Century North Research Articles

A case of Multiple Myeloma from 19th century North America: Aligning the clinical and archaeological records.

The first archaeological case of multiple myeloma (MM) from historic period North America is presented. Only 49 cases of MM have been reported from archaeological contexts and recent reviews have alternately rejected either 24 of the cases or all 49 cases and found them all to more likely be cases of metastatic carcinoma (MC). The trend in the debate over the interpretation of these cancers is that MC is an ancient disease while MM is likely a disease of modernity. MM was first recognized as a distinct form of cancer in 1873 with only 17 cases reported by 1900. The first North American clinically identified case of MM was reported in 1894. This study supports the suggestion that MM is a disease of modernity with the etiology likely linked to industrialization. The archaeological case presented here was interred circa 1880, in the same time frame that MM is recognized as a distinct disease and briefly predates the clinical reporting of MM in the US. Of note, the individual is associated with an institution that served societal dependents. As catchall warehouses for dependency it is not surprising to find conditions reflective of senescence. Such institutions provided hospice care for the terminally ill and can serve, as in this case, to align the archaeological and clinical records.

“Educated, Cultured Men”. Features of Urological Masculinity

This article provides an example of the historical production of medical masculinity via a case study of medical practitioners in early 20th century North America within the nascent specialty of urology. By using the analytical concept of “repertoire”, it is argued that this urological masculinity was produced to advance the position of the emerging specialty and simultaneously differentiate it in the eyes of other medical practitioners, as well as to distinguish urologists from their male patients with venereal disease.

Historical genomes elucidate European settlement and the African diaspora in Delaware

The 17th-century colonization of North America brought thousands of Europeans to Indigenous lands in the Delaware region, which comprises the eastern boundary of the Chesapeake Bay in what is now the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.1 The demographic features of these initial colonial migrations are not uniformly characterized, with Europeans and European-Americans migrating to the Delaware area from other countries and neighboring colonies as single persons or in family units of free persons, indentured servants, or tenant farmers.2 European colonizers also instituted a system of racialized slavery through which they forciblytransported thousands of Africans to the Chesapeake region. Historical information about African-descended individuals in the Delaware region is limited, with a population estimate of less than 500 persons by 1700 CE.3,4 To shed light on the population histories of this period, we analyzed low-coverage genomes of 11 individuals from the Avery's Rest archaeological site (circa 1675-1725 CE), located in Delaware. Previous osteological and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence analyses showed a southern group of eight individuals of European maternal descent, buried 15-20 feet from a northern group of three individuals of African maternal descent.5 Autosomal results further illuminate genomic similarities to Northwestern European reference populations or West and West-Central African reference populations, respectively. We also identify three generations of maternal kin of European ancestry and a paternal parent-offspring relationship between an adult and child of African ancestry. These findings expand our understanding of the origins and familial relationships in late 17th and early 18th century North America.

21세기 북미 화인화문소설의 추세와 특징 : 초국적 이주자문학으로서 화인화문문학의 문학적 가능성

21세기 북미 화인화문소설의 추세와 특징 : 초국적 이주자문학으로서 화인화문문학의 문학적 가능성

Religion, as a Power Device. A Review of Smith, Haig Z.: Religion and Government in England’s Emerging Colonial Empire, 1601-1698 (2022)

What does “just” government mean in the Early Modern Era? Haig Z. Smith’s book brings new light to this interesting question. The author examines five English companies in 17th century North America and Asia. Smith’s research is confined neither to the usual economic and political issues nor the equally familiar religious and administrative matters. Instead, Smith presents the operation of the religious governments as a hybrid of all these factors. The work complements the literature of Early Modern world history and “company studies” in the field of religion and state administration.

Образ Андемиркана в северокавказской драматургии: о неопубликованной пьесе З.П. Кар-дангушева

The dramaturgy of the North Caucasus people remains an unresearched field of modern literary criticism. This article presents the introduction issues of scientific circulation and studying of the unpublished manuscript of the play “Andemirkan” (1943), placed in the RSALA fund by the Ka-bardian ethnographer, folklorist, playwright and artist Z.P. Kardangushev. This paper considers textological analysis and preparation for publication of the manuscript (85 pages with author’s comments and corrections). Analysis of the manuscript’s content makes it possible to present the translation processes of the author’s thoughts into a literary word and to reconstruct the creative history of his literary work. In practical terms, the analysis of the dramatic texts by Z.P. Kardan-gushev on Andemirkan is crucial for the study of the early twentieth century North Caucasian drama and identification of the artistic characteristics in the embodiment of time, place, and dra-matic conflict.

Culinary Codes for an Emergent Nation: Prescriptions from Pak Chandrika, 1926

ABSTRACT Cuisines are never neutral, innocent concoctions, but products of dominant ideologies and power structures. This paper explores culinary codes advanced by popular Hindi cookbooks from the early twentieth century to see how they re-define the kitchen and the culinary world of urban, middle-class Hindu families. Focusing especially on Pak Chandrika, a cookbook published from Allahabad in 1926, the paper argues that these Hindi cookbooks contributed to the residual ground – especially in relation to the intimate, the everyday and the comestible – that potentially fed into the emergent nationalism in early twentieth century north India.

Unani Dawakhanas and Reimagining the Idea of Health vis-a-vis Popular Print Culture in Urdu in Mid-twentieth Century North India

Unani Dawakhanas and Reimagining the Idea of Health vis-a-vis Popular Print Culture in Urdu in Mid-twentieth Century North India

Confucian thought and the practice of family ethics in lower-class society in Northern China during the 17th century

Both the government and the scholars of the Ming and Qing dynasties made great efforts to inculcate Confucian family ethics in society. However, through a study of the day-to-day practices of lower-class families in 17th century North China, this paper points out that during this era, due to taxation, poverty, and warfare, the nuclear family, rather than the multigenerational family, was more common among the common people. Filial piety, a cornerstone of Confucian ethics, was not seriously practiced in the society, either. In the literature of the time, the topic of “shrewish wives” received ample attention, reflecting a social reality. In addition, the strict requirements for women’s chastity were seriously challenged. In examining the ethical situation in Chinese society, therefore, it is important to pay attention not only to the decrees of the rulers and the dogmas of the cultural elite, but also to the practices of the people and to the differences, tensions, and compromises in ethical practices among different social classes.

Genomic evaluation of hybridization in historic and modern North American Bison (Bison bison)

During the late nineteenth century North American bison underwent a significant population bottleneck resulting in a reduction in population size of over 99% and a species-level near-extinction event. Factors responsible for this destruction included indiscriminate killing, loss of access to suitable habitat, and diseases. At the nadir of this population crash, very few wild plains bison survived and were restricted to Yellowstone National Park, USA and a small number of wild wood bison remained in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada. However, most surviving bison in the late 1800’s were maintained by cattle ranchers in private herds where hybridization between bison with various breeds of domestic cattle was often encouraged. Over the last 20 years, the legacy of this introgression has been identified using mitochondrial DNA and limited nuclear microsatellite analyses. However, no genome-wide assessment has been performed, and some herds were believed to be free of introgression based on current genetic testing strategies. Herein, we report detailed analyses using whole genome sequencing from nineteen modern and six historical bison, chosen to represent the major lineages of bison, to identify and quantitate signatures of nuclear introgression in their recent (within 200 years) history. Both low and high coverage genomes provided evidence for recent introgression, including animals from Yellowstone, Wind Cave, and Elk Island National Parks which were previously thought to be free from hybridization with domestic cattle. We employed multiple approaches, including one developed for this work, to identify putative cattle haplotypes in each bison genome. These regions vary greatly in size and frequency by sample and herd, though we detected domestic cattle introgression in all bison genomes tested. Since our sampling strategy spanned across the diversity of modern bison populations, these finding are best explained by multiple historical hybridization events between these two species with significant genetic recombination over the last 200 years. Our results demonstrate that whole genome sequencing approaches are required to accurately quantitate cattle introgression in bison.

'I'm not a very good visionary': challenge and change in twenty-first century North American archival education.

Since the founding of the National Archives (1934) and the Society of American Archivists (1936), archival scholars, educators, and practitioners have discussed and debated the challenges of and future directions for graduate archival education. This exploratory qualitative case study uses semistructured interviews with 33 tenure-track and tenured faculty members from North American graduate archival programs to explore the most pressing issues facing archival education in the twenty-first century. Showing both continuity and change, findings extend and enrich the literature regarding faculty, curriculum, interdisciplinarity and collaboration, DEI, technology, and sustainability.

Foreign Law Without Borders in the Early Vast America. Spanish Legal Literature in 19th Century North America

By studying some case studies, this article shows how the works of some Spanish jurists from the 17th and 18th centuries were used in the 19th century, both in Britain and also overseas in the British Atlantic (from Washington to California, passing through Florida), to solve judicial conflicts about land and exploitation. The reader will see to what extent some unexpected sources of law were intertwined into the daily practice of North American courts. Such entanglements are at the very heart of the comparative analysis of the field of legal history.

Bandits, Militants, and Martyrs: Sub‐state Violence as Claim to Authority in Late Antique North Africa

AbstractFourth Century North Africa was a site of intense religious and political conflict. Emerging from a period of persecution and newly legitimized by the Roman state, the Christian Church immediately fractured into two competing camps. Now known as the Donatist schism, this fracture was the result of competing claims to religious authority between two camps of bishops, but the doctrinal debate at its core precipitated a specific form of violence: attacks on clergy and property perpetrated by roving groups of militant bandits. Known as circumcellions, these bands acquired a perverse reputation for religious zeal, a desire for martyrdom, and what their opponents described as the ‘madness’ and ‘insanity’ of their violence. Here I analyze sources produced by both Donatists and Catholics to trace patterns of circumcellion violence. I draw on borderland theory and research on non‐state violence to argue that such acts were not mad, but rather the result of strategic efforts to consolidate religious and political power. In this, Donatism and the sectarian violence that accompanied it provide important insights into how banditry and peasant rebellions can serve as alternate sources of social and political power, avenues through which heterodox movements challenge the power state and religious hierarchies alike.

The educational value of virtual ecologies in Red Dead Redemption 2

Abstract Playing video games is often perceived as the antithesis of engaging with, and learning about, the natural world. Nevertheless, there is growing recognition that digital media is now a central part of many people's lives. This has led to increased efforts to harness the power and popularity of digital games for both ecological education and conservation advocacy. Games designed for educational purposes may be perceived as too niche, or have insufficient resources, to reach wider audiences. In contrast, big budget video games reach many millions of players, but are generally designed for entertainment rather than education. Red Dead Redemption 2 (RDR2), a Western‐themed action‐adventure game, is one such product. Nevertheless, due to its detailed, open‐world simulation of late 19th century North American ecosystems, it provides opportunities for players to learn about real‐world wildlife. We surveyed self‐described gamers who both had, and had not, played RDR2. Participants undertook a wildlife identification quiz focusing on 15 species depicted in the game. We also asked participants about their self‐reported learning and experiences of playing RDR2. We found that participants who had played RDR2 correctly identified more species in the quiz, with this improvement enhanced by having completed the game's main storyline, played more recently or played online in a ‘Naturalist’ role. The difference in performance was greatest for ungulate and fish species which have high in‐game utility value. In addition to species identification, participants reported learning about animal behaviours and interspecies interactions. Their most memorable experiences were associated with RDR2's immersive environment and ability to provoke emotional responses. We conclude that big‐budget video games can have educational as well as entertainment value and should be taken seriously by educators, ecologists and conservationists as a communicative force. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Editor's Note

This issue of the Edith Wharton Review is my last as editor, so I wish to recognize the work and collegiality of the journal's associate editors Myrto Drizou, Shannon Brennan, and Sharon Kim. Due to their scholarly acumen and commitment to the EWR, the journal has continued to publish innovative work on Wharton and her circle and expanded its readership. I am grateful to the members of the remarkable brain trust that is the EWR editorial board for their support and guidance.I have the pleasure of announcing that beginning with issue 37.2 Rita Bode will be the new editor. Rita is professor of English Literature at Trent University, Canada. Her main area of research is in nineteenth- and early twentieth- century North American and British literature with a special interest in transnational studies as seen in her chapter, “'My beloved Romola,'” in Edith Wharton and Cosmopolitanism, edited by Meredith Goldsmith and Emily Orlando (UP of Florida, 2015). She is also a contributor to Ferdâ Asya's Teaching Edith Wharton's Major Novels and Short Fiction with a project she undertook with Sirpa Salenius (University of Eastern Finland): “Students Abroad – In the Classroom: A Transatlantic Assignment on Edith Wharton's “Roman Fever” and is part of Oxford University Press's The Complete Works of Edith Wharton (general editor, Carol Singley), responsible for Volume 7, The Novellas. She has co-edited two volumes of essays on Canadian author, L. M. Montgomery: L. M. Montgomery's Rainbow Valleys: The Ontario Years, 1911–42 (MQUP [McGill-Queen's UP], 2015), with Lesley D. Clement, and L. M. Montgomery and the Matter of Nature(s) (MQUP, 2018), with anthropologist Jean Mitchell. The latter work was awarded ACQL's (Association of Canadian and Québec Literatures) 2018 Gabrielle Roy Prize (English) for the best book-length study in Canadian and Québec literary criticism. She recently co-edited, with Monika Elbert, American Women's Regionalist Fiction: Mapping the Gothic (Palgrave, 2021). Other publications include work on George Eliot, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Prescott Spofford, among others. We are fortunate to have Rita as our new editor.First in this issue is Mary Carney's “Improvised Chase: Notes on Wharton Studies,” a bibliographical article that “provides an overview of significant events, archival findings, major books, and select journal articles” in Wharton studies published since the 2014 thirtieth anniversary issue of the EWR. The article promises to be an important resource for anyone interested in recent Wharton scholarship. Next is Emily J. Orlando's “Edith Wharton and the Architect: The Olney-Beecher version of ‘The Keys of Heaven.’” This archival article remedies the fact that “the only scholarly attention paid to the two abandoned Wharton novels called ‘The Keys of Heaven’ has focused on the ‘Praslin version,’ a retelling of a murder-suicide from 1840s Paris.” Orlando finds that the Olney-Beecher version depicts previously undocumented aspects of Wharton's relationship with Ogden Codman, with whom she worked on The Decoration of Houses (1897). The third article is Emma Aylor's “‘Nay, rather Lord, between’: The Unification of Body and Spirit in Wharton's Deathbed Dramatic Monologues,” which won the 2021 Elsa Nettels Prize for a Beginning Scholar. The article examines “The Leper's Funeral and Death,” unpublished in Wharton's lifetime, and “Margaret of Cortona,” published in 1901. In her analysis of these poems, Aylor argues that Wharton “draws attention to the simultaneous fragility and persistence of the human: between and beyond traditional Christian divisions of body and soul.” Following the article is a roundtable review of Arielle Zibrak's engaging consideration in Guilty Pleasures of “the specifically pleasurable forms of feminine guilt and desire stimulated by supposedly ‘lowbrow’ aesthetic tendencies.” This is followed by reviews of three other notable books: Melanie V. Dawson's Edith Wharton and the Modern Privileges of Age, Laura Rattray's Edith Wharton and Genre: Beyond Fiction, and Emily Coit's American Snobs: Transatlantic Novelists, Liberal Culture and the Genteel Tradition.

Ylä-Tenon saamelaisten maiseman kielellinen ulottuvuus

Artikkeli käsittelee Utsjoen Ylä-Tenolla sijaitsevan kolmen kylän saamelaisten paikkoihin ja maisemaan liittyvää perinnettä sekä paikannimien ja paikkoihin liittyvän perinteen suhdetta 1900-luvulla. Analyysin teoreettisena kehyksenä on kognitiivinen kielen- ja kulttuurintutkimus. Tärkeimpänä tutkimusaineistona ovat ns. Talvadas-projektin suomen- ja pohjoissaamenkieliset äänitteet 1960- ja 1970-luvuilta sekä omat kokemukset ja kenttätyöt alueella vuodesta 1996 alkaen. Aineistoa tarkastellaan emic-näkökulmasta: paikallisia perinnetermejä käyttäen ja kertojien omia tulkintoja kunnioittaen. Artikkelista käy ilmi, että Ylä-Tenon saamelaisten paikkoihin liittyvä perinne on hyvin monimuotoista. Sille on tyypillistä voimakas side kunkin perheen suvun maihin sekä kerronnan perustuminen omakohtaisiin kokemuksiin, jota muitalus-genren yleisyys kuvaa. Paikannimet asettuvat paikkaperinteen rinnalla vähäisempään rooliin kuin arkikokemuksen perusteella voisi arvella: ne ovat vain yksi paikan merkitysverkoston osista muiden joukossa.

Poetry Matters: Neoliberalism, Affect, and the Posthuman in Twenty-First Century North American Feminist PoeticsForms of a World: Contemporary Poetry and the Making of Globalization

Book Review| March 01 2021 Poetry Matters: Neoliberalism, Affect, and the Posthuman in Twenty-First Century North American Feminist PoeticsForms of a World: Contemporary Poetry and the Making of Globalization Poetry Matters: Neoliberalism, Affect, and the Posthuman in Twenty-First Century North American Feminist Poetics. By Milne, Heather. Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press. 2018. viii, 280 pp. Paper, $80.00; e-book, $80.00.Forms of a World: Contemporary Poetry and the Making of Globalization. By Hunter, Walt. New York: Fordham Univ. Press. 2019. vii, 190 pp. Cloth, $105.00; paper, $30.00; e-book, $29.99. Jeff Westover Jeff Westover Jeff Westover is a professor of literature in the English Department at Boise State University. In 2005 Choice identified his book, The Colonial Moment: Discoveries and Settlements in Modern American Poetry (2004), as an outstanding title. More recently, he has published essays on William Carlos Williams, Thylias Moss, Maxine Hong Kingston, H.D., W. S. Merwin, and Elizabeth Bishop. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Literature (2021) 93 (1): 156–159. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-8878602 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter Email Permissions Search Site Citation Jeff Westover; Poetry Matters: Neoliberalism, Affect, and the Posthuman in Twenty-First Century North American Feminist PoeticsForms of a World: Contemporary Poetry and the Making of Globalization. American Literature 1 March 2021; 93 (1): 156–159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-8878602 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Literature Search Advanced Search Two recent books on contemporary poetry address the impacts of neoliberalism and precarity. In Poetry Matters, Heather Milne focuses on feminism; in Forms of a World, Walt Hunter addresses globalism. Both scholars discuss works by various Anglophone poets, and their transnational approach situates the work of these writers in international contexts. Milne concentrates on American and Canadian women poets, while Hunter discusses English-language poetry from the United Kingdom, Ireland, Africa, the Middle East, and the United States. Neither book mentions neoconservatism or authoritarianism, but Milne does refer to neofascism when discussing Trump. For both critics, capitalism is paramount, destructive, and inescapable, although the poets they cover imagine better alternatives. Both books are clear and well organized, making them enjoyable to read.In Poetry Matters, Milne investigates poems by women “that are socially and materially situated yet not always referential”... Copyright © 2021 by Duke University Press2021 You do not currently have access to this content.

Preliminary estimates of whaling-induced mortality in the 19th century North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonicus) fishery, adjusting for struck-but-lost whales and non-American whaling

This study develops preliminary estimates of total whaling-induced mortality of northern right whales in the 19th century North Pacificpelagic whale fishery. Best’s (1987) study of American whaling returns resulted in estimates of the total American catch of 14,480 and15,374 northern right whales during the period 1839-1909. The present study offers adjustment factors to estimate total mortality from thesecatch data. Quantitative data from 14 pelagic expeditions for northern right whales in the North Pacific from 1838-1860 and additionalanecdotal information about struck-but-lost animals is reviewed. On 12 voyages, 327 northern right whales were struck with harpoons, butonly 133 landed. Adjusted for the subsequent recovery of struck whales, this implies a ratio of 2.43 whales struck for each whale eventuallysecured and flensed by whaleships. Data from four voyages show that of 148 northern right whales struck with harpoons, 14 sank beforethey could be processed. From a sample of five voyages, 80 northern right whales were landed and 31 carcasses sank without being secured.During the height of pelagic whaling in the North Pacific, approximately 10% of the fleet was non-American, primarily French. Adjustingrecorded catch estimates for struck-but-lost mortality and non-American whaling yields preliminary estimates of total mortality in thisfishery in the range of 26,500-37,000 animals during the period 1839-1909. In the single decade of 1840-49, between 21,000-30,000northern right whales may have been killed in the North Pacific, Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea, representing about 80% of the northernright whales killed in this region during the period 1839-1909.

Мишоподібні гризуни та землерийки в Харківській області (Україна):видовий склад, поширення, стан популяцій

Since 1957, zoologists of the Kharkiv Sanitary and Epidemiological Station have been conducting annual monitoring of small mammals in Kharkiv Oblast. To assess the current state of populations of mouse-like rodents and shrews, we analysed a dataset for the period from 2000 to 2018. The small mammal fauna was studied at 117 sites in 27 districts (raions) of Kharkiv Oblast. Various types of oak forests, dry and floodplain meadows, riparian vegetation, steppe areas, forest stripes, gardens, fields, and haystacks were examined. Four species of insectivores and 16 species of mouse-like rodents were identified. The dominant and widespread species in the region are Sylvaemus uralensis, Apodemus agrarius, Sorex araneus, Microtus levis, Myodes glareolus, and Sylvaemus tauricus. Some species are less common and in some areas of the region have not yet been identified, including Sorex minutus, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, Crocidura suaveolens, Micromys minutus, Cricetulus migratorius, and Microtus oeconomus. The least common species with single records include Neomys fodiens, Mus spicilegus, Lagurus lagurus, Terricola subterraneus, Dryomys nitedula, and Arvicola amphibius. Indigenous species of the region include seven species, another seven species are those that increased their number and range, three species have recently appeared in the region due to dispersal from adjacent territories, while, on the contrary, the abundance and range of three species have declines. Microtus oeconomus is characterised by a current southward range expansion. Myodes glareolus, which was mentioned in the last century north of our region, is now widely distributed throughout the region and further south. Lagurus lagurus is an invasive species with periodic population outbreaks in the region and currently is rarely recorded.

El papel del estado en la formación de los apellidos: la Navarra francesa y la Navarra española

The focus of this paper is the analysis of the onomastic system in the kingdom of Navarre during the Early Modern Age, after its division into two parts, one of which was integrated in Spain and another in France. The aim is to test the hypothesis that, during the Ancien Regime, the role of the State has been more intense in Spanish Navarre than in French Basse-Navarre. To do this, an extensive Ejecutoria (1755) obtained by a hidalgo native from the French part but settled in the Spanish one has been analyzed; from it, both the genealogy of the applicant and information about numerous witnesses on both sides of the border are extracted. The analysis of the ways in which these individuals are identified has allowed us to test the hypothesis: the traditional onomastic system, which linked the identity to the household rather than to a filiation or to the place of neighborhood or place of neighborhood, was maintained in the mid-18th century north of Pyrenees, while in the Hispanic Monarchy there are features of greater modernity, along with more weight in the male role.