Ceramic Nanopowders Research Articles

Synthesis of high-entropy Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta carbides and carbonitrides in high-speed arc discharge plasma jet

The interest in high-entropy materials has increased rapidly in recent decades due to their applications in various fields such as environmental barrier coatings, superhard and wear resistant coatings, nuclear energy, batteries, catalysts, thermoelectrics, supercapacitors, biocompatible structures, and microelectronics. In the present work, comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies are carried out to discover a new way to prepare high-entropy ceramic nanopowders of carbides and carbonitrides of IV-V transition metals. The possibility of (TiZrNbHfTa)CxNy formation is investigated using both ab initio and machine learning approaches. The chosen single-stage plasma dynamic technique allowed us to synthesize high-entropy carbide TiZrNbHfTaC5 and the corresponding carbonitrides (N up to 8 wt%) in the form of single-crystalline nanoparticles. By varying the experimental system conditions, we demonstrate not only the production of pure powders, but also the ability to apply different precursors, including pure metals and their oxides. The presented technique provides a simple and universal way to produce high-entropy nanomaterials and opens the door to the synthesis of many functional ceramic powders composed of other carbonitrides with selective nitrogen content.

Effect of milling time on structural and electrical properties of thermomechanically synthesized of Ba0.1 (Bi0.45Na0.45)TiO3 nanoceramics for ferroelectric random-access memory device

Lead-free Ba0.1(Bi0.45Na0.45)TiO3 (BBNTO) nanoceramics were synthesized using high-energy ball milling, followed by a solid-state reaction method. XRD analysis of the microstructure indicated the formation of tetragonal symmetry. The crystallite size of the nanoceramic powder decreased from ∼ 28 nm to 10 nm after milling for 0, 30, 60, and 90 hours. The dielectric properties of the nanoceramics showed significant improvement, with a diffuse phase transition occurring around 80 °C). The dielectric constant increased with temperature across various frequencies, reached a maximum value at approximately at temperature ∼ 380 °C. At lower temperatures and higher frequencies, the relative permittivity and tangent loss depend on the crystallite size and milling duration. Impedance spectroscopy data analysis revealed size-dependent impedance characteristics and dielectric relaxation. The ac conductivity plot adhered to the Arrhenius relation, and the calculated activation energy confirmed the negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behavior. P-E loops confirmed ferroelectric properties, indicating potential for use in future ferroelectric-based storage devices.

The impact of 45S5 bioglass vs. β-TCP nanoparticles ratio on rheological behavior of formulated printing inks and 3D printed polycaprolactone-based scaffolds final properties

Extrusion based 3-D printing has been extensively applied to create geometrically complex composite polymer-ceramic structures as bone tissue substitute. The rheological features of the formulated bioink that regulate the printability and resolution of the printed scaffolds, rely on physicochemical properties of ink components, mainly their composition and chemical structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different content of 45S5 bioglass (BG) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) nanoparticles on the rheological behavior of printing inks and final composite scaffolds based on polycaprolactone (PCL)/BG/β-TCP. Ceramic nano-powders were first characterized and the composite bioinks were prepared by mixing various ratios of BG and β-TCP powders into the 50% w/v of PCL solution (β-TCP/BG: 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 10/90 w/w %). All formulated inks showed a thixotropic behavior and viscosity significantly increased by applying higher fraction of BG. Interestingly highly loaded β-TCP ink (β-TCP/BG: 70/30) revealed a rubbery nature with high surface tension which reduced final scaffolds resolution. All printed scaffolds possessed highly porous structure with interconnected pores. However, porosity percentage and shape stability improved by increasing BG content which was accompanied with lower mechanical strength and superior biodegradation and bioactivity of scaffolds. The biological performance of the printed scaffolds was evaluated using osteoblast cell line MG-63. MTT assay and cell attachment observation by SEM confirmed that printed scaffolds are well biocompatible and properly support cell colonization and proliferation. In overall, besides more appropriate materialistic properties, scaffolds with β-TCP/BG: 30/70 composition provided the most favorable microenvironment for cell colonization and growth.

Preparation of (Zr0.25Hf0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25)C high-entropy ceramic nanopowders via liquid-phase precursor route at a low temperature of 1500 °C

Using citric acid, ethylene glycol, ZrOCl2·8H2O, HfOCl2·8H2O, NbCl5, and TaCl5 as raw materials, based on the principle of Pechini coordination polymerization, the (Zr0.25Hf0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25)C high-entropy ceramic precursor solution was successfully prepared, and the corresponding high-entropy ceramic powder was formed by pyrolysis at a low temperature of 1500 °C. The molecular structure of the precursor and its pyrolysis products were analyzed and characterized by different analytical and testing methods. The results show that in the precursor solution, the organic compound and the metal ions form a stable three-dimensional macromolecular structure, so that the metal ions show a uniform distribution at the molecular level, shortening the diffusion path during the carbothermal reduction reaction, thereby enabling the formation of the single-phase high-entropy carbide ceramic powders at a relatively low temperature. The obtained ceramic powders have high purity, uniform element distribution, with an average particle diameter of approximately 42 nm and an oxygen content of about 1.61 wt%. The precursor solution prepared in this study has a moderate viscosity of 20–50 mPa s and a high ceramic yield of 45 %, which is ideal for the preparation of high-entropy ceramic matrix composites.

Study the Structure and Properties of Antibacterial TiO2/HAP Coating onto Ti Alloy Using Electrophoretic Deposition Technique for Biomedical Application

In the present study, single layer, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and TiO2/HAP nano-particles coatings were fabricated by electrophoretic deposition on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. As a result of accidents, diseases and other causes, efforts and research are continued to reach results closest. The damaged that occur to some of them in the living of the organism in general and the human being in particular, this can be done throughout the existing the implantation of medical minerals, ligaments of bones, teeth and other parts that compensate. Through science, opportunities and experiments have been provided to obtain satisfactory results in terms of the biocompatibility of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V implants and their alloys, which are classified as one of the best biocompatible materials within vivo tissues. This study aims to increase improve this alloy antibacterial properties by coating the surface with a bio ceramic (TiO2 and TiO2/HAP) nano-powders. were made on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V substrate using an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique, charged particles suspended in ethanol at a concentration of 50 g/L, for each powder with ideal conditions of 20V and a deposition time of (4 min). The surface characteristics of coated substrates, such as micro-hardness, surface roughness and wettability antibacterial test were evaluated and compared to that of the uncoated substrates. The results showed that the EPD is a promising technique to create a bio coating on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V substrate with outstanding structure and properties for biomedical applications. The results demonstrated that the coated sample under coating conditions (20V, 4min) which is close to the ratio found in living bone. The results also of the wettability test showed that the contact angle of the deposited paint is 5.9 degrees, and this positive result is useful for biomedical applications and proved that the coating is hydrophilic.

Enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite scaffolds by magnesium and titanium oxides for bone tissue applications

Significant attention has been devoted to bioactive implants for bone tissue applications, particularly composite scaffolds based on hydroxyapatite (HaP). This study explores the effects of Magnesium and Titanium oxides on the characteristics of HaP-based composite (HMT) scaffolds. The ceramic nanopowders were synthesized using in situ sol-gel, and then the scaffolds were fabricated by gel-casting technique, followed by heat treatment at 1200 °C. The thermal, microstructural, and structural properties of the samples were investigated by different characterization techniques. It was observed that the formation of the MgTiO3 phase in the composite scaffold was likely the key factor contributing to the improved mechanical properties. Finally, to evaluate bioactivity and biodegradability, scaffolds were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) buffer and analyzed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and the viability of human fibroblast cells was assessed using the MTT assay. The composite scaffolds containing the MgTiO3 phase showed greater HaP layer formation on the scaffold surface, indicating enhanced biocompatibility.

Study the Structure and Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub>/HAp Coating onto Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Using Electrophoretic Deposition

In the present study, (TiO2/HAP) and TiO2 coatings were fabricated with electrophoreticdeposition on substrate for titanium alloy. This study aims to increase improve this alloyantibacterial properties by coating the surface with a bio ceramic (TiO2 and TiO2/HAP)nano-powders. Coating on Ti-6Al-4V with an electrophoretic deposition(EPD) technique,ideal conditions of 20V and a deposition time of (4 min). The surface properties of coatedsubstrates, such as, micro-hardness, surface roughness and wettability antibacterial test wereevaluated and compared to that of the uncoated substrate. The results showed that theelectrophoretic deposition is a favorable technique to make a bio coating on Ti-6Al-4Vsubstrate with excellent properties and structure for applications biomedical.The average micro-hardness of the TiO2/HAP coated sample is 1024 HV compared withthat of uncoated substrates is 80 HV. The average thickness of TiO2/HAP coating isdetermined to be (18µm) on the substrate surface at factor deposition time (4 min). The resultsof previous research indicate that the high wettability and surface roughness at the micronscale were for the synergistic effect of reduction on cell adhesion and growth.

Optimization of Antibacterial properties of 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel

In the present study, titanium dioxide (TiO2/Chitosan) nano-particles layer coatings were fabricated by electrophoretic deposition on 316 Austenitic Stainless steel substrate. Aims to enhance antibacterial properties by coating the surface with a bio ceramic (TiO2) nano-powders. TiO2, were made on 316 austenitic stainless steel substrate with an EPD (electrophoretic deposition) technique, charged particles suspended in ethanol at a concentration of 50 g/L, for each powder with ideal conditions of 20V and a deposition time of (2, 4 and 6 min). The surface tests of coated substrates, such as, micro-hardness, surface roughness and wettability antibacterial test were evaluated and compared to that of the uncoated substrates. The showed results the electrophoretic deposition is a favorable technique to make a bio coating on 316 Austenitic Stainless steel substrate with excellent properties and structure for applications biomedical. The results demonstrated that the coated sample under coating conditions (20V, 2min) which is close to the ratio found in living bone. the average micro-hardness of the TiO2 coated sample is 1483 HV compared with that of uncoated substrates is 460 HV. The results also of the wettability test showed that the contact angle of the deposited paint is 5.9 degrees, and this positive result is useful for biomedical applications and proved that the coating is hydrophilic.

Evolution of In2O3 nanocrystal and its impact on structure parameters and infrared emission in Yb3+: SiO2/In2O3 ceramic nanopowder

Using the sol-gel method, we have synthesized nanocrystalline Yb3+: SiO2/In2O3 ceramic nanopowder. XRD pattern shows the cubic phase of In2O3 that is perfectly evolved at 300°C. The In2O3 nanoparticles of ∼10–15 nm size were formed, and their W-H plots demonstrated the microstrain owing to the structural imperfections. In FTIR, a fingerprint region was observed near 577 cm−1, corresponding to the In-O bond. SEM images have determined the irregular surface morphology and formation of grain boundaries in prepared ceramic powder. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy established the 3+ oxidation state of ytterbium and confirmed the oxide phases of SiO2 and In2O3. Absorption bands were observed in UV-Vis spectra at 250, 320, and 895 nm corresponding to the SiO2 host, In2O3 nanoparticles, and dopant ions. To investigate the emission corresponding to Yb3+, the In2O3 consequences were explored on structural parameters and infrared emission of Yb3+: SiO2 where In2O3 acted as the sensitize. The NIR luminescence was efficiently boosted by increasing the In2O3 content. The energy transfer from In2O3 to Yb3+ ions takes place effectively, and thus, UV photons are converted to NIR in the 980–1060 nm region for Si-solar cell substitutes. Moreover, the broad luminescence from UV-to-NIR would be employable in photonic appliances, particularly fiber lasers and 3D displays.

Preparation of (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C high‐entropy ceramic nanopowders via liquid‐phase precursor

AbstractUsing citric acid, ethylene glycol, ZrOCl2·8H2O, HfOCl2·8H2O, TiCl4, NbCl5, and TaCl5 as raw materials, the (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C high‐entropy ceramic precursor was prepared by Pechini coordination polymerization method. The precursor and pyrolysis products were analyzed and characterized by different methods. The results showed that the precursor formed a chelate structure, which greatly improved the stability of the precursor, and was clear and transparent with moderate viscosity (30–50 mPa·s). At a low pyrolysis temperature of 1600°C, single‐phase (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C high‐entropy ceramic nanopowders with a ceramic yield of 50.8% can be obtained. The high‐entropy ceramic powder has high purity, a particle size of about 140–200 nm, and uniform element distribution. It is suitable for introduction into fiber‐reinforced ceramic matrix composite by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process.

Alginate-based composite scaffolds loaded with streptomycin sulfate for bone regeneration: In vitro studies

In this work, nanoceramic powders were prepared by the wet-chemical precipitation method. Furthermore, composite scaffolds were fabricated by blending alginate and gelatin with nanoceramic powders as fillers through the freeze-drying method to obtain various compositions of scaffolds, free and loaded with streptomycin sulfate. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (SEM-EDX), and mechanical properties of the designed scaffolds were all investigated. The in vitro drug release was assessed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C and pH 7.4 for 28 days. In addition, kinetic drug release was characterized through mathematical models. The composite scaffold images SEM revealed porous surface morphology with variable pore sizes (113–426, 40–287 μm). The mechanical strength increased from 0.88 MPa to 4.86 MPa with the addition of higher nanoceramic content and streptomycin sulfate, while the swelling (%) decreased from 792% to 512% for the scaffolds containing fillers. In vitro bioactivity against the tested scaffolds revealed a deposition of hydroxy appetite on the scaffold's surfaces which is ensured through FTIR and SEM-EDX. The composite scaffolds revealed excellent biocompatibility, up to 90%. Also, the proliferation capability for the selected scaffolds showed increased cell populations after 48 h compared to the control. Further, the presence of streptomycin sulfate in composite scaffolds demonstrated an effective role in resisting bacterial infections with inhibition zones in a range from 10 to 22 mm as compared with the polymeric scaffolds, which had no antibacterial activity. Sustained drug release profiles from scaffolds were recorded (up to 87.96%). Overall, the results confirmed that scaffolds with (60 w/w %) of bio-nanoceramic filler in the presence of drug are the most appropriate composite scaffolds. Therefore, these developed scaffolds are a promising candidate to be used in repairing bone.

Enhancing the performance of styrene–butadiene rubber with nanoceramic powder for wear-resistant lining sheets

Enhancing the performance of styrene–butadiene rubber with nanoceramic powder for wear-resistant lining sheets

Electromechanical property of calcium-doped lithium niobate (CaO-LiNbO3) ceramic nano powder

The crystal form of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a multipurpose material possessing properties like piezoelectric, nonlinear optical, and electro-optic capability. This work examined the temperature-dependent behaviors of calcium-doped lithium niobate (CaO-LiNbO3) and also revealed its dielectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical capabilities. By using a solid-state reaction method, CaO-LiNbO3 ceramic powders were created. Precursors like niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) were used to prepare these solid solutions. These precursors served as the source for Nb, Ca, and Li. The sample was calcinated in a muffle furnace at 800℃ for four hours which provided the ceramic structures. X-ray diffraction (XRD), an impedance analyzer, and a d33 meter were used to characterize the ceramic structures and other properties of the composites. The XRD analysis shows that the crystal structure of the CaO-LiNbO3 system is rhombohedral for all compositions. The dielectric constant increases with the increase in temperature. The piezoelectric activities of lithium niobate ceramics were significantly enhanced by calcium (CaO) doping. From room temperature to 500°C, the electromechanical coupling factors of the CaO-LiNbO3 crystal exhibit good temperature stability. Piezoelectric constant (d33) of 74pCN−1 and maximum electromechanical coupling factors of 49% were attained through this research.

Study on Portland Cement Pastes Containing Sanitary Ware Ceramic Wastes at Elevated Temperatures

Resistance of Portland cement pastes incorporated 20 wt. % sanitary ware ceramic nano-powder wastes to firing temperatures from 100 up to 600 ℃ was investigated. Results revealed that all physical and mechanical properties were improved and gradually enhanced with firing temperatures, but only up to 400 ℃, and then adversely affected with any further increase of firing temperatures than 400 ℃, i.e. water absorption and total porosity decreased, whereas bulk density was enhanced. Water absorption and total porosity were decreased by 10 and 4 %, respectively, while bulk density was increased by 2.25 %. Furthermore, flexural and compressive strengths were also improved and increased by 1.69 and 1.2 %, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) showed the disappearance of free lime and ettringite on firing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the crystal phase growth of the formed hydration products as a result of both normal hydration and pozzolanic reactions at ambient temperature were developed and modified due to the temperature exposure. The hardened cement pastes can withstand and resist only up to 400 ℃.

Porous Ceramic ZnO Nanopowders: Features of Photoluminescence, Adsorption and Photocatalytic Properties

The grainy and porous ZnO powders were synthesized by thermal decomposition of zinc nitrate and polymer-salt method. The comparative study of the crystal structure, morphology, luminescence, adsorptive and photocatalytic properties of ZnO powders was carried out. The addition of PVP in initial aqueous solutions of zinc nitrate determines the remarkable change of powder morphology and decreases the average size of ZnO nanocrystals. Luminescence spectra in the visible spectral range indicate the significant difference of structural defects types in grainy and porous powders. Porous powders demonstrate high ability for singlet oxygen photogeneration and photocatalytic properties. The kinetics of diazo dye adsorption on both powders is described successfully by the kinetic equation of pseudo-second order. Kinetic dependencies of photocatalytic oxidation of Chicago Sky Blue diazo dye using as grain ZnO powder so as porous ZnO powders are described by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model but process rates are different. Porous ZnO powder demonstrates strong ability for photogeneration of singlet oxygen under visible irradiation and high photocatalytic properties (rate constant 0.042 min−1).

Evolution of the surface energy of BaTiO3 nanoparticles in the course of dispersant coating: An inverse gas chromatography study

Understanding the surface energy characteristics of nanoparticles is crucial for controlling their stability, dispersion, and subsequent material properties. In this study, we employed inverse gas chromatography (IGC) to investigate the changes in surface energy and its homogeneity of BaTiO3 nanoparticles during coating with a model dispersant, stearic acid (SA), at various coverage levels. The IGC results revealed that the SA coating led to a more stable and homogeneous dispersive surface energy, enhancing the overall stability of the nanoparticles. However, it also introduced heterogeneity in the specific surface energy, with a notable shift towards higher levels. The observed evolution of surface energy characteristics was consistent with trends of the adlayer formation as determined through conventional surface characterization techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The combined approach of IGC and conventional techniques suggested that the changes in surface energy characteristics were associated with the formation of a disordered organic adlayer through SA chemisorption at various surface sites on crystalline facets with diverse coordination configurations. This highlights the potential of IGC as a powerful monitoring tool for investigating molecular coatings on ceramic nanopowders. It enables not only the quantification of average surface states but also provides insights into their distribution, which is not practically achievable through other surface characterization techniques.

Pressure assisted sintering stress exponent assessment methods: Accuracy analysis and effect of sintering stress

Pressure assisted sintering models involve creep based mechanisms having different stress exponent values. The later evolve from linear viscous diffusional creep mechanisms to highly non-linear mechanisms involving dislocation motion. Consequently, the determination of the stress exponent is of key importance to define the sintering mechanisms and one of the first parameters to identify for the assessment of sintering model. Different methods exist in the literature involving tests at different pressures or with a stepwise pressure profile to extract the creep stress sensitivity. Open questions remain on the accuracy of these methods with the impact of sintering stress (high in ceramics nano-powders) or transient microstructure evolution for the stepwise approaches. This accuracy issue is investigated on an alumina submicronic powder by comparing different methods based on sinter-forging and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at 1200 °C. We show that the sintering stress has a high influence on the identified value of stress exponent. Otherwise, the combination of sintering stress and transient behavior at the level of the pressure “jump” of the stepwise method can lead to high disturbance in the identified values.

In situ self-assembly preparation and characterization of CaO–ZrO2 nanopowders under vacuum

CaO–ZrO2 nanocomposite powders were prepared by in situ self-assembly method under vacuum. The effects of calcium oxide content on the physical phase composition and microscopic morphology of the as-prepared nanopowders were investigated. The results showed that the content of the tetragonal phase in the powders gradually increased with increasing calcium oxide content. When the calcium oxide content reached 10 wt%, the prepared CaO–ZrO2 nanopowders were a pure tetragonal phase with good dispersion and average particle size about 57 nm. In comparison to the situation in air, the amorphous carbon particles formed by the pyrolysis of organic matter under vacuum were evenly distributed on the surface of the nanocomposite particles or between them. In this way, direct contact of the nanoparticles was avoided, thus inhibiting their rapid growth at high temperatures and facilitating the formation of fine grains with high surface energy. The preliminary results indicated that the smaller average particle size and narrower particle size distribution of the nanocomposite powders prepared in vacuum were significantly beneficial for improving the bending strength of the nanoceramic products compared to that in air. It is expected to provide valuable information for further optimization of the controllable preparation of high-quality nanoceramic powders.

Facile synthesis of high-entropy zirconate nanopowders and their sintering behaviors

The challenge in synthesizing high-entropy ceramic (HEC) nanopowders is to suppress severe grain coarsening and particle agglomeration, which occur at elevated temperatures. This challenge could be addressed by the polyacrylamide gel method. In this work, single-phase high-entropy (La_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Gd_0.2Yb_0.2)₂Zr₂O₇ and (La_0.2Nd_0.2Y_0.2Eu_0.2Gd_0.2)₂Zr₂O₇ nanopowders without agglomeration were successfully synthesized using the polyacrylamide gel method for the first time. The results showed that phase composition, particle size, and agglomeration degree of the nanopowders were greatly influenced by the molar ratio of acrylamide (AM)/Zr and calcination temperature. These as-synthesized high-entropy zirconate (HEZ) nanopowders could be sintered into fully dense ceramics at 1500 ℃ for 2 h. These HEZ nanopowders showed a phase transformation from a defect-fluorite phase to a pyrochlore phase with the increase of sintering temperature. Additionally, two-step sintering of these nanopowders was conducted, and the HEZ ceramics with fine grains were prepared. The polyacrylamide gel method is simple and easily operated, which is a facile approach of producing the HEC nanopowders with excellent sinterability.

3D printing of complicated GelMA-coated Alginate/Tri-calcium silicate scaffold for accelerated bone regeneration

Polymer-based composite scaffolds are an attractive class of biomaterials due to their suitable physical and mechanical performance as well as appropriate biological properties. When such composites contain osteoinductive ceramic nanopowders, it is possible, in principle, to stimulate the seeded cells to differentiate into osteoblasts. However, reproducibly fabricating and developing an appropriate niche for cells' activities in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds remains a challenge using conventional fabrication techniques. Additive manufacturing provides a new strategy for the fabrication of complex 3D structures.Here, an extrusion-based 3D printing method was used to fabricate the Alginate (Alg)/Tri-calcium silicate (C3S) bone scaffolds. To improve physical and biological attributes, scaffolds were coated with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), a biocompatible viscose hydrogel. Conducting a combination of experimental techniques and molecular dynamics simulations, it is found that the composition ratio of Alg/C3S governs intermolecular interactions among the polymer and ceramic, affecting the product performance. Investigating the effects of various C3S amounts in the bioinks, the 90/10 composition ratio of Alg/C3S is known as the optimum content in developed bioinks. Accordingly, the printability of high-viscosity inks is boosted by improved hierarchical interactions among assemblies, which in turn leads to better nanoscale alignment in extruded macroscopic filaments. Conducting multiple tests on specimens, the GelMA-coated Alg/C3S scaffolds (with a composition ratio of 90/10) were shown to have improved mechanical qualities and cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, compared to the bare scaffolds, making them better candidates for further future research. Overall, the in-silico and in vitro studies of GelMA-coated 3D-printed Alg/C3S scaffolds open new aspects for biomaterials aimed at the regeneration of large- and complicated-bone defects through modifying the extrusion-based 3D-printed constructs.