Certification Issues Research Articles

Rotor-Through-Coils Toroidal-Flux Reluctance E-Motor for Aviation

Electrification of aviation propulsion is in progress. New electric motor architectures — beyond axial and radial fluxes — may be required to unlock its full potential in meeting the demanding functional requirements (in terms of power, weight and efficiency) and certification requirements (from airworthiness authorities) set for airborne operating engine. This article presents a new class of toroidal-flux reluctance electric motors, where the rotor travells inside the coils — the Rotor-Through-Coils (RTC) Reluctance E-Motor. Extensive finite element magnetic model analysis was conducted (including motor operational characteristics assessment), following from an existing validated approach. The power delivered by five series-mounted motors rivales fuel-injected engines powering existing acrobat airplanes, including similar dimensions. A further important advantage will follow in a sequel publication showing the substantial advantage of this motor architecture to be entirely and effeciently air-cooled (like high pressure turbines already do in turbofans), removing the added complexity, weight, cost and certification issues implied in using onboard liquid coolants.

Certification issues in training economic personnel for AIC

The goal is to analyze literary sources interpreting the term “certification” and develop recommendations aimed at professional growth and career of graduates of agricultural universities. Methods – comparisons, generalizations. Results – the essence of the concept of “certification” is revealed. The role of this process for students of Kazakh universities is shown in view of development of agricultural economy in the republic, taking into account such principles as economic orientation, internationalization, transformation and autonomy in modern conditions, characterized by the formation of competitive environment focused on meeting the needs of labor market. The main requirements and trends related to organization of certification in this industry, set out in the relevant government documents (concepts, regulations, etc.), are presented. The example of M. Kozybaev North Kazakhstan University, in which Certification Training Center has been opened to train students in 1C software products, with further expansion of employment opportunities and promotion prospects for graduates of economic educational programs based on application of digital competencies in the field of accounting (accounting in agricultural enterprise). Mastering these disciplines will provide solid knowledge and allow students to successfully pass the qualifying exam and subsequently receive the “1C: PROFESSIONAL” certificate. Statistics on the work of the Center, the number of trained students who received certificates and jobs at enterprises in agricultural sector are presented. The authors note that certification is one of the most important areas of activity of any university, which helps a young specialist to be effective and successful in agricultural market for job vacancies. Conclusions – gaining of knowledge on the basis of non-formal education will contribute to the effective implementation of the 3L concept in employment in various sectors of economy and provision of competitive personnel.

First Impressions on Three-Dimensional Printing with Earth-Based Mortar at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

Three-dimensional (3D) printing with earth-based mortar is still under development and faces challenges. Optimising the mortar mixture, improving structural strength, determining the relationship between the printing speed and the amount of extruded material, and ensuring long-term durability are areas that are being refined. Additionally, regulatory and certification issues must also be considered to ensure the safety and compliance of 3D printed structures. This paper presents for discussion the records, analyses, studies, and considerations regarding initial initiatives involving 3D printing with the extrusion of earth-based mortar developed at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP). Through this work, it was possible to strengthen and reaffirm that 3D printing with earth-based mortar has significant potential in the construction industry and that the incorporation of dispersed kraft paper fibres from the recycling of cement bags is an excellent resource to achieve good constructability in 3D printing with earth-based mortar.

A Conceptual Model to Assess the Impact of Quality Management Systems on the In-Vitro Diagnostics Industry in South Africa

Although ISO certification has become compulsory, it is unclear what impact ISO certification has on the South African medical device industry and how the forced ISO certification will affect individual companies and the industry with regard to the quality of products and service delivery. Furthermore, no research to date has been performed specifically on the contribution or impact of ISO certification in the IVD industry in South Africa. Through an in-depth synthesis of published research, and by triangulating the literature on quality in the medical domain, the researchers have conceptualized possible relationships between various quality constructs and ISO quality certification with respect to in-vitro diagnostics. This conceptual study will contribute specifically to the South African IVD market and possibly other IVD markets worldwide to understand how certification issues will impact quality, customer service, operations, and performance.

Halal Research During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Bibliometric Analysis

After the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a worldwide increase in awareness of the concept of halal. During this crisis, the number of research papers published on Halal and COVID-19 has also increased, possibly due to the increased reliance on the internet. This study conducts a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 156 relevant papers, using Google Scholar and Harzing Publish or Perish, to identify trends and provide future research directions in the field of halal studies. The result of Vosviewer shows that there are six clusters of keywords with a significant number of studies discussing halal tourism and halal food. Indonesia and Malaysia are frequently studied on this topic. Towards the end of the pandemic, the topic of halal tends to increase in certification issues.

The energy crisis as a challenge of small scale wind energy in urban areas- The case of Greece

As a result of successive crisis situations, Covid-19 pandemic, war in Ukraine, and the climate change and the short term effects of the energy transition, high energy prices, have brought great concern to the citizens and difficulty to the governments to act immediately and provide solutions and measures. The shift to green energy is becoming more and more necessary at all levels with citizens looking for alternative and economical ways to meet their needs in electrical energy. The use of small wind turbines in an urban environment is promising and constitutes a beneficial alternative under certain circumstances. The purpose of the present work is to deliver a fundamental overview on small wind turbines for small scale applications in or near urban areas, discussing their efficiency, financial and certification issues, and the legislative framework in Greece.

Identifying priorities for artificial intelligence and primary care in ontario: A multi-stakeholder engagement event.

CONTEXT: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being recognized as having potential importance to primary care (PC). However, there is a gap in our understanding about where to focus efforts related to AI for PC settings, especially given the current COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To identify current priority areas for AI and PC in Ontario, Canada. STUDY DESIGN: Multi-stakeholder engagement event with facilitated small and large group discussions. A nominal group technique process was used to identify and rank challenges in PC that AI may be able to support. Mentimeter software was used to allow real-time, anonymous and independent ranking from all participants. A final list of priority areas for AI and PC, with key considerations, was derived based on ranked items and small group discussion notes. SETTING: Ontario, Canada. POPULATION STUDIED: Digital health and PC stakeholders. OUTCOME MEASURES: N/A. RESULTS: The event included 8 providers, 8 patient advisors, 4 decision makers, 3 digital health stakeholders, and 12 researchers. Nine priority areas for AI and PC were identified and ranked, which can be grouped into those intended to support physician (preventative care and risk profiling, clinical decision support, routine task support), patient (self-management of conditions, increased mental health care capacity and support), or system-level initiatives (administrative staff support, management and synthesis of information sources); and foundational areas that would support work on other priorities (improved communication between PC and AI stakeholders, data sharing and interoperability between providers). Small group discussions identified barriers and facilitators related to the priorities, including data availability, quality, and consent; legal and device certification issues; trust between people and technology; equity and the digital divide; patient centredness and user-centred design; and the need for funding to support collaborative research and pilot testing. Although identified areas do not explicitly mention COVID-19, participants were encouraged to think about what would be feasible and meaningful to accomplish within a few years, including considerations of the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery phases. CONCLUSIONS: A one-day multi-stakeholder event identified priority areas for AI and PC in Ontario. These priorities can serve as guideposts to focus near-term efforts on the planning, development, and evaluation of AI for PC.

Initial airworthiness requirements for aircraft electric propulsion

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the electric propulsion use in civil aviation and propose a framework for certification of electric propulsion subsystems. Although electric propulsion architectures are discussed as key technology for the future of aviation, the industry standards as well as regulations fail to cover the application in full extent, specifically for commercial large airplanes. This paper proposes an approach for the analyses of reliability and certification of the new-generation propulsion system by pointing out the “common structure” among the possible architectures.Design/methodology/approachThe research process used in this paper consists of following steps: the challenges of the hybrid-electric propulsion is listed, the architectures of the hybrid-electric applications in the literature are identified, the differences of the hybrid architectures from the present applications by means of application and standardization are discovered, the architectures are analyzed and the two main subsystems are defined – the present combustion system and the common unit, which is a similar structure used in all-electric aircraft. For this purpose, the standards used for design basis and certification of the present propulsion system and their relationship with the subsystems of the architectures have been analyzed. The procedure for the reliability assessment of the system is given, a framework for the safety assessment and the certification of the propulsion systems is proposed to make it easier and without sacrificing the already accumulated experience. This study shows that by using the common unit, the present certification framework can be used, by focusing on the reliability of the common unit and its integration with the rest of the architecture.FindingsA specific definition of common unit is proposed, to point out the difference in certification efforts of hybrid-electric propulsion architectures. Yet, there is no data available for propulsion-level airborne battery and electrical systems to assess the reliability. Thus, dividing the propulsion system into two main systems and providing a model for certification of the common unit sub-system would be beneficial for easy deployment of the hybrid architectures both for design and for certification. In this paper, it is proposed that by using this common unit, the present certification framework can be used as it is, by focusing on the reliability of the common unit and its integration with the rest of the architecture.Practical implicationsThe aircraft certification regulations act in two ways: they provide a starting point for new design projects, and they are a basis for certification of the final system. This study aims to draw focus on certification issues on the new-generation hybrid-electric propulsion systems. With the introduction of hybrid-electric propulsion for large aircraft, the present standards (CS-25, CS-E, CS-P, CS-Battery and CS-APU) create an obstacle for further progress as their borders get into each other. Instead of developing a new set of standard(s), this paper proposes a new approach by dividing the propulsion system into two subsystems.Originality/valueThis research proposes a definition of “common unit” for simplification of the hybrid-electric propulsion architectures for large civil aircraft. The common unit consists of both battery and electrical components and their reliability shall be considered for hybrid-electric propulsion.

Wheel-slip estimation for advanced braking controllers in aircraft: Model based vs. black-box approaches

As of today, most aircraft are endowed with Anti-lock Braking Systems that are active during landings and rejected take-off manoeuvres, ensuring the maximum exploitation of road-friction capability. Due to strict certification issues, the braking controller must function using only signals that are local to the landing gear, which is the aircraft sub-system hosting the braking actuators. In the most common scenarios, the only available signals are the wheel speed and the braking pressure. This limited set of information prevents the use of advanced braking control architectures which are now mainstream in the automotive sector, i.e., those based on the regulation of the wheel slip, so that typical aircraft Anti-lock Braking Systems are usually based on the regulation of the wheel deceleration. This paper investigates how a reliable wheel slip estimation can be achieved using wheel speed and braking pressure signals, analysing different wheel slip observers options. In particular, a model-based approach that uses a sliding-mode observer is proposed, together with a black-box approach based on Nonlinear Auto-Regressive models with eXogenous input, with a neural network implementation. Both approaches are tested and compared on experimental data, proving that the obtained estimation performance are adequate for use in closed-loop braking systems.

Evaluating negative attitudes of the students and shoppers towards halal cosmetics products

PurposeThis study aims to reveal how consumers and shoppers are negative toward alcohol, animal fat, producers and certification issues concerned with halal cosmetics products.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 527 students of 4 public universities and a medical college across Bangladesh took part in a survey and 150 shoppers from 2 cities participated in the face to face interview with the structured questionnaires. Frequency distribution was used for categorical and numerical data, and the chi-square test with a binary logistic regression model has tested the association between gender and attitudes toward halal cosmetics. Besides, narratives of Sharīʿah regarding alcohol, meat, fat and halal certification have helped understand the halal issue.FindingsIn total, 83% of the respondents perceived negative attitudes against haram animal fat followed by alcohol (74%) and animal fat (64%). The chi-square test shows that consumers held a significant association toward haram animal fat, (p-value 0.000) alcohol, (p-value 0.000) non-Muslim producers (p-value 0.000) and non-Muslim countries (p-value 0.026). Imperatively, the binary logistic regression model has found a significant negative association to haram animal fat (ß2 −0.295) and alcohol (ß1 −0.200).Practical implicationsMarketers ought to avoid haram animal fat in halal cosmetics besides focusing on alcohol freeness. Also, non-Muslim marketers need to be extra cautious in showcasing their identities. However, Islamic marketers will enjoy a competitive advantage in the halal market because of their demographic factors.Social implicationsIslamic principles on alcohol, meat, fat and certification potentially can help other stakeholders sense the halal norms.Originality/valueThis study has blended the elements of Sharīʿah with empirical evidence to shed light on the fundamental and trust factors for the marketing of halal cosmetics products.

КОЛОКОЛА И ЗВОНАРСКАЯ ТРАДИЦИЯ НА КУЗНЕЦКОЙ ЗЕМЛЕ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

The article is devoted to the history of bells and bell-ringing art on the territory of present Kemerovo Region. The topicality of the article is in considering this phenomenon as a part of the historical and cultural heritage. The unique technology and ringing art, the Orthodox faith and a special way of life of the Russian people and bells joined in the history of bells. Bell ringing has developed into a large-scale, national phenomenon; the state and the Russian society recognize its aesthetic value. Based on archival documents, materials of the periodical press of pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern periods, research works of historians and ethnographers, the authors demonstrate the formation of the bell-instrumental image of the region and highlight different historical periods: from the construction of the first bell towers, the complete prohibition of bell ringing to their revival, and the formation of new traditions. It is concluded that the situation with bells and ringing traditions is significantly dependent on the Church policy of the state in a certain historical period. It is specific that, throughout the study period, most of the bell ringers received and receive a small monetary reward for their obedience, and therefore, many of them tend to leave this job as soon as possible, replacing it with a more paid one. The current situation is certain not to contribute to the development and improvement of bell-ringing art. Nowadays, a small number of bells and the lack of its own bell production in Kuzbass region cannot contribute to solving the problem of restoring the Russian bell tradition. For the full revival of the bell-ringing tradition in the region, it is also necessary to have a competent complete set of bell funds, which today can hardly be described as organized and systematic. Bell rebounds are packed mainly at random. However, the situation has changed in recent years as instruments with planned ringing have got used. The authors make a conclusion about the necessity of the analysis of bell funds, their classification, and the identification of accounting and certification issues. Today, the revival of the art of bell ringing is based on both the preservation of old traditions and the formation of new ones. An important role in the development and popularization of the bell tradition is played by the activities of Orthodox bell ringers’ courses, festivals, exhibitions, master classes. All this forms the bell-instrumental image of Kuzbass region.

STRENGTHENING HALAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RIAU PROVINCE IN INDONESIA

This study explore and analyze the problems of halal tourism’s development in Riau Province with an Analytic Network Process (ANP) approach. The method used is the Analytic Network Process (ANP) which is a qualitative and quantitative method approach. The type of data that will be used in this research is the primary data and the form of the subject (self-report data). The samples used as respondents in this study were those who were considered experts in the field of halal tourism, namely the government in this case the ministry of tourism, tourism practitioners, regulators or perpetrators industrial activist in the field of tourism, Halal Product Guarantee Agency business and academics took by purposive sampling. The variables of this research are regulation, literacy, human resources, infrastructure, government policies, certification, government commitment, and socio-culture. The findings shows that the internal problems faced in the development of Halal tourism in Riau province based on the order of priority were infrastructure problems, regulatory issues, human resource problems, and literacy problems. Other findings indicate that the external problems faced are based on priority order, including government commitment issues, government policy issues, certification issues, and socio-cultural problems. The Managerial implications for halal tourism stakeholders in Riau province, especially the local government to pay attention to issues of infrastructure development, particularly access to places of halal tourism and have a strong commitment in developing halal tourism in the province.

Software Verification and Validation of Safe Autonomous Cars: A Systematic Literature Review

Autonomous, or self-driving, cars are emerging as the solution to several problems primarily caused by humans on roads, such as accidents and traffic congestion. However, those benefits come with great challenges in the verification and validation (V&V) for safety assessment. In fact, due to the possibly unpredictable nature of Artificial Intelligence (AI), its use in autonomous cars creates concerns that need to be addressed using appropriate V&V processes that can address trustworthy AI and safe autonomy. In this study, the relevant research literature in recent years has been systematically reviewed and classified in order to investigate the state-of-the-art in the software V&V of autonomous cars. By appropriate criteria, a subset of primary studies has been selected for more in-depth analysis. The first part of the review addresses certification issues against reference standards, challenges in assessing machine learning, as well as general V&V methodologies. The second part investigates more specific approaches, including simulation environments and mutation testing, corner cases and adversarial examples, fault injection, software safety cages, techniques for cyber-physical systems, and formal methods. Relevant approaches and related tools have been discussed and compared in order to highlight open issues and opportunities.

A Brief Review on Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Technology in Civil and Aviation Technology Applications

The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system is a method for evaluating and monitoring the integrity of the structure. It has been widely used in various engineering sectors, such as in aerospace, civil and energy sectors due to its ability to react to structural changes on an online basis or in real-time monitoring. The SHM system was able to evolve and work in a variety of structures or components due to the rapid development of sensor technology. It is believed that SHM will become an important tool in various industries for structural monitoring in future years. The paper presents a summary of the latest SHM technology in civil and aviation technology applications as well as the challenges in cost analysis and certification issues for the implementation of SHM.

A Brief Review on Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Technologyin Civil and Aviation Technology Applications

The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system is a method for evaluating and monitoring the integrity of the structure. It has been widely used in various engineering sectors, such as in aerospace, civil and energy sectors due to its ability to react to structural changes on an online basis or in real-time monitoring. The SHM system was able to evolve and work in a variety of structures or components due to the rapid development of sensor technology. It is believed that SHM will become an important tool in various industries for structural monitoring in future years. The paper presents a summary of the latest SHM technology in civil and aviation technology applications as well as the challenges in cost analysis and certification issues for the implementationof SHM.

A Brief Review on Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Technology in Civil and Aviation Technology Applications

The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system is a method for evaluating and monitoring the integrity of the structure. It has been widely used in various engineering sectors, such as in aerospace, civil and energy sectors due to its ability to react to structural changes on an online basis or in real-time monitoring. The SHM system was able to evolve and work in a variety of structures or components due to the rapid development of sensor technology. It is believed that SHM will become an important tool in various industries for structural monitoring in future years. The paper presents a summary of the latest SHM technology in civil and aviation technology applications as well as the challenges in cost analysis and certification issues for the implementation of SHM.

Certification Issues Revealed by the 737 Max Crisis: A Comparative Approach from a European Perspective

Boeing faces an unprecedented crisis in its history, after the 737 Max aircraft have been grounded following two major crashes. Beyond the technical problems revealed during the investigations conducted after these accidents, it appeared that the certification process in place in the United States (US) suffered from several flaws which could have contributed to these disasters. As the US certification process served as a model in several countries and regions, it appears necessary to address the lessons that can be learned from the 737 MAX certification issues, not only in the US but also within the European Union (EU) as both systems hold many similarities. Most notably, the delegation of powers, or ‘privileges’, is now under scrutiny, while it has been the basis of a system relying on shared trust between the regulators and the manufacturers. The EU immediately took actions to change its certification process, and such a move is also expected in the United States. This can significantly increase the administrative burden on manufacturers, at a time when international competition is fiercer than ever. Delegation, Type Certificate, Supervision, Pilot Training, Changed Product

Computing the topology of a plane or space hyperelliptic curve

We present algorithms to compute the topology of 2D and 3D hyperelliptic curves. The algorithms are based on the fact that 2D and 3D hyperelliptic curves can be seen as the image of a planar curve (the Weierstrass form of the curve), whose topology is easy to compute, under a birational mapping of the plane or the space. We report on a Maple implementation of these algorithms, and present several examples. Complexity and certification issues are also discussed.

「空の産業革命」「空の移動革命」のキーワード "自動化""自律化"の認証の壁と実現に向けた世界の取り組み

「空の産業革命」「空の移動革命」のキーワード "自動化""自律化"の認証の壁と実現に向けた世界の取り組み

Innovations to automate manual ventilation during Covid-19 pandemic and beyond

Manual ventilation by compressing self-inflating bags is a life-saving option for respiratory support in many resource-limited settings. Previous efforts to automate manual ventilation using mechatronic systems were unsuccessful. The Covid-19 pandemic stimulated re-exploration of automating manual ventilation as an economically viable alternative to address the anticipated shortage of mechanical ventilators. Many devices have been developed and displayed in the lay press and social media platforms. However, most are unsuitable for clinical use for a variety of reasons. These include failure to understand the clinical needs, complex ventilatory requirements in Covid-19 patients, lack of technical specifications to guide innovators, technical challenges in delivering ventilation parameters in a physiological manner, absence of guidelines for bench testing of innovative devices and lack of clinical validation in patients. The insights gained during the design, development, laboratory testing and clinical validation of a novel device designated the 'Artificial Breathing Capability Device' are shared here to assist innovators in developing clinically usable devices. A detailed set of clinical requirements from such devices, technical specifications to meet these requirements and framework for bench testing are presented. In addition, regulatory and certification issues, as well as concerns related to the protection of intellectual property, are highlighted. These insights are designed to foster an innovation ecosystem whereby clinically useful automated manual ventilation devices can be developed and deployed to meet the needs associated with the Covid-19 pandemic and beyond.