Ceramic Anode Research Articles

(Invited) Mechanics of Materials in All Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

All solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLBs) with ceramic solid electrolyte and lithium metal anode are promising candidates for next-generation, high energy density batteries. Unlike conventional lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolyte, ASSLBs present a ceramic-metal interface at the anode that is prone to various mechanical failure modes, including: non-uniform plating causing cracks in the solid electrolyte and the anode current collector; non-uniform stripping creating gaps between anode and electrolyte; and cracking and void formation leading to dendrite growth, short-circuits and capacity loss. As such, the mechanical properties of the ceramic solid electrolyte, lithium metal, and anode current collector are critical parameters affecting cell performance.This talk will explore the mechanical properties of interest for ASSLBs and their influence on cell charge-discharge behavior. Methods of characterization of these properties across length scales will be discussed, including recent work on instrumented indentation testing (nanoindentation, scanning electron microscopy with in-situ picoindentation) and a novel in-situ straining technique with transmission electron microscopy. The ability to influence mechanical properties of the anode-solid electrolyte interface through changes in process parameters will also be described. Overall, the methods and results presented here will provide a picture of the role of mechanics in ASSLBs and highlight pathways to greater understanding.

In Situ Exsolved CoFeRu Alloy Decorated Perovskite as An Anode Catalyst Layer for High‐Performance Direct‐Ammonia Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells

AbstractDirect‐ammonia proton ceramic fuel cell (DA‐PCFC) is a promising clean energy technology because ammonia (NH3) is easier to store, transport, and handle than hydrogen. However, NH3 decomposition efficiency is unsatisfactory, and the anti‐sintering resistance of conventional Ni‐based ceramic anodes has limited the large‐scale application of DA‐PCFC technology. Herein, Pr0.6Sr0.4(Co0.2Fe0.8)0.85Ru0.15O3‐δ (PSCFR15), a novel anode catalyst layer (ACL) material is developed. PSCFR15 is treated under a reducing atmosphere to form a composite with CoFeRu alloy nanoparticles. Density functional theory simulations reveal that Ru modification in the CoFe alloy promotes nitrogen desorption during ammonia decomposition reaction, thereby boosting ammonia decomposition efficiency. As a result, DA‐PCFC with PSCFR15 ACL can achieve superior peak power density compared to bare DA‐PCFC operated with H2 and NH3 fuels. Furthermore, the ACL also reduces the direct contact between the Ni‐based ceramic anode and the NH3 fuel, then suppressing Ni sintering, and enhancing the durability of the DA‐PCFC.

Ultrafast pressureless sintering of high conductivity Ni-based cermets inert anode for Carbon‐free electrolytic aluminum

Cermet is a promising inert anode material to solve the problem of high carbon emission and bearing C-F harmful gas generation of primary aluminum produced from bauxite using molten electrolysis with carbon anode. However, a major challenge for traditional methods is to ensure that the cermet inert anode simultaneously has good conductivity, corrosion resistance, and strength. Herein, a new ultrafast pressureless sintering (UPS) method is developed to greatly improve the conductivity of metal ceramic inert anode materials while ensuring good corrosion resistance and strength. In a departure from conventional practice that metal phase undergoes local enrichment accompanied by irregular formation of ceramic particles at low heating rates, here UPS achieves rapid diffusion and uniform distribution of metal phase at regular ceramic particle interfaces during liquid phase sintering. The new method is applicable to Ni-based cermet and the production of Ni-based cermet inert anode with excellent conductivity in a few tens of seconds has been demonstrated, which is able to improve the quality of cermet inert anode requiring a low energy input. The conductivity of cermet produced by the applied UPS process is 15-fold higher than that of other pressureless sintering processes with low heating rates. These Ni-cermet inert anodes exhibit high corrosion resistance and density with excellent mechanical properties. This rapid sintering technique facilitates the structural design of inert anodes and develops a pathway of new systems with scalable, efficient, and high-quality sintering of composite materials.

Zn2SnO4@Ti ceramic film anode preparation by microarc oxidation for 2e– WOR degradation of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)

The main challenge facing the anodic electro-Fenton through the 2e– water oxidation reaction (WOR) for toxics degradation lies in the electrode's stability, because the anodic oxygen evolution (OER) generated O2 will inevitably exfoliate the electro-active components loaded on the electrode substrate. To address this point, two aspects need attention: 1) Identifying a catalyst that exhibits both excellent electrocatalytic activity and selectivity can improve the faradaic efficiency of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); 2) Employing novel methods for fabricating highly stable electrodes, where active sites can be firmly coated. Consequently, this study utilized microarc oxidation (MAO) to prepare a ceramic film electrode Zn2SnO4@Ti at 300 V. Zn2SnO4 acts as an WOR electrocatalyst and further improved the generation of H2O2 for treating real wastewater containing Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH). From the perspective of characterization of electrode structure, Zn2SnO4@Ti forms a stable active coating, the electrochemical yield of H2O2 is high up to 78.4 μmol h−1 cm−2, and the selectivity of H2O2 is over 80% at 3.3 V vs. RHE, which can be fully applied to scenarios where it is inconvenient to transport H2O2 and need in-situ safe production. Additionally, the prepared electrodes exhibit significant stability, suitable for various applications, providing insightful preparation strategies and experiences for constructing highly stable anodes.

Core-Shell Nanofiber Composites As Highly Active and Robust Anodes for Direct-Hydrocarbon Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Direct use of methane in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can be a key to realize the high-efficiency advantage of fuel cell technologies before mature hydrogen economy. One of the most critical issues for direct-methane SOFCs is to prevent anode, particularly Ni-based, from carbon deposition (coking) that drastically degrades performance. A number of ceramic anodes have been developed to exhibit excellent coking resistance but their application is still limited by relatively low electrochemical activity. Impregnating catalytically active and high oxygen ion-conducting materials such as doped ceria to form nanoscale composites, some ceramic anodes demonstrated enhanced activity comparable to Ni-based anodes. However, fabrication methods employed so far require repetitive series of a coating and high-temperature calcination step to optimize the performance, which detrimentally affects nanoarchitectures. To address this issue, we demonstrate electrospinning as efficient route to prepare nanocomposite ceramic anodes. We successfully achieve highly active and robust anodes based on core-shell-like La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3@Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 nanofibers through co-electrospinning method. Such nanoscale morphologies are maintained by the durable ceria shells at elevated temperature. Compared to the traditionally mixed counterpart, it shows nearly a half polarization resistance due to the increased active reaction sites and high stability in a wet methane at 700℃ for about 100 h.

Influence of amorphous intermediate domains on the performance of Na2O–Bi2O3–GeO2 glass–ceramic anode material system

Influence of amorphous intermediate domains on the performance of Na2O–Bi2O3–GeO2 glass–ceramic anode material system

The Exploration of Cerium Metal Ions Effect on LaSrTiO3 – δ Ceramic Anode for Fuel Cell

The Exploration of Cerium Metal Ions Effect on LaSrTiO3 – δ Ceramic Anode for Fuel Cell

Sodium-Bismuth-Titanium glass–ceramic network: A high capacity anode network for Na+ ion storage

This article discusses 95[35Na2O-65Bi2O3]: 5TiO2 (mol%) glass-ceramic anode material system (abbreviated as GC-NBT5.0) in order to overcome major issues with Na-ion battery technology, such as inadequate reversible capacity, rate capability, electrical conductivity, and safety. After heat treatment for different heat treating regimes, the production of intense intermediate domains Na3Bi and Na3Ti results in flexible active centers with which heavier Na+ ions may react very easily for Na+ ion storage in the glass-ceramic anode network. As evaluated at 50mA/g over a longer cycle life of up to 3000 cycles, the GC-NBT5.0-8h glass ceramic anode beats both glass anode and traditional graphite anodes with a specific discharge capacity of 801mAh/g. However, the cell design is still backed by the best electrical conductivity because of the good interfacial contact between the glass-ceramic anode and electrolyte, and the lowest cycle-dependent complex impedance characteristics (Rct and Zw), which guarantee consistent capacity retention and the highest Columbic efficiency over longer cycle durations.

Steel ceramic composite anodes based on recycled MgO–C lining bricks for applications in cryolite/aluminum melts

Novel manufacturing route for composite inert anodes containing 60:40 of 316 L stainless steel and MgO powder obtained from recycled MgO–C brick material has been developed and evaluated. After burnout of residual carbon from the recycled MgO–C powder, MgO and steel were granulated and pre-sintered in order to generate agglomerates of composite material acting as coarse grains within the composite material, and thus lowering the sintering-related shrinkage. The pre-sintered granules were mixed with raw steel and MgO powder in order to achieve a high particle packing and subsequently cold isostatically pressed in the form of electrodes. All manufactured anode samples were subjected to sintering at 1350 °C and pre-oxidation at different temperatures – 800 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C. Afterwards, mechanical and electrical properties of the manufactured electrodes were characterized. The results show that upcycling of the MgO–C material enables manufacturing of sophisticated electrode products, which can be applied in the aluminum industry.

Influence of A-Site Deficiency and B-Site Composition on the Electrical and Crystallographic Properties of (La0.25Sr0.25Ca0.45)yTi0.95Ni0.05-xMnxO3-δ Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode

(La,Sr)TiO3-δ has attracted specific attention over the past years due to its superior dimensional stability, high conductivity, and significant tolerance against sulfur poisoning and carbon depositions. To increase the catalytic activity and chemical stability, many different doping levels and stoichiometries for LaxSr1-xTiO3-δ (LST) have been investigated [1, 2]. Doping of B-site with Mn has been shown to promote electroreduction under SOFC conditions [3]. Furthermore, Mn is known to accept lower coordination numbers in perovskites, especially for Mn3+ (3d4), and so may enhance oxide-ion migration [4]. In addition, MnO is clearly stable under fuel conditions unlike Co or Ni oxides [4].In this research influence of A-site deficiency and B-site chemical composition on electrical performance of La0.25Sr0.25Ca0.45Ti0.95Ni0.05-xMnxO3-δ (x=0-0.05) (LSCTNM-x) hydrogen electrode has been studied. The crystal structure and microstructure have been studied using X-ray diffraction and SEM to confirm the phase purity and visualize the microstructure of studied electrode layers. To understand the influence of MIEC material composition on electrical conductivities of LSCTNM, the DC four-probe conductivity measurements of porous electrode layers has been performed. Conductivities have been measured at two different atmospheres: 1% H2 + 1.7% H2O + 97.3% Ar and 98.3% H2 + 1.7% H2O. It has been shown that all materials with LSCTNM compositions behave like semiconductor and the conductivity is significantly dependent on composition. The maximal total electrical conductivity of porous electrode layers was characteristic for the LSCTNM materials with 10% A-site deficiency, in 98.3% H2 + 1.7% H2O atmosphere. Keywords: solid oxide fuel cell; conductivity; perovskite; fuel electrode; MIEC.[1] X. Li, H. Zhao, X. Zhou, N. Xu, Z. Xie, N. Chen, Electrical conductivity and structural stability of La-doped SrTiO3 with A-site deficiency as anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells, international journal of hydrogen energy 35 (2010) 7913-7918.[2] A. Gondolini, E. Mercadelli, G. Constantin, L. Dessemond, V. Yurkiv, R. Costa, A. Sanson, On the manufacturing of low temperature activated Sr0.9La0.1TiO3-δ-Ce1-xGdxO2-δ anodes for solid oxide fuel cell, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 38 (2018) 153–161.[3] P. Holtappels, J. Bradley, J.T.S. Irvine, A. Kaiser, M. Mogensen, Electrochemical characterization of ceramic SOFC anodes, J. Electrochem. Soc. A 148 (2001) 923–929.[4] S. Tao, J.T.S. Irvine, A redox-stable efficient anode for solid-oxide fuel cells, nature materials, 2 (2003) 320-323.

Studying the Sulfur Poisoning Mechanism of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Means of Patterned Nickel/Yttrium-Stabilized Zirconia Electrodes

Sulfur causes Ni-based ceramic anode poisoning and thus shortens the life of the cell. Therefore, it is important to clarify the mechanism of sulfur poisoning to improve cell performance and lifetime. However, there is still some controversy about the mechanism of sulfur poisoning. In this work, Ni-patterned electrodes were used for electrochemical experiments to investigate the mechanism of sulfur poisoning under different operating parameters. First, the Ni pattern electrode is operated in H2 fuel containing H2S with the H2S concentration gradually increasing from 5 ppm to 50 ppm. As the concentration of H2S increases, the electrode performance decreases faster. The effect of high oxygen ion flux on the degree of sulfur poisoning was investigated by regulating the operating current of the Ni-patterned electrode SOFC. The results show that the operating current has a large effect on poisoning. This work provides empirical evidence for the mechanism of Ni/YSZ anode sulfur poisoning, and a possible mechanism for Ni/YSZ anode poisoning under sulfur exposure conditions was established.

Argon anodic plasma inert anode for Low-Temperature aluminium electrolysis

The aluminum industry is one of the major causes of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, mainly caused by carbon anode consumption and the emission of perfluorocarbon gases. Carbon anodes are consumed by anodic reactions in the standard technology. The environmental constraints and the costs associated with the utilization of carbon anodes have, for many decades, led to the look for non-consumable anodes, called “inert anodes,” considered for years to be the future of aluminum production. However, the current research on inert anodes is limited to metal, ceramic, cermet, and gas anodes and remains impotent in solving the difficulties of anode consumption, CO2, and other greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we propose the utilization of argon plasma as an inert anode for aluminum electrolysis. The results from emission spectroscopy analysis and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations depict a production of positively charged argon ion (Ar+) at the anode region, which infuses into the electrolyte and reacts electrochemically with the oxy-fluoro aluminate complexes (Al2OF6)2-. For a current ≤ 0.4 A, the oxygen evolution occurs anodically from 2Al2OF62- + 4Ar+ → 4AlF3 + O2 + 4Ar, with no argon consumption. Furthermore, the aluminum is reduced cathodically, and the decomposition reaction is 2Al2O3 → 4Al + 3O2. This innovative approach enables carbon-free aluminum electrolysis, a large-scale reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which can be extended to similar electrolytic industries.

Surface regulating of copper-iron nanoparticles bimetallic exsolution for enhanced performance and durability of double perovskite anode in solid oxide fuel cells

The metallic exsolved ceramic anode for Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has garnered immense attention owing to its abundant active sites and high catalytic efficacy. However, the performance and durability of nanoparticle decorated ceramic anodes are still hindered by the morphology and size of exsolved nanoparticles, but there are few studies on the specific dissolution rules and conditions. Here, the Cu element is doped into high-performance Sr1.9Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ materials to study the exsolution law of nanoparticles and the change of nanomorphology in the reduced state. Sr1.9Fe1.5Mo0.4Cu0.1O6-δ (SFMC0.1), used as an anode for solid oxide fuel cells, can evolve into high-performance composite phases composed of perovskite, Ruddlesden-Popper phase, and copper-iron bimetallic nanoparticles under the condition of 800 °C wet hydrogen. At the same time, the reduction treatment containing water vapor will make the Fe nanoparticles exhibit rare whisker-like nanoparticles, and copper will be wrapped on the iron nanoparticles to form a core–shell structure, which effectively inhibits the high-temperature agglomeration of Fe nanoparticles. When used as an anode in an electrolyte-supported SOFC, it exhibits commendable performance and good durability at 800 °C with a maximum power density increasing from 0.63 to 1.2 W cm−2 (H2 fuel) over reduction time due to the influence of phase transition and exsolution morphology. Therefore, the reduction in H2O environment and the low temperature is an effective method to control the whisker-like Fe nanoparticles to improve the catalytic performance, and the doping of Cu can ensure the formation of Cu-coated core–shell structure to inhibit the agglomeration of nanoparticles.

Novel Sb-doped SnO2 ceramic anode coated with a photoactive BiPO4 layer for the photoelectrochemical degradation of an emerging pollutant

In the present work, a study about the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical degradation of an emerging pollutant using an Sb-doped SnO2 anode coated with a photocatalytic layer of BiPO4 has been performed. The electrochemical characterization of the material was carried out by means of linear sweep voltammetry, light-pulsed chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These studies confirmed that the material is photoactive at intermediate potential values (around 2.5 V), and that the charge transfer resistance decreases in the presence of light.A positive effect of the illuminated area on the degradation degree of norfloxacin was observed: at 15.50 mA cm−2, the degradation rate was 83.37% in the absence of light, 92.24% with an illuminated area of 5.7 cm2, and it increased up to 98.82% with an illuminated area of 11.4 cm2. The kinetics of the process were evaluated, and the by-products of the degradation were identified by ion chromatography and HPLC. In the case of the mineralization degree, the effect of light is less significant, especially at higher current densities. The specific energy consumption of the process was lower in the photoelectrochemical experiments as compared to the experiments in dark conditions. At intermediate current densities (15.50 mA cm−2) a decrease in energy consumption of 53% was achieved by illuminating the electrode.

Studying the Sulfur Poisoning Mechanism of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Means of Patterned Nickel/Yttrium-Stabilized Zirconia Electrodes

Sulfur causes Ni-based ceramic anode poisoning and thus shortens the life of the cell. Therefore, it is important to clarify the mechanism of sulfur poisoning to improve cell performance and lifetime. However, there is still some controversy about the mechanism of sulfur poisoning. In this work, Ni-patterned electrodes were used to investigate the mechanism of sulfur poisoning under different H2S concentrations and current densities. The electrochemical performance decreased with the H2S concentration increasing from 0 to 5 ppm due to the decrease of H2 reaction active sites. When further increasing the H2S concentration to 50 ppm, the performance showed a different trend and recovered to the initial performance without H2S due to the electrochemical oxidation of H2S. Increasing the current density was found to alleviate sulfur poisoning to some extent. The patterned electrode demonstrated a useful tool for the study of H2S poisoning mechanism.

Identification of gas diffusion phenomena on highly active Ni–ceramic anodes using the DRT technique

Nickel–ceramic composites are conventional and basic materials for anodes of solid oxide fuel cells. Usually, nickel–cermets have insufficient electrochemical activity due to the fact that the hydrogen oxidation reaction is limited by the triple phase boundary (TPB) length. The electrochemical activity of nickel–cermets can be improved by increasing the TPB length or through the wet impregnation with ceria. A distinctive feature of the electrochemical impedance spectra of highly active nickel–ceramic anodes impregnated with ceria is the response from gas diffusion phenomena in the low frequency range. Under certain conditions, the resistance of gas diffusion phenomena cannot be determined by conventional approaches to the analysis of impedance spectra. A tremendous assistance in the analysis of impedance spectra over the past few years has become the method of distribution of relaxation times (DRT). This paper presents the results of studies of highly active nickel–ceramic electrodes made from NiO and Zr0.84Sc0.16O1.92 powders of various dispersion and impregnated with ceria. Using the DRT method was found that in the case of electrode with low porosity the hydrogen oxidation rate is limited by the rates of two parallel gas diffusion processes relaxing in almost the same frequency range.

Ceramic-in-polymer solid electrolyte reinforced by in-situ polymerization of PEGDA interlayer for lithium metal battery

The solid electrolyte -is regarded as the proprietary electrolyte to solve the safety problem of high-energy-density lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Combined with the both advantages of inorganic ceramic and polymer electrolytes, the ceramic-in-polymer solid electrolyte of 15 wt% Li0.33La0.557TiO3-in-poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafiuoropropylene) (LLTO-in-P(VdF-HFP)) is proposed. Since the severe lithiation reaction between LLTO ceramic and lithium metal anode, in situ polymerization of degradable poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as protective layer on the surface lithium metal is constructed, which not only effectively avoids the side reaction, but also suppresses the growth of lithium dendrites. Under the premise of ensuring the safety of solid state LMBs, trace liquid electrolyte is added into the electrolyte/electrode interface to reduce solid-solid interfacial resistance. The unique design of solid electrolyte combined with protective lithium anode is beneficial to the stable cycling of Li||Li symmetric cells for more than 700 h under current density of 0.2 mA cm−2, compared with only 200 h cycling life for the same electrolyte using the bare lithium anode. The assembled Li||LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 full-cell exhibits a specific discharge capacity of 176 mAh g−1 at 0.2C rate between 3.0 and 4.35 V, maintaining 90.6% of initial capacity after 200 cycles. Therefore, the developed solid electrolyte with unique protected lithium anode exhibits potential application in high-energy-density solid LMBs.

A robust direct-propane solid oxide fuel cell with hierarchically oriented full ceramic anode consisting with in-situ exsolved metallic nano-catalysts

Perovskite oxide Sr2Fe1.3Mo0.5Ni0.2O6-σ (SFMNi) impregnated on the scaffold of hierarchically oriented yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with open, straight pores (SFMNi@YSZ), that could transformed into in-situ exsolved Ni–Fe alloy nanoparticles structured SFMNi@YSZ (NiFe@SFMNi@YSZ) electrode, have been prepared and utilized for robust direct propane-fueled solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The hierarchically oriented open, straight pores can not only significantly facilitate the introduction of uniformly distributed SFMNi nano-catalyst network via the ion-impregnation method, but also greatly enhance the gas diffusion process in the porous electrode, thus greatly minimizing even eliminating the concentration resistance. The impregnated SFMNi nano-catalysts, especially the in-situ exsolved Ni–Fe alloy nano-catalysts, could effectively activate the fuel gas oxidation reaction in the anode, thereby drastically decreasing the activation resistance and enhancing the cell performance. The full ceramic electrode can efficiently avoid electrode aggregation and carbon coking, leading to excellent stability towards propane oxidation. Our findings indicate that NiFe@SFMNi@YSZ full ceramic electrode with hierarchically oriented open, straight pores offers a great promise for direct hydrocarbon SOFC.

Rechargeable Sodium Solid‐State Battery Enabled by In Situ Formed Na–K Interphase

AbstractSolid‐state metal batteries have displayed great advantages in the domain of electrochemical energy storage owing to their remarkably improved energy density and safety. However, the practical application of solid‐state batteries (SSBs) is still greatly impeded by unfavorable interface stability and terrible low temperature performance. In this work, a local targeting anchor strategy is developed to realize an impressively long cycling life for a NASICON‐based solid‐state sodium metal battery at 0 °C. With the electrochemical migration of K+ from the cathode side to the anode side, a spontaneous generated liquid Na–K interphase can stabilize the ceramic electrolyte/metallic Na anode interface, and address the issues of sluggish kinetics at the interface together with metal dendrite deposition. In addition, the capability of K+ conduction in NASICON is also theoretically and experimentally validated. Of particular note, a K2MnFe(CN)6 cathode paired with a Na3Zr2Si2PO12 ceramic electrolyte and metallic Na anode, enable the long‐term cycling and excellent rate capability of all‐solid‐state sodium batteries at 0 °C. Without the purposely designed matrix host for a liquid Na–K interphase, this work opens up a new route for the design of high energy density SSBs.

Improving performance of proton ceramic electrolysis cell perovskite anode by Zn doping

As an important renewable energy, hydrogen energy becomes an important part of the future energy system. Proton ceramic electrolysis cell (PCEC) enables the efficient, clean, large-scale preparation of hydrogen, which is a new type of energy conversion device, attracting the attention of many researchers. Sr2Fe1.4Zn0.1Mo0.5O6-δ (SFZM) anode materials were developed to investigate the effect of B-site doping of Zn on the electrochemical properties of the Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ (SFM) materials. The results reveal that the doping of Zn increases the concentration of oxygen vacancies and improves the electrocatalytic activity, which in turn improves the performance of the material. A current density of 408 mA cm−2 has been achieved at 1.3 V when the SFZM-based single cell was operated in an electrolysis mode (50% H2O in air) at 600 °C, higher than SFM-based single cells (286 mA cm−2 at 1.3 V). In addition, the SFZM-based single cell exhibited good durability in a stability test at an electrolysis current density of 408 mA cm−2. This work confirms that SFZM is a promising material for proton ceramic electrolysis cell anode.