Century North Research Articles

Prospects for the exploration of gold deposits in the Golovanevsk suture zone of the Ukrainian shield

Prospects for the search for gold deposits within the limits of the Lypovenky-Sukhiy Tashlyk area of the Golovanivsk suture zone (GSZ) of the Ukrainian Shield (USh) have been considered, where in the 80―90s of the last century North Capitanian gold mineralization with indicative reserves of 27 tons of Au was discovered and drilling of more than 3000 wells with hydrotransportation of the core (CHC) in the crust of weathering of the Precambrian basement revealed signs of about 30 new massifs of rocks of hyperbasite composition. Drilling was directed at the search for deposits of silicate nickel, so was not paid attention enough to the presence of hypergene gold in more than half wells was not given enough. In this paper, the authors turned to this question, because the search for gold deposits within the USh is now in time. The work is based on the analysis and generalization of geological, archival laboratory data and results of detailed geophysical works at a scale of 1:10 000. The conclusion of previous studies confirmed that one of the important search criteria for gold mineralization is the presence of metasomatic, dynamometamorphic and skarn transformations in endocontact zones of massifs of basites and ultra-basites, as well as in the zones of intersection of such massifs with faults. Metasomatites and skarns have the largest weathering crust among other types of rocks, and the stem capacity of abnormal gold-bearing intervals may exceed 10 m. The largest number of ”gold-bearing” wells has just been recorded in the skarns, and the average content of Au in the weathering crusts of the main types of rocks in the research area is the largest one in the skarns and ultra-basites. The analysis of the maps of abnormal magnetic and gravitational fields allowed, in addition to the known here zones of faults in the northwest, to distinguish two meridional zones of shearing that coincide with the separate Lypovenky and Sukhiy Tashlyk areas of development of gold mineralization. Both areas of shearings consist of meridional and latitudinal echelon shears, many of which are bordered with bodies of basites and hyperbasites and accompanied by chains of gold anomalies. Shearing zones belong to the Subot-Moshorino phase of faulting (1.8―1.73 billion years ago), with which the active processes of ore formation of rare and noble metals are connected within the USh. Recommendations for further geological and geophysical investigations within the limits of Lypovenky―Sukhiy Tashlyk area of the GSZ have been given.

The Shape of Air: American Sign Language as Narrative Prosthesis in 21st Century North American Media

The Shape of Air: American Sign Language as Narrative Prosthesis in 21st Century North American Media

Evaluation of the Climate Extremes Index over the United States using 20th and mid‐21st century North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program data

AbstractMuch of our current risk assessment, especially for extreme events and natural disasters, comes from the assumption that the likelihood of future extreme events can be predicted based on the past. However, as global temperatures rise, established climate ranges may no longer be applicable, as historic records for extremes such as heat waves and floods may no longer accurately predict the changing future climate. To assess extremes (present‐day and future) over the contiguous United States, we used NOAA's Climate Extremes Index (CEI), which evaluates extremes in maximum and minimum temperature, extreme one‐day precipitation, days without precipitation, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The CEI is a spatially sensitive index that uses percentile‐based thresholds rather than absolute values to determine climate “extremeness” and is thus well‐suited to compare extreme climate across regions. We used regional climate model data from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to compare a late 20th century reference period to a mid‐21st century “business as usual” (SRES A2) greenhouse gas‐forcing scenario. Results show a universal increase in extreme hot temperatures across all models, with annual average maximum and minimum temperatures exceeding 90th percentile thresholds consistently across the continental United States. Results for precipitation indicators have greater spatial variability from model to model, but indicate an overall movement towards less frequent but more extreme precipitation days in the future. Due to this difference in response between temperature and precipitation, the mid‐21st century CEI is primarily an index of temperature extremes, with 90th percentile temperatures contributing disproportionately to the overall increase in climate extremeness. We also examine the efficacy of the PDSI in this context in comparison to other drought indices.

Policing the Boundary and Bounding the Police: Fictitious Borders and the Making of Gendarmeries in North America

ABSTRACT This article argues that the mismatch between the legal fictions of the boundaries separating the states of late nineteenth century North America and the reality of local trans-border life helped drive the militarization of borderlands policing. The form this militarization took, in turn, reflected administrative state development; that is, whether they were relatively unitary and centralized, like Canada, or whether they were marked by fragmentation and local autonomy, like Mexico and the US. I use the example of state gendarmeries – mounted, armed policing units combining military and law enforcement functions – to explore this claim.

Book Review: Moin Ahmad Nizami, Reform and Renewal in South Asian Islam: The Chishti-Sabris in 18th–19th Century North India

Moin Ahmad Nizami, Reform and Renewal in South Asian Islam: The Chishti-Sabris in 18th–19th Century North India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2017, 305 pp.

Poetry Matters: Neoliberalism, Affect, and the Posthuman in Twenty-First Century North American Feminist Poetics by Heather Milne

Reviewed by: Poetry Matters: Neoliberalism, Affect, and the Posthuman in Twenty-First Century North American Feminist Poetics by Heather Milne Angela Hume POETRY MATTERS: NEOLIBERALISM, AFFECT, AND THE POSTHUMAN IN TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY NORTH AMERICAN FEMINIST POETICS, by Heather Milne. Contemporary North American Poetry Series. University of Iowa Press, 2018. 278 pp. $80.00 paper; $80.00 ebook. Heather Milne’s Poetry Matters: Neoliberalism, Affect, and the Posthuman in Twenty-First Century North American Feminist Poetics argues that “experimental and innovative” poetry by Canadian and American women published in the first decade and a half of the twenty-first century takes seriously the potential for poetry to be a site for political engagement and protest (p. 11). Milne suggests that conceptual or procedural, appropriative, erasure, collage, and documentary poems all perform “complex forms [End Page 471] of [political] critique” through their forms and composition strategies (p. 5).What distinguishes this body of work in particular, Milne argues, is its investment in matter and mattering; innovative feminist poetry foregrounds the body and material environments often through the materiality of language itself. Milne makes the point that while a Canadian feminist poetics movement emerged in the 1980s, Canadian women’s poetry of recent decades has been largely overlooked by critics. Today, both Canadian and American women’s experimental poetry “circulate and function transnationally” (p. 27). Canadian poetry in particular has committed itself to tracking global capitalism’s transnational flows of information, commerce, and migration and, moreover, “reject[s] the nation as a colonial construct” (p. 26). Thus, Canadian and American women’s poetry should be read together. This poetry requires a transnational literary critical approach, Milne argues, but one that accounts for how the countries “have distinct histories of settlement, colonization, and independence as well as distinct systems of governance and democracy” (p. 198). Throughout the book, Milne models what such an approach to feminist poetics might look like. Notably, she decenters poetry by United States authors from the outset; five of the six poets Milne discusses in part one are Canadian. Milne’s chapters provide detailed, careful readings of “experimental” texts. By attending closely and facilitating greater access to contemporary forms of poetry by women that have been marginalized in the United States especially, Milne extends the literary critical tradition of scholars such as Rachel Blau DuPlessis and Lynn Keller, who have taken seriously the project of reading twentieth and twenty-first century women’s poetry for its form, as opposed to reading for its content exclusively. Throughout Poetry Matters, Milne applies language and concepts from an eclectic group of contemporary theorists—including Rosi Braidotti, Jodi Dean, Jane Bennett, Stacy Alaimo, Timothy Morton, Ann Cvetkovich, and Sara Ahmed—to illuminate the poetry. But some of her sharpest insights are those she arrives at through her own skillful close readings. For example, in a discussion of Margaret Christakos’s What Stirs (2008), which critiques the fetishization of the maternal body, Milne shows how the poet uses fragmentation, repetition, and wordplay to convey the ways in which primary attachments, especially the attachment to the mother’s breast, condition “a dialectic of gratification and frustration” that also characterizes the “insatiable drives” of contemporary capitalism (p. 57). Poetry Matters is organized into three two-chapter sections. This structure adds to the book’s accessibility and navigability. In part one, “Economies of the Flesh and Word: Biopolitics and Writing the (Posthuman) Body in Late Capitalism,” Milne explores how Jennifer Scappettone, Larissa Lai and Rita Wong, Margaret Christakos, Nikki Reimer, and Rachel Zolf use [End Page 472] “strategic embodiment” to critique neoliberal, biopolitical, and late capitalism (Milne invokes all three) (p. 47). Part two, “Poetic Matterings: New Materialist and Posthuman Feminist Ecopoetics,” considers how the New Materialist “ecopoetics” of Yedda Morrison, Marcella Durand, Rita Wong, and Evelyn Reilly decenter human agency in the process of reimagining the material world. Part three, “Geopolitics, Nationhood, Poetry,” reads Juliana Spahr’s, Claudia Rankine’s, and Dionne Brand’s post-9/11, post-United States-invasion-of-Iraq poetry. Then it turns to poems by Rachel Zolf, Jena Osman, and Jen Benka, which challenge national and colonial discourses and identities. All of the poets in this part, Milne argues, mobilize documentary...

Eurocentrism and the Contribution of Ibn Khaldun to the Growth of Sociology

It is generally believed that sociology originated in Europe in the 19th century and the paternity of the discipline is commonly attributed to the French sociologist August Comte. However, reflections of a sociological nature were observed and found in the work of 14th century North African historian and philosopher Ibn Khaldun. However, such contribution of Ibn Khaldun is little acknowledged by European scholars in their works. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine how Eurocentrism is embedded in the writing of the European scholars and unpacks the contribution of Ibn Khaldun in the growth of Sociology. In the first part of essay, I argue that the perspective of European scholars are mainly Eurocentric and parochial in their accounts on culture, language and other aspects of non-European society. In the second part of the essay, I argue Ibn Khaldun’s contribution to the field of sociology is largely ignored, though his contributions dealt with the society and human character, political organization and government, differences between rural and urban populations, kinship, social solidarity, and the interplay between economic conditions and social organizations. Nevertheless, I argue that though Ibn Khaldun’s ideas have hugely impressed some of European thinkers in the 19th century prompting them to regard him as the progenitor of sociology, question remains as to how his ideas and theories have been appropriated by contemporary social scientists in their works.

Song and Silence at the Gallows: Cultural Representations of Violence, Region, and Race in State v. McTaggart Slaves and State v. Frances Silver

This article analyzes cultural representations of two 19th century North Carolina cases, State v. McTaggart Slaves and State v. Frances Silver. Cultural memory of Silver thrives in Appalachian North Carolina, whereas McTaggart Slaves has been largely forgotten. Both cases involve women who faced execution for resistance to abuse, and who both lacked full personhood under the law. I argue that in both cases, cultural representations served to reinforce the legal power of white men over women in the home and justify legal punishment for their resistance. These representations also reflect and strengthen understandings of deviant whiteness in the Appalachian South.

Re-examining English and/in the Geography of (World) Literature

Re-examining English and/in the Geography of (World) Literature

A Mosaic of Daniel in the Lions’ Den from Borj el Youdi (Furnos Minus) Tunisia: The Iconography of Martyrdom and the Arena in Roman North Africa

The Bardo Museum in Tunis currently holds one of the very rare representations in mosaic of the prophet Daniel in the lions’ den. Discovered at Borj el Youdi (Furnos Minus) in 1898, and probably dating to the fifth century, this mosaic is highly distinct in its conception, standing apart from representations of Daniel which were very popular in North Africa in other media, especially ceramics. I argue that while the mosaic does draw on standard iconography of Daniel, it also explicitly refers to amphitheatre spectacle, and especially to damnatio ad bestias to which earlier Christians were subject. This mosaic much more graphically than other representations of the story shows Daniel as a Christian martyr, and in doing so reflects the fourth-fifth century north African context when the Church was split by sectarian strife between Catholics and Donatists, the latter of whom viewed themselves as the Church of the Martyrs.

Rethinking the Cultural Icon: Its Use and Function in Popular Culture

Background The role of cultural icons in twenty-first century North American popular culture has been under-theorized in communication scholarship. This is a significant gap in knowledge, given the importance of the icon as a public text through which collective cultural values are symbolized. Analysis Using the novel approach of the scoping review, this article illuminates the current landscape of iconic studies by identifying wide-ranging examples of the cultural icon from academic scholarship, recognizing organizational categories, and synthesizing existing definitions to highlight the limits of current conceptualizations. Conclusions and Implications Informed by the collected data, this article suggests a redefinition of the cultural icon that considers its current novel role in revealing tensions between different articulations of collective cultural values.

Promise and Disillusionment in the Shape of a Woman: Conquistadors in Florida and New France, A Comparative Perspective

The purpose of this study is to provide greater insight into the power of native women as understood by sixteenth century North American conquistadors by juxtaposing two analogous but geographically distinct settings. Depictions of women in New France by Jacques Cartier, Samuel Champlain and their followers in the northern borderlands of North America are compared to those depictions made by Hernando de Soto, Pedro Menendez de Avilés and their contemporaries during the same general period in the southern borderlands (Florida). The accounts of these figures, who came from varied backgrounds and promoted differing world views, provide evidence for the earliest foundations of the “imperial gaze” in reference to distant poles along North America's eastern seaboard. They also demonstrate the key role that native women played in orchestrating intercultural encounters with conquistadors during the sixteenth century.

Sustaining Authority in Persian Lithographed Books: Publishers and Printing in North India, c. 1835–57

During the 1840s and 1850s, lithographic presses in North India published over seven hundred titles in Persian, many of which were reprinted several times over subsequent years. These industries succeeded in drawing newly literate as well as established readerships, who appeared to be interested in a wide range of textual genres and forms. Despite recent interest in nineteenth-century Indian printing industries and their consumers, attention has been primarily focused on the production and reception of vernacular literatures. This article looks at the people, processes, and texts which constituted the Persian lithographic industry in mid-nineteenth century North India, focusing in particular on the role played by publishers in carving out identities as transmitters of texts. It argues that even as publishers sought to reach new readers and wider markets, they did so by drawing these groups into the existing ethos and hierarchies governing Persianate knowledge, rather than expressing a break from it.

PIERWSZY BANK STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH JAKO PIERWOWZÓR SYSTEMU REZERWY FEDERALNEJ

First Bank of the United States as a Prototype for the Federal Reserve SystemSummaryThe article describes the history of the First Bank of the United Statesfirst banking- institution, that was charted in XVII-th century North America as an effect of a cooperation of two federal bodies – Congress and the President. Although, the federal government possessed only 20 %, of the shares with federal licences it could conduct its activity on territory of the whole country. Moreover – the Bank is now referred to as the first central bank in the United States because of its national scope and services rendered to the federal government. The Bank helped the government to obtain emergency loans, facilitated the payment of taxes, and served as the receiver and disburser of the public funds. In addition, it issued bank notes and made them fully redeemable in coin. During a 20-years period the Bank achieved a commercial success and maintained a financial stability. However, in 1811 Congress did not renew the charter because the Bank’s constitutionality was questioned.Alexander Hamilton (the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury), who was [the followerof creation of the bank, already in 1790 assumed that the federal government had the power to charter banks because the Constitution granted the government the right to establish institutions necessary for its operations. Addifferent viewpoint was presented by Thomas Jefferson who favored a more decentralized government and believed that only the states could charter banks under the Constitution. Furthermore – because the Constitution did not expressly grant the power to Congress, he reasoned that federally chartered banks were unconstitutional. Finally in 1819, as a far-reaching decision, the Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall followed Hamilton’s reasoning and ruled in case McCulloch vs Maryland that the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional. For U.S. federal government this decision of the Supreme Court was very important about 200 years later – in 1913, when president Wilson, many politicians’ and main U.S. bankers decided to create the Federal Reserve System.

Reform and Renewal in South Asian Islam: The Chishti-Sabris in 18th -19th Century North India. By Moin Ahmad Nizami . pp. xxii, 305. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2017.

Reform and Renewal in South Asian Islam: The Chishti-Sabris in 18^th -19^th Century North India. By Moin Ahmad Nizami . pp. xxii, 305. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2017.

허만 멜빌의 『모비 딕』에 나타난 포경 항로와 19세기 북태평양의 정치적 상황

허만 멜빌의 『모비 딕』에 나타난 포경 항로와 19세기 북태평양의 정치적 상황

The Fate of the Dead in Early Third Century North African Christianity: The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas and Tertullian, written by Eliezer Gonzalez

The Fate of the Dead in Early Third Century North African Christianity: The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas and Tertullian, written by Eliezer Gonzalez

Perpetua of History in Recent Questions

Perpetua of History in Recent Questions David E. Wilhite (bio) Bremmer, Jan N., and Marco Formisano. Perpetua’s Passions: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Heffernan, Thomas J. The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Gonzalez, Eliezer. The Fate of the Dead in Early Third Century North African Christianity: The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas and Tertullian. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014. The account of Perpetua, Felicitas, and their fellow martyrs remains one of the most captivating stories preserved from the ancient world. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that this story still interests scholars from multiple fields and elicits numerous publications.1 Three volumes have recently emerged that add significantly to current understandings of Perpetua and her fellow martyrs. In what follows, I will briefly summarize the contribution and offer critical engagement with each volume. Then, by way of conclusion, a question for future scholarship will be offered in response to the trend found in these three volumes. Bremmer and Formisano, Perpetua’s Passions Rather than speaking of the Passio of Perpetua (et al.), the contributors to Perpetua’s Passions speak of the martyrdom as distinct from the “story.” Bremmer and Formisano’s rationale for decentering the Passio itself in our understanding of these martyrs is as follows. While largely finding [End Page 307] the text historically reliable,2 Bremmer contends that in light of recently discovered sermons of Augustine, the two versions of the Acta also retain historical memories—namely, the court proceedings and the provenance of the martyrs (i.e. Thuburbo Minus).3 To be sure, the use of the Acta will remain an open question, but Bremmer and Formisano have now made the question one which cannot be legitimately ignored. This contribution illustrates the importance of the volume. The essays were originally delivered at Humboldt University in 2007 on the Passio and aimed to “detach the text . . . from traditional historical readings . . . by emphasizing its broader literary and cultural aspects” (v). Most essayists did engage traditional historical questions, but they did so from non-traditional frameworks, such as philosophy, literary studies, and political science. Thus, it is better to say that “this volume [has] two souls: a historical one and a literary one” (7). Rather than being a “Handbook” or “Companion,” the editors claim that this volume is the “opposite . . . it does not assert common views but rather challenges them” (8). Classicists in particular are criticized as myopic in their discipline (12), and so postmodern theories ranging from feminism to psychoanalysis are invoked as supplementary (9–11). Bremmer and Formisano co-author an introductory essay, which in the first half provides an excellent summary of the key issues. J. Farrell and Craig Williams have provided a new translation of the Passio, as well as a new Latin text based on Van Beek’s.4 Christoph Markschies’s excellent essay (277–90) is on the alleged Montanism found in this martyrdom (Markschies’s conclusions will be further discussed below when it is placed in dialogue with Heffernan’s work). In short, the strengths of this volume are legion, and although the editors reject the “Handbook” [End Page 308] genre, it deserves some equivalent status in future studies of Perpetua and her fellow martyrs. The details of such a study are obviously too numerous to engage here in point-by-point fashion. Instead, the volume’s overall aims, manifested in the various essays, merit attention. First, it must be said that this volume is rewarding to read for the numerous classical comparanda and gems like a thinly veiled Bob Marley reference in Giulia Sissa’s essay (248). The multidisciplinary approach is not without its share of difficulties, however. The range of fields covered, while a laudable endeavor, sometimes over-reaches and takes the discussion down difficult paths to follow. At times, this could have been supplemented with more bibliography in order to guide readers to the major interlocutors of the specific field invoked. For example, Luca Bagetto’s essay uses Carl Schmitt’s reading of Hamlet. Schmitt (the reader may know) was a philosopher, jurist, and advocate of political theology, specifically of the Nazi variety. This simply begs...

Becoming Sui Sin Far: Early Fiction, Journalism, and Travel Writing by Edith Maude Eaton

Becoming Sui Sin Far: Early Fiction, Journalism, and Travel Writing by Edith Maude Eaton

Diesel Multiple Units in 21st Century North America: Comparative Survey and Evaluation of Services, Demand, and Cost

U.S. officials working with finite resources to build and operate new fixed-guideway transit services grow more creative every year, finding ways to offer new and expanded services with fixed or declining resources. One creative approach to the development of new urban passenger rail services has been to operate on tracks shared with light-density freight services. Most services have used conventional commuter rail passenger rolling stock for these services, but, in some circumstances, this relatively heavy equipment has been inappropriate, and officials have been forced to consider sharing freight tracks with lighter, shorter trains. Some of these trains have been conventional electric light rail cars, but since the turn of the 21st century, five new U.S. services using self-powered diesel rail cars (historically called diesel multiple units, or DMUs) have opened to offer new travel options in Texas, California, New Jersey, and Oregon. FTA has termed these new shared-track DMU services “hybrid rail.” This paper reviews the circumstances and conditions that gave rise to the development of these hybrid DMU systems. The paper then reports the results of a study that used federally reported data to conduct a survey and evaluation of these services as compared with electric light rail and conventional commuter rail services. The analysis found that the new DMU systems tended to function in a new service stratum between commuter and light rail that served the needs of markets that neither of those traditional modes was well suited to address.