Cetyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride Research Articles

Haematoxylin with quaternary ammonium salts as spectrophotometric reagents for tin(IV)

Haematoxylin with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is proposed for the spectrophotometric determination of tin(IV). The addition of CTAB improved the colour reaction of tin(IV) with haematoxylin, resulting in better sensitivity and a longer linear range of the calibration graph. Similar results were obtained with cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and cetylpyridinium bromide. Oxidised haematoxylin is not a suitable reagent for tin(IV) because of its poor stability in solution.

Interaction between proteins and detergents which contain a hydrocarbon chain longer than 16 carbon atoms III. Competitive inhibition of trypsin by cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride

Tryptic activity was competitively inhibited by cationic detergents which contain a cetyl group or longer hydrocarbon chains. Since the cetyl group is much longer than the side chains of lysine or arginine residues of substrates for trypsin, the nature of inhibition by cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride was examined using N a - benzoyl- l- arginine-p- nitroanilide as substrate and compared to that by butylamine. The inhibition by cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride occurred instantaneously and was completely reversible. The inhibitory effect of cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride was strongly dependent on both pH and salt concentration, contrasting with inhibition by butylamine which was relatively indifferent to these changes. The K i value of cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride at pH 7.5 and 25 °C was calculated to be 2.0 ± 0.3 mM, which is equal to that of butylamine within experimental errors. The standard entropy change of binding of cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (44 ± 2 cal/mol/degree) was much larger than for butylamine, indicating the formation of an efficient hydrophobic bond between the cetyl group and the enzyme.

Analyzing Cetyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride by Using Ultraviolet Absorbance

Analyzing Cetyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride by Using Ultraviolet Absorbance

Formation of the Tetrachlorocuprate(II)‐Complex in Inverse Micelles

AbstractSolutions of CuCl2 in the micellar system cetyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride (CDBA)/benzene are yellow due to the formation of the CuCl42‐ ‐complex. The complex can be hydrolysed by solubilized water, chiefly to CuCl2(H2O)2 and Cu(H2O)2+4. Equilibrium constants have been calculated. In the region of the critical micelle concentration the extent of the hydrolysis is reduced.

A test method for analyzing anionic or cationic surfactants in industrial water.

AbstractA general 2‐phase titration method is introduced for the quantitative identification of either anionic or cationic surface active agents commonly used in the domestic and industrial applications. Initially, an appropriate amount of quaternary ammonium compound is added to an unknown water sample to be analyzed and to ensure the treated sample contains excess amount of quaternary ammonium compound, and thus, is cationic in nature. The amount of excess quaternary ammonium compound is then quantitatively determined by titration with a standard anionic surfactant in the presence of methyl orange dye, buffer reagent, and chloroform. If the original surfactant in the tested sample is anionic, the anionic surfactant content (μM) is equal to the known amount (μM) of the added cationic quaternary ammonium compound minus the amount (μM) of standard anionic titrant spent in the neutralization reaction. If the original surfactant in the tested sample is cationic, the cationic surfactant content (μM) is equal to the amount (μM) of standard anionic titrant spent in the titration minus the known amount (μM) of the added cationic quaternary ammonium compound. The test procedure is simple and can be successfully completed within 5–7 min by a laboratory technician. For research or industrial application, a specific anionic or cationic surfactant to be used should be selected for the surfactant calibration. For the water quality control of unknown samples, the most common anionic surfactant, linear alkylate sulfonate, and the most common cationic surfactant, quaternary ammonium chloride, are selected as surfactant standards. The anionic surfactant concentration of a sample can be reported to be mg/liter as linear alkylate sulfonate while the cationic surfactant concentration of a sample can be reported to be mg/liter as cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride. Other alternatives for the use of the proposed general 2‐phase titration method are suggested. Effective elimination of the interference caused by the presence of oil in an industrial water is also discussed. The proposed method is limited in application to the measurement of free ionic surface active agents only.

Interaction between proteins and detergents which contain a hydrocarbon chain longer than 16 carbon atoms: II. Difference spectra of various proteins in cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride

The detergents which contain a hydrocarbon side chain longer than 16 cabron atoms were used as a perturbant for the study of protein structure. A low concentration of cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CDBA) caused difference spectra for Ac-Trp-OEt and Ac-Tyr-OEt. The Δε values at their difference maxima became constant above 30 mM of cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, 1430 at 294 nm for Ac-Trp-OEt and 450 at 288 nm for Ac-Tyr-OEt. These Δε values are higher than any other Δε values resulting from solvent effects by such a remarkably low concentration of organic reagents described in the literature so far. The absence of denaturation blue shift in the difference spectra and the fact that the optical rotatory dispersion of the proteins examined in the present study was not changed significantly by cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride indicate that the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins were not destroyed by cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride. These characteristics, together with small overlapping of their difference spectra at 288 and 294 nm were advantageous in the determination of tryptophan and tyrosine residues exposed in glucagon, insulin and alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast. No tyrosine residues in ribonuclease A was accessible to cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride. Unusual difference spectrum with a peak at 298 nm was observed for lysozyme which is known to contain tryptophan residues in special environments. Ovalbumin gave a novel unusual difference spectrum with a peak at 290 nm and a shoulder at 298 nm, showing the existence of unusual tryptophan and probably tyrosine residues in the molecule.

Isotopic studies on ion flotation processes

The flotation of SeO 3 2−, AuCl 4 −, and ReO 4 − anions was carried out using the new cationic surfactant cetyldimethyl- p-iodobenzylammonium bromide (CDM pIBABr), labeled by the 131I isotope. The obtained results were compared with those for the flotation of the same anions with cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CDMBACl). Cetyldimethyl- p-iodobenzylammonium bromide in the real solution region was proved to possess high affinity to the examined inorganic ions and high surface activity, comparable with that of CDMBACl. The critical micelle concentration and foam-forming ability of both surfactants were determined. The new isotopic method of the investigation kinetics and mechanism of ion flotation processes was proposed.

Removal of Lignin from Water by Precipitate Flotation

Flotation was effective for the removal of lignin from aqueous solution when alum (aluminum sulfate) was used as a precipitator and a cationic surface-active agent, such as a quarternary ammonium compound, was used as a collector. Lignin fractional removal of higher than 0.94 was obtained by using 40 mg/l of alum and 40 mg/l of quaternary ammonium compounds (as cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride) per 100 mg/l of lignin (as Indulin C). Initial pH values between 2 and 4 were found to be optimal. The superficial gas velocity should be controlled at some optimum value; for this research the value was 24.2 cm/min. Assuming a wastewater containing 100 mg/l of lignin (as Indulin C) is treated with 40 mg/l of alum and 63.3 mg/l of Arquad 2HT-75 (i.e., 40 mg/l as cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride) in a precipitate flotation system, the total treatment costs including chemicals would be $0.352/1,000 gal (or $0.093/1,000 l).

Dissolved-air foam separation to clarify turbid waters

An experimental investigation is presented of the foam separation of turbidity constituents, primarily clays, from natural waters at approximately neutral pH. A cationic surfactant, cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, is used as the collector-frother. A continuous flow clarification unit has been designed and utilized, relying on the precipitation of dissolved-air bubbles (with the air dissolved at 40–80 psig) from suspension to provide the interfacial area for particle attachment and flotation. Data from 91 experiments is correlated on the basis of an empirical model. The effluent turbidity (particle concentration in terms of optical density) and effluent surfactant concentration are related to the five independent variables by stepwise, linear multiple regression analysis. A second order model relates the effluent turbidity to the feed rate, feed turbidity, feed surfactant concentration, the recirculation rate, and the liquid column height, with an accuracy of 20 per cent. Scale-up considerations are included, and an operating-cost estimate is given for a 1000 gal day −1 clarification unit.

Effect of Cationic Detergents on the Lecithin Stabilized O/W Emulsion

Abstract An oil-in-water system (Nujol being the oil phase) stabilized by the phospholipid, lecithin, has been chosen in this study. The system being negatively charged initially, cationic detergents like lauryl pyridinium chloride (LPC), Cetyl pyridinium bromide (CPB), Phenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (Ammonyx-200) and Cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (CDBAC) have been employed in order to study their influence on the flocculation and coalescence rates and the degree of aggregation haemocytometrically. Zeta potentials (ξ) have been determined at the corresponding concentrations of the detergents by microcataphoresis and with these values the potential energies and then ultimately the operating van der Waals constant of the system has been determined. From the log C-ξ values it is evident that except Ammonyx-200 which is not an effective cationic detergent, all the others have reversed the charge of the system and their efficiencies are in the order CDBAC>CPB>LPC. The different binding parameters, number of binding sites available for adsorption and free energy of the surface have also been calculated.

Evaluation of the Skin-Roughness Caused by Aqueous Solution of Surface Active Agents

Immersion method, cup method (modified closed patch method) and dropping method (localized immersion method in which the test solution is dropped on interdigital webs) were studied.The results obtained by the cup method were not correlated to those obtained by the immersion method. The dropping method was considered as being suitable for evaluation of skin-roughness caused by detergent solution, by which the relation between detergent concentration and skin-roughness was shown.Five surface active agents were evaluated by the dropping method. Sodium laurylsulfate (SLS) and cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CDMBC) caused skin-roughness in the low concentration. The action of sodium lauryltrioxyethylenesulfate (SLTOS), which was usualy used in liquid shampoo formulation, was milder than SLS. Poly-oxyethylenelaurylether (POL), which was non-ionic one, and distearyldimethylammonium chloride (DSDMC), which was cationic one possessed rather high molecular weight, did not cause skin-roughness.Deffating rates of these surface active agents were measured and compared with the results of skin-roughness evaluetion by the dropping method. There was a rough correlation between skinroughnese and deffating rate in lanolin.

Viscosity and conductance micellar studies in molten pyridinium chloride

Viscosity and conductance measurements in cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride solutions in molten pyridinium chloride are in agreement with other studies that indicate that micellization commences at 0.06-0.07m at 155�. Effective molal volumes, bulk viscosities, and equivalent conductivities for this system and a comparison system (anilinium chloride as solute), have been calculated. The data suggest that around 0.12m the micelles are stabilized in a size distribution comprised mainly of asymmetric micelles. Molten pyridinium chloride behaves ultrasonically as an associated liquid. The densities and viscosities of 0.5M KCl sucrose solutions (25-40% sucrose) are also supplied as calibration data for electroviscometers in the range 2-5 cP.

Influence of surface-active agents on the crystal growth of sodium triphosphate hexahydrate

The influence of sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (DOBS) and cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CBC) on the crystal growth of sodium triphosphate hexahydrate (Na 5P 3O 10) from aqueous solution was studied. The crystals formed are acicular twins with (001) as the twinning plane. The growth rate of the (0 1 ¯ 0) face and the (100) face was measured with a polarizing microscope, that of the (001) face with the rotary compensator developed by Ehringhaus. The R(σ) curves were determined in a supersaturation range of σ = 0.05 to 0.80. The growth of the (0 1 ¯ 0) face is completely stopped at a DOBS concentration above 25 mg/l, whereas it is only slightly hindered in the presence of CBC. The growth rate of the (100) face is greatly reduced by CBC but increased by DOBS. Both DOBS and CBC retard the growth rate of the (001) face. The growth of the Na 5P 3O 10 crystals is not controlled by transport in the solution and is not induced by screw dislocations. At supersaturations above 0.40 the R(σ) curve obeys the equation for two-dimensional nucleation.

Surface tensions and densities of solutions of large organic ions in molten pyridinium chloride

Surface tension and density data obtained with cetyl and myristyl cationic soaps dissolved in molten pyridinium chloride at 155� are interpreted in terms of micelle formation. The critical micelle concentrations determined by each method are in agreement at 0.060 molal for the solute cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride. Partial molar volumas for this same solute are calculated and discussed in concepts similar to the "hydrophobic hydration" theory of aqueous solutions.

Ultrasonic studies in molten pyridinium chloride solutions

Ultrasonic absorptions in the 13-91 Mc/s region and ultrasonic velocities have been measured in molten pyridinium chloride containing various concentrations of anilinium chloride or cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride as solutes, at 155�. Adiabatic compressibilities were calculated for both systems. The anilinium chloride system behaved normally, but with the larger cation a sharp change in both absorption and velocity occurred at a concentration of 0.06m, in agreement with measurements of other physico-chemical properties. For more concentrated solutions, a pronounced ultrasonic relaxation was found, having a characteristic frequency of about 40 Mc/s; this may be interpreted in terms of a simple micelle growth mechanism.

Micelle Size and Stability of Aqueous Amphotericin B (Polyene) Systems

Concentrations of components were varied in aqueous amphotericin B systems containing cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, dimethylsulfoxide, amphotericin B, and water. Using the analytical ultracentrifuge and correcting for density and viscosity, the systems containing the smallest micelles were found by determination of sedimentation coefficients. This procedure proved valuable in subsequent formulations, containing amphotericin B for veterinary purposes.

Adsorption studies using a streaming current detector

A procedure has been developed for studying adsorption in which the detection is made by a streaming current technique. The method makes use of an instrument providing continuous measurements for following an adsorption process. An investigation has been made of the adsorption of cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride by a monoionic sodium bentonite. The adsorption was studied in two parts—the amount adsorbed to the cationic exchange capacity of the clay and the amount adsorbed from this point to the critical micelle concentration of the quaternary salt.

Conductimetric Study of the Interaction of Hexylresorcinol and Amaranth with Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

A conductimetric titration procedure was used to demonstrate interactions of hexylresorcinol and amaranth with cetylpyridinium chloride and cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. The conductimetric technique gives an indication of the stoichiometry and the type of interaction involved.

Fingerprinting the hyaluronic acid-protein complex of human vitreous humour

Hyaluronic acid-protein complexes have been separated from the free proteins present in human vitreous humour by passage down DEAE Sephadex. Cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride has been used to fingerprint the complexes in the form of their turbidity curves. Hyaluronic acid degraded by either testicular hyaluronidase or ascorbic acid has been similarly examined.

Growth-Inhibition of Baker's Yeast by Cationic Surface-Active Agents (1)

When yeast cells suspended for ten minutes in a solution containing each of four kinds of cationic detergents at a concentration of 0.25mM respectively were washed 3 times with water, 11% to 83% of the adsorbed detergents were removed. However, no significant reversal of the growth-inhibition was observed after such washing, as seen in Fig. 1. On the other hand, effects on the cell of washing with 10-4M anionic detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laurate were presented in Fig. 3. Cells treated with cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (C-Bz) or lauryl-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylammonium chloride (L-Ep) showed considerable reversal of the growth-inhibition, while the growth of the cells treated with lauryldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (L-Bz) was more strongly inhibited by repeated washing with anionic detergents. As shown in Fig. 4, among the cationic detergents, C-Bz was the most efficient both in the degree and the rapidity of growth-inhibition, and the effectiveness decreased in the order of L-Ep, L-Bz, and cetyl-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylammonium chloride (C-Ep). However, a relation between the effectiveness of a cationic detergent and the reversal of growth-inhibition by its elution was not clear.