Certificate Holders Research Articles

Standards for Including Scientific Evidence in Restrictions on Freedom of Movement: The Case of EU Covid Certificates Scheme

Abstract Compared to previous secondary legislation, Article 11 of the Digital Covid Certificates regulations was remarkably explicit in its requirement for Member States to consider scientific evidence when restricting free movement for the certificate holders. However, we argue in this Article that the regulations achieved a partial codification of the existent case law of the CJEU rather than imposing any additional requirements. Namely, the case law had already required Member States to rely on scientific evidence that reflects the international consensus, that is relevant and up to date, and that the evidence had to demonstrate by means of a risk assessment a real risk to the public health. We also discuss these findings in the light of the proportionality and precautionary principles and suggest that understanding the evolution of the EU legal order’s evidentiary requirements is useful in the light of the legislator’s claim of objective and rational policy-making procedures in public health and other crises.

Two decades of stakeholder voices: Exploring engagement in Romania's FSC forest management certification

Stakeholders' engagement in forest management decision-making is a critical tool for enhancing the business acceptability of the forest sector, and the Forest Stewardship Certification (FSC) scheme proactively involves stakeholders in its implementation. Based on the stakeholder theory, this study examined stakeholder's engagement in the FSC forest management certification in Romania over the past two decades to identify the extent and inputs of their involvement in the process. Using in-depth content analysis and text mining techniques, we explored publicly available information from 209 public reports covering 45 forest management certificates. According to data available in 178 reports, the average number of stakeholders notified per audit was 50.7. However, response evidence was found in 128 reports, with an average of 1.2 responses per audit, suggesting a limited engagement in the process. Additional stakeholders' feedback was received as part of the on-site audits, with an average of 10.2 responses per audit. Given the inconsistencies in the reporting format between certification bodies, we set a structured framework to analyse the findings on stakeholders' engagement from different report sections. The employed analytical framework sheds light on stakeholder and legitimacy theories in forest certification. Our findings highlighted stakeholders' predominantly positive feedback tone, evenly distributed across all stakeholder types and the four analysis domains. Negative feedback accounted for only 9.4% of the findings, highlighting areas for improvement for certificate holders, companies in the timber supply chain and public authorities. This study's findings may assist FSC in refining its stakeholder engagement practices, contributing to enhanced participation and better risk mitigation of non-compliance with standard requirements.

Physical inactivity and its associated factors among pre-retirement government healthcare workers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

IntroductionThe rising worldwide concern of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) is alarming as it is associated with 80% of annual global mortality. NCD threat is rising due to, among others, the increasing ageing population, thus putting the efforts to promote health ageing at the forefront of many countries’ health agenda. Physical activity has been recognised as one of the significant factors in the pursuit of healthy ageing. Nevertheless, approximately one third of individuals in Malaysia are physically inactive. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of physical inactivity and its associated factors among pre-retirement government healthcare workers.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2023 among pre-retirement government healthcare workers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The sample size required was 233 and proportionate random sampling was used to recruit potential respondents who answered self-administered online questionnaires. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to measure the level of physical activity and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 29.ResultsA total of 214 complete responses were received from the 233 questionnaires distributed, giving a response rate of 91.8%. The prevalence of physical inactivity among pre-retirement healthcare workers was 39.7% as compare only 29.9% in general population. Significant predictors for physical inactivity included higher education levels (SPM, STPM, or certificate holders) (AOR = 13.4, 95% CI: 2.47–72.65), non-Malay ethinicity (AOR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.23–18.38), personal barriers (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI:1.35–1.79), social barriers (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06–1.39), and physical environment barriers (AOR = 1.468, 95% CI: 1.221–1.765).ConclusionThis study shows a worrying prevalence of physical inactivity among pre-retirement healthcare workers that is even higher than the general population in Malaysia. The findings highlight the importance of focusing the preventive strategies among non-Malay workers and those with lower education levels. It is also vital to address all the physical, social, and environmental barriers towards physical inactivity. By prioritising these factors, employers and stakeholders will be able to establish better workplace health promotion and address the issue of physical inactivity more efficiently.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as Tool by Agricultural Extension Agents in Osun State, Nigeria

This study assessed the factors influencing utilization of information communication technology (ICT) in agricultural extension service delivery in Osun state. A total of 175 respondents were considered (extension agents = 155, supervisors = 20). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage). The result from the research revealed that majority (80% and 90%) of respondents were male and are married respectively, while 87% are within the age range of 30 – 49 years. The family size of majority of the extension workers are within 4 – 6 members. While 61.7% of the respondents had B.sc/B.A, a handful (23.4%) had HND with few (14.9%) ND certificate holders. Their annual salaries range from N300,000 - N600,000 and majority (85%) of the extension workers do not belong to any agricultural association. Radio and Television (100%) were the ICTs most aware of among the extension workers followed by telephone (98.9%).

The Effectiveness of Professional Certification National Agency’s Competency Certificate in Supporting A Successful Work World

Tight competition for entering work world requires the prospective workers to master or to have certain skill. The recognition of skill includes not only skill mastered and explained to the prospective service users in the interview, but it needs strong evidence issued by an official institution, in this case National Agency for Professional Certification (Indonesian: Badan Nasional Sertifikasi Profesi or BNSP). This research aims to reveal the recognition and appreciation given by employers or industrial business to BNSP’s competency certificate. In addition, it also aims to reveal the experience of certificate holders and the advantage of BNSP’s competency certificate in entering work world. Data mining was carried out using interview, observation, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive method. The result of research shows that the employers and the Industrial World recognize and appreciate well the BNSP’s competency certificate. The companies pay substantial attention to the competency certificate the job applicants have and their placements. However, for certain reason, some companies have not considered competency certificate in personnel placement. In addition, the experience the holders of certificate have related to the advantage of BNSP’s competency certificate in entering into work world indicates varying treatments given by the companies. Some companies perceive that it is necessary to consider competency certificate owned in admitting and placing their employees. Meanwhile, some others have not considered it yet. Even they place the employees not according to their specialty, so that they should attend training first before placement

THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN SPEECH THERAPY

Studies in medicine and sciences are constantly changing with the advancement of research and new discoveries. Continuing education in a field such as speech pathology is crucial for this reason. Most developed countries, like the United States of America and countries in Europe, make education after graduation mandatory and enforce restrictions on licenses in order to encourage people to renew them. Armenia, however, does not. For example, The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) requires all certificate holders (CCC-A and CCC-SLP) to maintain their ASHA Certificates of Clinical Competence and their CCC-SLP by taking additional courses every few years. Countries outside of the United States, such as Canada and Australia, have similar requirements of completing extra hours of practice and education in order to maintain the speech-language pathologist license. 
 Armenia also does not have a higher board or association that legally monitors and audits speech pathologists after graduation, but they should work to establish one in order to encourage and enforce speech pathologists to complete the requirements necessary to continue their practice. Armenia is trying to modernize and change the medical education system in order to advance their professional development and allow for the international mobility of healthcare workers, but they should also work to set requirements like these for the speech therapy field in Armenia. Continuing professional development allows for cardinal information that might have been forgotten over the years after graduating or receiving a license to be reviewed and recollected. With the introduction of new technologies and methods, speech pathologists need to be informed of the new ways of practice through their continuing education requirements. Speech pathologists in Armenia can use the opportunity of continuing education to learn how to use new methods such as Armav and incorporate them into their own practices.

Phase I Pharmacokinetics Study of Oral Administration of Esperavir® (INN: Molnupiravir) (LLC "PROMOMED RUS", Russia)

Introduction. The pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) was caused by a single-stranded RNA virus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2). Molnupiravir is an antiviral drug with activity against RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Molnupiravir exerts the antiviral effect by introducing copy errors during viral RNA replication – by that the replication of SARS-CoV-2 inhibits. For oral administration of molnupiravir the drug Esperavir® has been registered in Russia.Aim. The aim is pharmacokinetics study of Esperavir®, capsules 200 mg (the manufacturer is JSC "Biokhimic", LLC "PROMOMED RUS", Russia, as registration certificate holder) by a single dose (800 mg) and multiple doses oral administration (800 mg twice a day with a gap of 12 hours between doses) in healthy volunteers in a phase I pharmacokinetics study, comparison the obtained data of pharmacokinetic parameters with the literature data.Materials and methods. The clinical and analytical phases of the pharmacokinetic study as well as pharmacokinetic analyses have been performed as a part of a clinical trial of the drug Esperavir®, capsules 200 mg (the manufacturer is JSC "Biokhimic", LLC "PROMOMED RUS", Russia, as registration certificate holder). Chromatographic separation and detection by Nexera XR high-performance liquid chromatograph with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry LCMS-8040 (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with the Boomer pharmacokinetic analysis add-in for Microsoft Excel (Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Allergan, Irvine, CA 92606, USA). Descriptive pharmacokinetic statistics were calculated with Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, USA).Results and discussion. Pharmacokinetic parameters for cohort 1 (800 mg single dose of Esperavir®) and for cohort 2 (800 mg of Esperavir® twice a day with a gap of 12 hours between doses) were calculated. Averaged pharmacokinetic profiles of mean NHC concentrations over time in linear and log-linear scales were plotted. The geometric mean of Cmax and T1/2, the median, minimum and maximum of Tmax showed the comparability of the obtained data after a single dose administration of 800 mg of Esperavir® and the available literature data.Conclusion. According to the concentrations from the analytical phase of the pharmacokinetic study the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, averaged pharmacokinetic profiles in linear and log-linear scales were plotted after a single dose and multiple doses of the drug Esperavir®, capsules (the manufacturer is JSC "Biokhimic", LLC "PROMOMED RUS", Russia, as registration certificate holder). The comparability of the obtained data and the available literature data was shown. The results justified the study of the subsequent phases of clinical trials of Esperavir®.

Juridical Analysis of MSME Trademark Holders Based on Law No. 20 of 2016 Concerning Brand Rights and Geographical Indications

The legal protection given to trademark certificate holders is that the trademark is valid for 10 years and the only registered trademark owner has the rights to the trademark and cannot be changed without the trademark owner's permission. Law enforcement provided by the Trademark and Geographical Indications Law is criminal and civil. There are other alternatives, namely through arbitration and alternative dispute resolution with the concept of a win-win solution.

Policy Evaluation of the Land Registration System in Malang City

Purpose: This research aims to discover, explain, and analyze the phenomenon under investigation in-depth, which is related to the land publication system in Malang City. This research employs a qualitative approach and is conducted at the Malang City Land Office, involving various parties directly engaged in the land registration process. Theoretical Framework: Land registration plays an essential role in the social structure, with various countries adopting different registration systems, such as positive and negative publication systems. The positive system establishes land registry data as incontrovertible evidence, providing legal protection even if the data may not be accurate, while the negative system, practiced in Indonesia, does not guarantee absolute legal protection by the government to landowners (Chekole et al., 2020; El-Hallaq & Eid, 2020; Rubasinghe, 2010; Van der Molen & Tuladhar, 2006). Method: Primary data is obtained through interviews with various informants, including Land Office employees, legal practitioners, community leaders, and the general public. Secondary data is derived from documents, ministerial regulations, government regulations, as well as archives of the Malang City Land Office, accessible both offline and online. Data collection involves the researcher, interview guidelines, and other supporting tools. Result: The research findings indicate that the policy evaluation of the land publication system aims to achieve legal certainty, which has not been fully realized. Conclusion: The main issues include disputes over land ownership between land buyers and original landowners. Furthermore, the implementation of programs and activities within the land publication system has not reached its full potential. The current land publication system requires evaluation, focusing on effectiveness, efficiency, sufficiency, equity, responsiveness, and accuracy. There is insufficient legal protection for land certificate holders, leading to recurring agrarian conflicts every year. Additionally, in this positive-leaning negative publication system, certificates possess only relative strength, rather than absolute authority.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PEMILIK TANAH ATAS PEMBATALAN SERTIFIKAT OLEH PENGADILAN TATA USAHA NEGARA (PTUN) YANG BERASAL DARI TANAH ADAT TANPA ADANYA PELEPASAN HAK.


 
 
 
 Landowners face serious challenges when their land titles are annulled by the Administrative Court (PTUN) rooted in customary lands. In the course of this law, the main focus is the right of ownership, the existence of landowners, and the influence of customary land. Without a clear waiver of rights, this legal complexity calls into question the existence and right of ownership of the landowner. In this context, a legal and ethical obligation arises to protect the rights of landowners, especially those from indigenous lands, answer the call of legal protection, and ensure justice and equality before the law. The method used in this research is normative juridical legal research, which was carried out as an effort to obtain the necessary data regarding the problem. The data used is primary data as supporting legal material for secondary data. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative analysis methods. The result of this study is that landowners are at risk of losing legal certainty and protection if their certificates are canceled by the Administrative Court, especially related to customary land without a clear waiver of rights. The cancellation requires the revocation of the certificate, resulting in the inability of the certificate holder to physically control the land and cause harm to all parties, according to the theory of the consequences of Soeroso law and the legal protection of landowners related to the cancellation of certificates by the court from customary land without waiver involving the settlement of land disputes. Generally, land disputes can be resolved through customary deliberations, led by Adat Para-Para, or through a court in the settlement of land cases.
 
 
 

Green Legality Certificate on Agrarian Reform: Indonesian Experience

As the most essential human need, territory is crucial for the survival of humanity. The increase in population and demand for land, as a result of urbanization, can no longer satisfy human requirements. The research method in this study is a normative legal research method. The approach method uses a statute approach, a comparative approach, and an analytical approach. The green certification serves as evidence for the legality of a building, fulfilling the criteria for a green building, as well as supports the green movement, which contributes to a positive public image. In the future, unregistered land could receive electronic certificates for the first time through land registration. As a guarantee of ownership of land rights, the legislation provides holders of electronic certificates with legal protection. The electronic information and transaction law (IET Law) accepts electronic land certificates as proof of electronic tenure.
 Keywords: green legality, land, certificate, Agrarian reform

Legal Protection for Overlapping Certificate Holders in the Region of the South Tangerang Land Office

Land is something that is very valuable and so it is natural that it becomes a struggle between humans to fight to own and control it. Land issues that lead to conflict or land disputes will cause the State, in this case the Government, to experience social conflict. The method used is qualitative which refers to the legal issues that arise in this research. The results of this research are the principle of contradiction of delimitation which is applied in land registration activities in order to obtain legal certainty; The development of the Supreme Court in adjudicating disputes over overlapping certificates is very helpful in dealing with land disputes caused by overlapping certificates which both have authentic power; The legal considerations of the Serang State Administrative Court Number 69/G/TUN/2019/PTUN SRG are appropriate in providing legal protection to Sri Mulyani, the owner of the Ownership Certificate Number: 7556/Ex. Sawah issued on 15 October 2018, Measurement Letter Number: 3302/Sawah/2018 dated 25 September 2018 by granting the lawsuit; The legal consideration of the Jakarta State Administrative High Court Number 194/B/2022/PTTUN JKT is that there is an error regarding the time period for administrative efforts which has an impact on the assessment of Sri Mulyani’s lawsuit. The panel of judges at the appellate level did not pay attention to the provisions of Article 1979 of the Civil Code.

Employability study bachelor of science in entrepreneurship graduates of Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology San Isidro Campus

The employability of graduates can be effectively measured by evaluating the efficacy of the programs given by various universities and institutes. the use of tracer studies, which are essential in offering insightful feedback on how relevant these initiatives are to the dynamic labor market. particular study was designed to ascertain the employment status of graduates who completed the Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship program between 2017 and 2021 at the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, specifically at the San Isidro Campus. To achieve this goal, a descriptive research method was employed, utilizing a adopted survey questionnaire as the primary instrument for data collection. This approach was chosen for its effectiveness in gathering detailed information about the graduates' current employment situations. The results of the study were quite revealing, indicating that out of 505 graduates 365 alumni who participated, that graduates from batch 2019-2020, were majority were female, were 25-26 years of age, CSE professional eligible, were mostly not National Certificate holder, majority were employed, as accounting clerk, with monthly salary range of 10,000-19.999, assigned in accounting and finance department, having a position of marketing assistant. On the data on their first job, the results graduates find their job less than 1 year after graduation, stayed on their first job for less than 1 year, were on contractual basis and the reason for leaving their first job is for better salary. The factor that influence them to find their present job is from recommendation from relatives and friends. The reason for delay in employment is cause by delay in issuance of school credentials. And for competitive skills of the graduates communication skill is very important to be more competitive. These findings are significant as they offer insights into the employment trends and the market absorption rate of graduates from this specific program, thus providing a measure of the program's success in preparing students for the job market.

Pencatatan Sita Sertifikat Hak Atas Tanah di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Bandar Lampung

This study aims to determine the recording of confiscation of certificates of land rights in the defense office of the city of Bandar Lampung. The method in this study uses a normative and empirical approach. The results of this study indicate that the legal implication of confiscation of land title certificates based on the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning / Land Agency Number 13 Year 2017 Regarding the Procedure of Blocking and Confiscating is resulting the certificate holder temporarily unable to make the transfer of rights or the imposition of rights on his land until the revocation of the certificate of seizure of the land. Confiscation of certificates results in the suspension of land rights for the time being and will simultaneously freeze ownership of land. Furthermore, regarding the inhibiting factor for confiscation of land rights certificates, when recording is done manually, it is often the case that confiscation of seizure documents filed by the Ministry of Agriculture is not yet complete. the petitioner, as well as the lack of legal understanding related to legal standing confiscation of criminal, confiscated cases and confiscation due to forced letters. Suggestion of this research is that the Land Office should be more existent in disseminating information regarding the mechanism of confiscation recording at related institutions such as the Regional Police, Prosecutors, Courts and the public because the classification of criminal confiscation, confiscation of cases and confiscation due to forced letters.

Privacy-Preserving Solution for European Union Digital Vaccine Certificates

The recent COVID-19 pandemic situation highlights the importance of digital vaccine certificates. In response, the European Union (EU) developed EU Digital Vaccine Certificates to enable proof of non-infectivity and completed vaccinations. However, these solutions suffer from several shortcomings, such as ineffective certificate holder identification and a high violation of user privacy with the disclosure of sensitive information. In this work, we present a novel solution for privacy-preserving EU Digital Vaccine Certificates. Our solution solves the aforementioned privacy and security shortcomings and is in line with current EU legislation, i.e., the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the upcoming revision of the electronic IDentification, Authentication, and trust Services (eIDAS), called regulation eIDAS 2.0, and the new tools that it envisages to be led by European digital identity. This identity is intended to allow citizens to prove their identity to access online services, share digital documents, or simply prove specific personal characteristics such as age without revealing their identity or other personal information. The core of our proposal is built on our novel attribute-based credential scheme, which can be easily implemented on various handheld devices, especially on Android smartphones and smartwatches. However, due to the lightweight nature of our scheme, it can also be implemented on constrained devices such as smart cards. In order to demonstrate the security, privacy, and practicality inherent in our proposal, we provide the security analysis of the cryptographic core along with a set of experimental results conducted on smartphones and smart cards.

Dispute Settlement in Complete Matic System Land Registration

This article analyzes Legal Protection for Complete Systematic Land Registration (Pendaftaran Tanah Secara Sistematis Lengkap) or PTSL and Dispute Resolution in PTSL.This research is an empirical legal research with statutory approach, case approach, concept approach, and legal sociology approach. The results of this study indicate that legal protection for certificate holders in the PTSL Program is not absolute and only strong because the land registration system in Indonesia adheres to a negative publication system. Dispute settlement in the PTSL Program is resolved through the Non-Litigation and Litigation channels. Based on research at the Gianyar Regency Badan Pertanahan Nasional Office (BPN) or National Land Agency Office and the Tabanan Regency BPN Office, disputes over Overlapping Certificates and Inheritance Disputes dispute settlement through Non-Litigation Methods are carried out by means of Mediation accompanied by a Mediator, which Overlapping Disputes Pays little attention to the elements of Theory Legal Justice because there is no settlement procedure, whereas inheritance disputes have fulfilled the elements of the Theory of Justice where there is a fair procedure in the stages of settlement. Based on the results of research at the Tabanan Regency BPN Office and Karangasem Regency BPN There is a Customary Land Claim Dispute which was resolved through the Litigation Line at the District Court was decided based on considerations of coherence between Physical Data and Juridical Data in the issuance of Certificates of Land Rights which are in accordance with the Theory of the Legal System reflects the Substance The law has clear rules in the judge's considerations, the legal structure has law enforcement officers formed from the legal system, in this case the Adjudication Committee and Judges at the District Court, the Community's Legal Culture towards the PTSL Program reflects that there is still bad faith from the community in submitting its registration.

The Responsibility Of The National Land Agency For The Issuance Of Certificate Breakdown Whose Parent Certificate Has Not Been Split

Multiple certificates, namely a plot of land that has more than one certificate, causing legal uncertainty for holders of land rights which is highly undesirable in land registration in Indonesia. The purpose of this study, among other things, is to find out and analyze the responsibility of the National Land Agency when it was discovered that there were multiple certificates based on Decree Number: 177/Pdt.G/2022/PN Tjk. The research method uses a normative and empirical juridical approach. This case of multiple certificates can occur because the main certificate has not been mapped, so when an online check is carried out through an application it cannot be read, resulting in the re-creation of the certificate either partially or wholly on the same land by another party. If there are several certificates, the responsibility of the National Land Agency is to assist in mediation between certificate holders. If it cannot be resolved through mediation, the National Land Agency will help direct it to a settlement in the District Court or State Administrative Court because it is the State Administrative Court or District Court that can decide whether or not the certificate is cancelled.

Midwives’ perspectives about using individualized care plans in the provision of immediate postpartum care in Uganda; an exploratory qualitative study

IntroductionIndividualized care planning has been slowly integrated into practice in Uganda with minimal documentation of how the concept is applied in providing care. This study explored the perceptions of midwives about the use of individualized care plans (ICPs) in the provision of immediate postpartum care.MethodsAn exploratory descriptive qualitative approach was used in this study. We interviewed fifty midwives from 37 health facilities in Uganda's greater Mpigi region. The midwives, who were certificate and diploma holders, were purposively enrolled in the selected facilities. Deductive content analysis was done based on the COM-B model.ResultsFour themes emerged from the data namely; compatibility, motivation, opportunities, and the midwives’ suggested strategies and targets for improved individualized care planning. The midwives were aware of individualized care planning and they utilized it in their provision of immediate postpartum care especially when assessing clients for risks, preparing clients for referral, caring for Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposed babies and their mothers, and educating/ supporting first-time mothers (automatic motivation). Having a good nurse-patient relationship, privacy, and ample time to care for the clients were noted as motivators for individualized care plan use, while poor documentation of care, high patient load, and perceived patients’ lack of understanding of the complexities of illness in the immediate postpartum period were the barriers (social opportunity) identified by midwives to the use of individualized care planning.ConclusionThere are still capability, motivation, and opportunity hindrances to the use of individualized care planning. Staff recruitment, training, and harmonization of the documentation forms may improve the use of care plans in the postpartum period.

An integrated education programme for NDT professionals

Some years ago, the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (BINDT) began work on a programme to integrate vocational qualification – for example certification that results from our highly successful PCN scheme – within the broader context of education and professional development. The aim was to create a programme that: • results in academic qualifications and engineering registration • improves the status of certificate holders • provides pathways for career development, including entry opportunities for school-leavers; and also • includes educational material - or links to access educational material. It is certainly the case in the UK that NDT has traditionally suffered from the fact that the subject of NDT is not very well known in its own right – even within the professional engineering community. It is not a mainstream discipline like physics or mechanical or electrical engineering. Certification is a vocational qualification and is not regarded in the same class as a degree – and of course there are fundamental differences, for example a degree is for life, whereas a certificate is usually temporary and has an expiry date. Very often there is no structured career development for NDT technicians… and no entry route for school leavers. In addition, it is a common challenge that there are insufficient new people coming into NDT. The overall result is a series of curricula, including degree courses and apprenticeship schemes, that provide an integrated education programme for NDT professionals.

Increasing Community Legal Awareness Regarding Legal Protection of Land Ownership Certificate Holders in Sawahan Village

This community service aims to increase public awareness of the legal protection of certificate holders. Registration of land ownership rights, guarantees legal certainty of land ownership rights to legal owners through the issuance of land certificates. Disputes over land ownership often occur in the community because the community needs to understand the legal force of land certificates as proof of rights. Land registration is carried out to provide legal certainty and protection for holders of land ownership certificates in good faith. Public awareness can be increased by understanding legal land ownership in the land registration system. There are 2 methods used in community service, namely, the socialization method and the legal counseling method. The knowledge provided to Partners was in the form of knowledge regarding the law regarding ownership of land certificates, the law in legal ownership of community land rights by statutory regulations, and the legal provisions regarding the land registration system. The results of this community service show that community understanding has increased. The result is indicated by the difference in pre-test and post-test scores administered when the activity was carried out. Communities understand their rights and obligations as owners of land rights legally by laws and regulations through a land registration system.