Certain Forms Of Behavior Research Articles

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Markers of Hyperdopaminergia in DAT-KO Rats.

Background/Objectives: Dopamine dysfunction (DA) is a hallmark of many neurological disorders. In this case, the mechanism of changes in dopamine transmission on behavior remains unclear. This study is a look into the intricate link between disrupted DA signaling, neuronal activity patterns, and behavioral abnormalities in a hyperdopaminergic animal model. Methods: To study the relationship between altered DA levels, neuronal activity, and behavioral deficits, local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded during four different behaviors in dopamine transporter knockout rats (DAT-KO). At the same time, local field potentials were recorded in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. Correlates of LFP and accompanying behavioral patterns in genetically modified (DAT-KO) and control animals were studied. Results: DAT-KO rats exhibited desynchronization between LFPs of the striatum and prefrontal cortex, particularly during exploratory behavior. A suppressive effect of high dopamine levels on the striatum was also observed. Wild-type rats showed greater variability in LFP patterns across certain behaviors, while DAT-KO rats showed more uniform patterns. Conclusions: The decisive role of the synchrony of STR and PFC neurons in the organization of motor acts has been revealed. The greater variability of control animals in certain forms of behavior probably suggests greater adaptability. More uniform patterns in DAT-KO rats, indicating a loss of striatal flexibility when adapting to specific motor tasks. It is likely that hyperdopaminergy in the DAT-KO rat reduces the efficiency of information processing due to less synchronized activity during active behavior.

Behavior strategies in conflict and emotional maturity of education undergraduates: Identifying relationships

Introduction. Consideration of behavioral strategies in difficult situations from the point of view of choosing an effective strategy for conflict resolution is associated with the issue of forming interpersonal interaction competencies. In our opinion, the emotional state of a person and the emotional maturity formed are of great importance in resolving conflict situations within the framework of effective interaction. The purpose of the study is to identify the correlations between the choice of behavior strategies in conflict and the emotional maturity of education undergraduates. Materials and Methods. The study involved 99 first-year undergraduates at the Ural State Pedagogical University. In order to identify respondents' orientation towards certain forms of behavior in a conflict situation, the Thomas-Kilmenn questionnaire was used. In order to identify the level and structural components of the individual's emotional maturity, the authors used O. S. Kocharyan and M.A. Piven’s inventory for emotional maturity assessment. Results. The results of the study confirmed the existence of correlations between the most frequently chosen strategies of behavior in conflict and the components of the emotional maturity of future teachers. The results of the empirical study also include the identification of three behavioral strategies in a conflict situation: individually oriented (high severity of the strategy of competition in conflict and low severity of the strategy of adaptation), passive-adaptive (a high degree of severity of the strategies of avoidance and adaptation and a low severity of the Rivalry strategy), reciprocity-oriented (a high severity of the compromise and cooperation strategies and a low severity of the Rivalry strategy). Conclusions. The results obtained can be used to design programs aimed at developing effective ways of interpersonal interaction.

Attitudes of future preschool educators about parental competencies

The early childhood is the period when parents have the greatest influence on the upbringing of their child. In order to act positively in the upbringing of their own child, parents must be competent. Being competent means to have knowledge, be efficient and skilled in realizing certain forms of behaviour and to achieve results that are expected of it. Parents are expected to develop all socially desirable and positive traits in the child. In this process, parents are seeking support from the preschool teachers because they have the greatest interaction with them when they leave the child in the educational institution. That was exactly the point in this research i.e. we wanted to see whether future educational workers are trained and whether parents make mistakes in the upbringing of their children. 347 students of the preschool education studies in Pula, Koper and Maribor were questioned. The results indicate that our respondents noticed that parents have problems in the relationships with their children because they do not have enough knowledge to access their own child and ‘blame’ the TV/media and the peers for it.

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ТА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ПРАВ ВЛАСНОСТІ В КОНТЕКСТІ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ ІСТОРІЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДУМКИ

In the study of market relations, the concept of "property rights" should be considered as an important precondition for economic development. The most controversial issue in the institutional research development is to determine the patterns of interaction between the economic and legal systems, particularly, in the context of the formation and development of the property rights as a set of economic, social, legal relations between members of society that give people usefulness or pleasure. The theoretical framework for the formation of the institutional concept of the property rights is based on the socio-legal direction of American institutionalism and the Anglo-Saxon legal system. For the first time, American institutionalism paid attention to the economic aspects of the ownership transference of goods and services (market transactions) and the Anglo-Saxon law has studied the impact of the various forms of ownership on economic relations, in particular, in the structure of formation of transaction costs associated with market operations. The theory of transaction costs has become the basis for the development of three areas of "neo-institutional" research on property rights: the first is the economics of law (theory of property rights), the second is the institutional theory of the state and the third is new economic history. The understanding of property rights is based on the following that property rights can be established to any rare tangible and intangible objects, even personal human rights. Moreover, the basis of the economic activity is the exchange of the property rights, market operations transactions. And the use of market mechanism for the exchanging of goods is followed by transaction costs. The market transactions costs determine the composition, structure and dynamics of changes in social institutions of society. And property rights have a significant impact on the behavior of property relations participants and encourage people to adhere to certain forms of behavior and cause them to avert other forms of activity. Compliance and violation of the rules established by the property rights is an act of a rational economic choice.

Analyses of Aggressiveness, Impulsiveness, and Demographics of the Drivers in Sulaimaniyah City Using Questionnaire Forms

In order to increase traffic safety on our roads, certain forms of behavior and personality traits of passenger car drivers were studied. As an attempt to understand the potential contribution of drivers’ impulsiveness and aggressiveness in traffic accidents in Sulaimaniyah City, this study was conducted. The correlation between drivers’ impulsiveness and aggressiveness were also explored. Participants, who filled Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Aggressive Driving Behavior Questionnaire (ADBQ), were 244 drivers. The male drivers who answered the questionnaires were 143, while female drivers were 101. The results of the statistical analyses showed that male drivers are driving more aggressively than female drivers; as a result, male drivers faced higher numbers of traffic accidents than female drivers. There were no significant differences between male and female drivers regarding drivers’ impulsivity. Speeding as a measuring scale of the aggressive driving is significantly correlated with second-order impulsiveness subscales. The attentional and motor impulsiveness subscales are more correlated with the total score of the driving aggressiveness than non-planning subscale. There was moderate correlation between the impulsiveness total score and the overall aggressiveness score. The impulsiveness of the drivers was negatively correlated with the drivers’ ages and positively correlated with number of crashes; while the driving aggressiveness was significantly correlated with number of crashes and negatively with gender and age of the drivers. The traffic police in Sulaimaniyah City can benefit from the results of this paper during permitting driving license and enforcement processes.

ANALYSIS OF THE FEATURES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN AN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION: DIAGNOSIS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL

In an educational organization, a student is faced with a large number of complexes, ambiguous both educational and life situations that require him to have an adequate and conscious choice. At the same time, many lack an understanding of their social ideas and the ability to separate emotional relationships from rational interaction. The modern youth environment, due to its age, worldview and socio-psychological characteristics, is in dire need of sociocultural identification, therefore, it is more susceptible to transformational processes associated with the assimilation of value systems, norms that form certain forms of behavior. There is a substitution of traditional forms of public morals and value foundations, leveling cultural continuity, the threat of preserving the milestones of Russian history, etc. These aspects lead to an increase in forms of deviant behavior, manifested in deviation from legal and moral norms. There is a desire to participate in informal youth associations, which leads to increased aggressiveness, an increase in extremism in the youth environment. The origin of extremism is considered the intellectual and moral limitations of the individual, which testifies to the problems of education, both in the institution of the family and in the educational process. A socio-psychological study in an educational organization can identify categories of students who require targeted information, education and psychological and pedagogical impact in order to timely prevent deviant behavior, including extremist manifestations. The diagnostic technique «Violent Extremism Attitude Scales – VEAS» allows you to identify dispositions for extremism in the student environment in the early stages, and to introduce preventive measures in the educational process in a timely manner.

A market failure approach to linguistic justice

ABSTRACTThis paper will consider language management from the perspective of efficiency, and will set the grounds for a new approach to linguistic justice: a market failure approach. The principle of efficiency emphasises the need to satisfy individuals’ preferences in an optimal way. Applying this principle with regard to language would justify language rights in certain domains, but also justify an array of additional linguistic interventions, thus providing better collective results in terms of people’s preference satisfaction. Starting from a laissez-faire situation of total linguistic freedom, the paper demonstrates that many ‘market failures’ exist and that these prevent the coincidence of equilibrium and optimality. Due to market failures in the linguistic domain, we cannot expect free rational linguistic choices to produce optimal collective results, and linguistic freedom often becomes linguistic free-riding. Therefore, the just way to satisfy people’s linguistic preferences is not by allowing them full equal liberty to choose the language they prefer to learn, use or transmit without any constraint. In order to improve the outcomes, we can sometimes prohibit certain forms of behaviour, and also use incentives and disincentives to promote alternative, more desirable, behaviours, thus offering every individual a fair chance to realise his/her linguistic preferences.

“Securing the Rational Foundations of Human Living:” The Pedagogical Nature of Human Law in St. Thomas Aquinas

AbstractEvery form of government, whether by its action or inaction, encourages certain forms of behavior and discourages others. The moral well being of a society necessitates its consideration of civil law's legitimate role in shaping moral character. In this paper, I will attepmt to argue that the Thomistic account of civil law is not merely negative, but entails a positive pedagogy that seeks to nurture the moral virtue of its citizens, for both the viciously inclined and those who are already good. Furthermore, Aquinas’ theory of the common good is such that its role is not merely limited, i.e., through establishing some form of civic tranquility and providing basic goods of the material or economic order with little worry of the moral habits thus cultivated.The treatment of Thomas’ teaching on human law will not be fully exhausted in this paper. However, from examining the texts from the Summa Theologiae and the De Regno, it will appear evident that St. Thomas has provided a concise and intelligent framework for seeing and actualizing the necessary relationship between human law and moral virtue.

Values and Ethics

Essential Principles and ValuesThe importance of focusing on goals rather than methods also applies, I believe, the professional life of an archivist. In order meet their obligations employers, or society (in the broadest conceptualization of their public role), archivists should keep focused on the end results they hope achieve through professional endeavors. As the venerable civil rights song says, Keep your eyes on the prize. Archivists should not be distracted from their ultimate purposes by the daily obligations of work (putting one foot carefully in front of the other), nor concern for what others are doing (looking leftor right), nor the shorter time frames of projects and deadlines (looking ten feet ahead). To keep such focus, archivists can begin by articulating their underlying principles, their core values as members of service-oriented profession. These core values provide basis for defining archivists' ultimate objectives-the prizes they seek achieve-and for articulating the rules of ethical behavior they should follow in meeting their societal responsibilities.With many obligations and limited time and resources, it is easy get tangled up in daily or weekly to lists. Working archivists usually focus on the what and of professional duties, often with little time reflect on why they are accessioning records, arranging disordered files, preparing finding aids, and answering reference inquiries. Considering professional values and goals openly and mindfully will help archivists remember the ultimate purposes and societal benefits of the archival enterprise. It will help them provide better services for researchers, employers, and their fellow citizens. If archivists do this well, it should reinvigorate the archival profession and enable them fulfill their crucial role in modern society.Such an approach embodies what James O'Toole calls a moral theology of archives: When archivists appraise and acquire records, when they represent them in various descriptive media, when they make them available for use, they are engaging in activities that have moral significance beyond the immediate concerns of managing forms of information. As O'Toole states, these archival responsibilities suggest how concern for historical accountability is part of the archival mission, way of elaborating practical moral theology of archives.1 Such perspective, I think, must come from combination of attention the core values of the profession and consideration of the ethical framework within which archivists fulfill their responsibilities.Archival Codes of EthicsDefining standards of professional conduct provides key component of establishing the societal role of any group of professionals. It marks significant difference between an occupation-people working at similar tasks-from profession, which has both public and private responsibilities carry out, based on specific expertise, training, and obligations. Codifying ethical standards is one step in achieving professional autonomy, according Elena Danielson. In defining professional ethics, she writes, requirements of the employing institution are harmonized with the principles of the occupation and with its code of ethics.2 For archivists, she states:The goal is establish standard of integrity that inspires confidence in the documentary record. ... It should serve as trusted source for historians, journalists, and policy makers. It should have baseline of truthfulness that will encourage respect for factual evidence. It should serve as corrective the wild interpretations that periodically invade political and civil discourse. The result is community with vivid but accurate shared memory, one that is periodically reconceptualized enhance an awareness of social responsibility.3In defining the moral components of professional actions, formal code of ethics may either prescribe or proscribe certain forms of behavior or define the outcomes desired by members of profession as they carry out their responsibilities. …

The Paradox of Unilateralism: Institutionalizing Failure In U.S.-Mexican Drug Strategies

Realism posits that strong states use compulsory power to influence the behavior of weaker ones. If true, then U.S. policy toward Mexico on a key national security issue such as drugs should illustrate that claim and policy outcomes should reflect U.S. preferences. Yet, in exploring a series of bilateral case studies, this article suggests that unilateral U.S. government initiatives do not achieve their specified goals. Rather, we argue that Mexico effectively employs a series of “strangulation strategies.” These derail U.S. initiatives and -under specific conditions- result in institutional agreements that proscribe certain forms of behavior and reduce future U.S. autonomy.

Music education and mental health of music students

The existing findings point to peculiarities of personality traits of the musically gifted. These traits can be viewed as the result of acquisition and modelling of certain forms of behaviour, reactions and feelings in accordance with the conditions and demands of the educational and professional context. The aim of this paper is to explore whether the students of the Faculty of Music (FOM) are different from the students of other faculties in the prominence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and early maladaptive schemas. Anxiety symptoms were measured by the Spielberger?s Test Anxiety Inventory - Trait (STAI-T), depressive symptoms by Beck?s Depression Inventory (BDI), while the presence of early maladaptive schemas was determined by the score on the shorter form of Young?s questionnaire that measures the presence of 15 schemas. The sample included 176 students, 48,9% of whom came from the FOM, and 51,1% from other Belgrade faculties. Descriptive analysis and multivariate analysis of variance indicate that both the anxiety (F(1,176)=6,40; p<0,01) and depressive symptoms (F(1,176)=10,15; p<0,01), as well as early maladaptive schemas (F(15,158)=3,02; p<0,001) are more prominent in FOM students. Statistically significant differences are found for ten schemas, and using a Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0,003 a significant difference is found for four schemas: social isolation, dependence, entitlement and insufficient self-control. It can be concluded that music students are different from the students of other faculties in that they have more prominent anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as more prominent maladaptive schemas. The obtained differences, i.e. higher vulnerability in musicians, are discussed in the context of the teaching process and the professional demands imposed upon them.

The Paradox of Unilateralism: Institutionalizing Failure In U.S.-Mexican Drug Strategies

Realism posits that strong states use compulsory power to influence the behavior of weaker ones. If true, then U.S. policy toward Mexico on a key national security issue such as drugs should illustrate that claim and policy outcomes should reflect U.S. preferences. Yet, in exploring a series of bilateral case studies, this article suggests that unilateral U.S. government initiatives do not achieve their specified goals. Rather, we argue that Mexico effectively employs a series of “strangulation strategies.” These derail U.S. initiatives and –under specific conditions– result in institutional agreements that proscribe certain forms of behavior and reduce future U.S. autonomy.

Personality characteristics of Serbian male wheelchair and professional basketball players

Background: Sport, as social phenomena, may achieve a very positive influence on health and the social state of people with disability who practice it. In sport activities of athletes with disability, team sports may take a very important place. Objective: The aims of this study were: a) to investigate personality characteristics of male professional basketball players and wheelchair basketball players, b) to compare these characteristics of two kinds of athletes. Methods: For the purposes of this study, professional basketball players (N = 29) and wheelchair basketball players (N = 25) had completed a Cattell 16PF questionnaire which estimated personality characteristics. Differences between two groups of participants were calculated by t-test for small samples. Results: Results demonstrated the existence of differences in the expression of certain forms of behaviour within certain dimensions of personality between these two groups. Wheelchair basketball players had higher scores at factor M - Abstractedness (t = -1.889; p = 0.046), which means that they are more preoccupied by themselves and their inner mental life. Wheelchair basketball players had lower scores, on factors: C - Emotional Stability (t = 2.097; p = 0.041), E - Dominance (t = 3.530; p = 0.001), F - Liveliness (t = 2.658; p = 0.010) and N - Privateness (t = 2.527; p = 0.015). Conclusions: Wheelchair basketball players are, compared with professional basketball players, more emotive; they have a lack of self-esteem, less ready for teamwork and collaboration; they are naive and unpretentious. Considering these results, coaches who are involved in work with wheelchair basketball players have to adjust their methods of trainings, especially those coaches who were working with basketball players without disability. Also, coaches' influence can stimulate eventual changes in some above mentioned characteristics of wheelchair basketball players in more desirable course.

Obraz grzeczności na przykładzie reakcji na komplementy polskich i niemieckich studentów .

The growing interest in politeness phenomena clearly points to the importance of the issue in our life. Living with other people, one should consider other peoples’ feelings and needs in order to be polite. Politeness is inevitably reflected in language and differs cross-culturally. It is common that certain forms of behavior are acceptable and appropriate in one culture, but not successful in the other one. The aim of this article is to present the concept of politeness on the basis of how Polish and German students respond to compliments. Such knowledge promotes harmonious intercultural relations.

General characteristics of psychoactive substances consumption and abuse among high school population

Consumption of psychoactive substances among the youth is suggestive of a trend indicating an accelerated and continual growth of the tendency in question. This research was aimed at investigating the frequency of psychoactive substance consumption among high school students on the territory of the town of Kragujevac so that the adequate measures on prevention could be taken. Data from the questionnaire answered by high school student attending the 1st and 4th grade of the medical, technical and economic high schools in Kragujevac were thereby used. The survey included the overall number of 1280 students: there were 793 (62%) male participants and 487 (38%) female. The research was conducted from October 2007 until January 2008. The questionnaire from the project "Health Status, Health Needs and Utilization of Health Care of the Population of Serbia" conducted by the Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut" in 2000 was used in the survey. According to the answers, alcohol was used by 45.5%, cigarettes by 20% and drugs by 3.1% of the examined subjects. Following the use of alcohol and cigarettes, the most often used psychoactive substance was cannabis, which was consumed by 7.8% of the examined subjects out of who 9.8% were boys and 4.8% were girls. Since the risky behaviour seems not to be isolated and individual but rather as a combination of several forms of it, school programmes should treat young people before certain forms of behaviour are established. Family, school, health service and society should work on an organized basis as well as methodically on prevention and on fighting against these inadequate habits.

O tłumaczeniu jako czynności uwarunkowanej kulturowo na przykładzie frazeologizmów zawierających etnonimy

It has always been clear to any participant of any communicative situation that there is a need for the translator and interpreter. This need for translation activities has also been found in the Bible. Translations played also an important role in Greek and Latin literature or culture. In each language we may find numerous ethnic labels that apart from presenting the meaning representative for a particular nation, also fulfill certain other functions. We frequently impute to other people certain forms of behaviour that may be evaluated as prejudices. The translation of such lexical units is especially difficult because they tend to be semantically different in various languages. In this article the author aims at the discussion of problems connected with the translation of idioms with ethnic labels in different European languages.

Most important types of cattle behavior

Behavior of cattle is a simple and easily established indicator of their health condition, production characteristics and welfare, showing whether and how the animal has adapted to the maintenance conditions. Essentially, all forms of cattle behavior are accompanied by certain physiological changes in the organism, and the basic moving forces of behavior are congenital. The moving forces of behavior of cattle are narrowed down to a certain number of biological needs (the need for food, water, sexual and other biological needs) and congenital urges and instincts, such as the combative and maternal instincts. Cattle are grazing animals and they cannot exhibit all their congenital natural activities of behavior under intensive maintenance conditions. Different internal and external stimuli influence the types of behavior of cattle, changing the motivational activities of their organism. In the course of domestication, certain forms of behavior of cattle have sustained changes, some have adapted to the new conditions, and new ones have appeared as well. The social, reproductive, maternal, and feeding behavior of cattle in closed maintenance conditions has not changed fundamentally, but the model of its manifesting has changed. Furthermore, certain disorders in the behavior of cattle also appear as a consequence of the maintenance conditions, and they can also be of hereditary character. In order to promote welfare, cattle should be enabled to exhibit their natural behavior, but they should also be provided with an environment that has natural characteristics.

Genetic Literacy and Citizenship: Possibilities for Deliberative Democratic Policymaking in Science and Medicine

Genetic Literacy and Citizenship:Possibilities for Deliberative Democratic Policymaking in Science and Medicine Bruce Jennings (bio) The Human Genome Project and related genetic research have moved human biology and medicine to a new level. We now can identify genes (sections of the huge DNA molecule found curled in the nucleus of each cell of the body) associated with biochemical abnormalities that are in turn linked to symptomatic disease, dysfunction, and perhaps tendencies toward certain forms of behavior.1 The mapping and sequencing of the human genome has already begun to transform the practice of medicine, and it promises to improve the health of individuals and societies around the world. It also threatens to create new forms of discrimination and domination both on a global level and within particular societies, including the United States. Genetic science—and the technologies it spawns—are increasingly important forms of power and domains of public policy.2 To be cut off from knowledge and information about the new genetics, and to be voiceless in the development of goals and regulations governing its use, is to be doubly disenfranchised. It is to be disenfranchised both in the political system in one's role as a democratic citizen, and in the health care system in one's role as a consumer of health care and a decisionmaker and partner in the physician-patient relationship. This situation poses daunting challenges in America. Despite our enormous wealth, we have a highly stratified and unequal society.3 Despite our ethnic and cultural diversity, we continue to wrestle with racism and intolerance. Access to and utilization of the health care system is sporadic and limited for more than 50 million Americans. Furthermore, despite the remarkable achievements of our technical elites, we do a poor job overall in the area of basic science and health education. With the possible exception of computers, no area of science has received as much general publicity in the last ten years as genetics. So some level of familiarity with the subject is widespread; but most research has shown that understanding is limited to broad generalizations and images, and to be concentrated, when it exists at all, on particular diseases or disorders in one's own personal or family health experience.4 Critical Literacy The challenges posed by the new genetics and biotechnology cannot be met without a greater investment in, and emphasis on, that aspect of broad health literacy that might be called "genetic literacy" and "genetic citizenship."5 These terms of art carry a special meaning. Literacy literally refers to the ability to read, and difficulty with reading and other linguistic barriers obviously hamper one's access to the information and understanding necessary for effective health decisions and health care. But just as the problem is broader than this, so too the concept of literacy involves more than the provision of information. Literacy, more broadly defined, means both the ability to understand one's needs and interests and the power to act to protect and promote those needs and interests. This is true of health literacy generally and for genetic literacy in particular. To be sure, our society is rapidly becoming increasingly demanding in the way it requires individuals to master specialized information and complex technical knowledge. Yet the acquisition of skills is a necessary but not a sufficient condition of genetic literacy. With genetic literacy, it does little good to equip people with functional skills in an unjust or coercive social milieu that makes it difficult to turn those skills into effective capacities and to engage in action that will promote and protect their health and other interests. Hence, the critical function of the concept of literacy is not to identify flaws or shortcomings of particular individuals or of particular communities. Individuals and communities that currently lack effective literacy seek access to the skills and information necessary and will attain them if given an opportunity to do so. The critical function of the notion of genetic literacy is to focus on the context or the environment within which individuals and communities share information about genetics, try to understand the meaning of that information in their lives, and deliberate and debate with others how the...

"Religion" and the Problem of the Governable Self; or How to Live in a Less than Perfect Nation

AbstractThe category "religion"—along with the binary pairs that attend it (e.g., sacred/secular, Church/State, etc.)—deserves as much attention as has been devoted by scholars throughout the human sciences to the social and political roles played by other pairs, such as pure/impure, raw/cooked, male/female, and citizen/foreigner. Just as with these pairings, the church/state binary refers not to stable and separable zones of human practice, but is part of a classification system that manages a competitive social and political economy by segmenting certain forms of behavior and organization—whether as a means to authorize or deauthorize them. When understood to refer to an inner zone of experience and feeling, the rhetorics of "religion" and "faith" should therefore be studied as techniques of governance, not as neutrally descriptive names given to pre-existent things existing in the world or in the human heart.

We shall soon be nothing but transparent heaps of jelly to each other

We shall soon be nothing but transparent heaps of jelly to each other