepts, visions and evolutions. IoT architectures are also explored. Then, the most important components of IoT are discussed including a thorough discussion of IoT operating systems such as Tiny OS, Contiki OS, FreeRTOS, and RIOT. A review of IoT applications is also presented in this paper and finally, IoT challenges that can be recently encountered by researchers are introduced.FindingsStudies of IoT literature and projects show the disproportionate importance of technology in IoT projects, which are often driven by technological interventions rather than innovation in the business model. There are a number of serious concerns about the dangers of IoT growth, particularly in the areas of privacy and security; hence, industry and government began addressing these concerns. At the end, what makes IoT exciting is that we do not yet know the exact use cases which would have the ability to significantly influence our lives.Originality/valueThis survey provides a comprehensive literature review on IoT techniques, operating systems and trends.

Blockchain for Internet of Things: A Survey

Internet of Things (IoT) is reshaping the incumbent industry to smart industry featured with data-driven decision-making. However, intrinsic features of IoT result in a number of challenges such as decentralization, poor interoperability, privacy and security vulnerabilities. Blockchain technology brings the opportunities in addressing the challenges of IoT. In this paper, we investigate the integration of blockchain technology with IoT. We name such synthesis of blockchain and IoT as Blockchain of Things (BCoT). This paper presents an in-depth survey of BCoT and discusses the insights of this new paradigm. In particular, we first briefly introduce IoT and discuss the challenges of IoT. Then we give an overview of blockchain technology. We next concentrate on introducing the convergence of blockchain and IoT and presenting the proposal of BCoT architecture. We further discuss the issues about using blockchain for 5G beyond in IoT as well as industrial applications of BCoT. Finally, we outline the open research directions in this promising area.

Dynamic Social-Aware Computation Offloading for Low-Latency Communications in IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) as a prospective platform to develop mobile applications, is facing with significant challenges posed by the tension between resource-constrained mobile smart devices and low-latency demanding applications. Recently, mobile edge computing (MEC) is emerging as a cornerstone technology to address such challenges in IoT. In this paper, by leveraging social ties in human social networks, we investigate the optimal dynamic computation offloading mode selection to jointly minimize the total tasks' execution latency and the mobile smart devices' energy consumption in MEC-aided low-latency IoT. Different from the previous studies, which mostly focus on how to exploit social tie structure among mobile smart device users to construct the permutation of all the feasible modes, we consider dynamic computation offloading mode selection with social awareness-aided network resource assignment, involving both the computing resources and transmit power from heterogeneous mobile smart devices. On the one hand, we formulate the dynamic computation offloading mode selection into the infinite-horizon time-average renewal-reward problems subject to time average latency constraints on a collection of penalty processes. On the other hand, an efficient solution is also developed, which elaborates on a Lyapunov optimization-based approach, i.e., drift-plus-penalty (DPP) algorithm. Numerical simulations are provided to validate the theoretical analysis and assess the performance of the proposed dynamic social-aware computation offloading mode selection method considering different configurations of the IoT network parameters.

IoT Security Challenges and Counters Measures

Internet of Things (IoT) is an alliance of material object linked via internet. Material objects embedded with RFID, WSNs and many more through which objects remain connected with each other. Each material objects which is the part of communication are having a unique identifier. IoT is extremely heterogeneous, so security is a big challenge in IoT. In this article, many security challenge and counters measures and research objectives are studied.

Internet of Things Architectures, Technologies, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions for Enhanced Living Environments and Healthcare Systems: A Review

Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolution of the Internet and has been gaining increased attention from researchers in both academic and industrial environments. Successive technological enhancements make the development of intelligent systems with a high capacity for communication and data collection possible, providing several opportunities for numerous IoT applications, particularly healthcare systems. Despite all the advantages, there are still several open issues that represent the main challenges for IoT, e.g., accessibility, portability, interoperability, information security, and privacy. IoT provides important characteristics to healthcare systems, such as availability, mobility, and scalability, that offer an architectural basis for numerous high technological healthcare applications, such as real-time patient monitoring, environmental and indoor quality monitoring, and ubiquitous and pervasive information access that benefits health professionals and patients. The constant scientific innovations make it possible to develop IoT devices through countless services for sensing, data fusing, and logging capabilities that lead to several advancements for enhanced living environments (ELEs). This paper reviews the current state of the art on IoT architectures for ELEs and healthcare systems, with a focus on the technologies, applications, challenges, opportunities, open-source platforms, and operating systems. Furthermore, this document synthesizes the existing body of knowledge and identifies common threads and gaps that open up new significant and challenging future research directions.

Internet of Things Challenges and Solutions

Internet of Things Challenges and Solutions

Assesing the Services, security Threaths, Challenges and Solutions in the Internet of Things

The purpose of this paper is to chalk out the criticality of the most important pillar of Internet of Things (IoT),i.e., Security and Privacy (S&P). IoT has seen its journey from implausible and impossible to sustainable and tenable. Its rateof expansion into various grounds from agriculture to sports; personal health to intelligent trac detection; waste managementto smart homes is astonishing, dramatic and unforeseen. With such vast adaptability and functionality, its security remains thebiggest concern because in contrast to the traditional networks, IoT faces huge vulnerabilities some of which are inherent and othersexplicit. The existing security solutions cannot be implemented in IoT because of its unique characteristics. Therefore, there is adire need to develop novel security procedures betting IoT. This paper spots the features that are peculiar to IoT and concurrentlyanalyzes the security threats and challenges they pose. This work also provides a glimpse of the major IoT implementations withtheir particular security requirements and challenges. Moreover, this paper critically evaluates the proposed countermeasures tosecurity attacks on dierent features and why they cannot be used in IoT environments. Also, it is found that most of the securitysolutions used in IoT devices are inspired from Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) but the striking dierences among the two makethem inadequate in IoT. The security requirements and challenges peculiar to various IoT services are also identied. To assist theresearchers in remaining up-to-date, we for the rst time have thoroughly expressed some of the most famous and practical attacksfaced across the world in the recent past, how much damage they caused, how much nancial losses were faced, etc.

Production of strawberry using internet of things: a review

<span>Strawberry is a widely consumed fruit and cultivated globally but predominantly in cooler temperate zones because of its wealth of nutrients, vitamins and minerals. However, there are several challenging factors faced in the growing of strawberry such as temperature, seasonal production and short shelf-life. To overcome some of these challenges, the application of greenhouse and internet of things (IoT) are being used. In this paper, a review of the application of IoT in the greenhouse production of strawberry is presented. This includes a survey of existing literature on production of strawberry, types, method of growing strawberry and the application of IoT. The benefits and challenges of IoT in greenhouse strawberry production are discussed. The review highlights the need for use of low power wide area communication technology in the application of IoT in greenhouse strawberry production especially in tropical regions like Malaysia.</span>