Centuries Of Islam Research Articles

CONTINUITIES AND CHANGES MUSICAL CULTURE OF MELAYU DELI

This paper analyze about continuities and changes Malay North Sumatra musical culture, with historical and ethnomusicological approach. We use the evolution theory, and qualitative methods in this research. Malay music North Sumatran begun in the early of Malay culture, in 1300 B.C. By this time to the first century, Malay musical culture basic on animism and dynamism, which use to ceremony activities. In firs to thirteen century Hinduism and Buddhism come to Malay culture. In this era musical culture from Hinduism and Buddhism absorbed by Malay North Sumatran, in the form as follows: raga and tala influence, some instrumets from India as tabla, mrdanga, sarenggi, and so on. Then, 13th century Islam adopted by North Sumatran in musical culture. The concep One God and adat bersendikan syarak, syarak bersendikan kitabullah has been make the main role in custom and music. The concept maqam and iqaat adopted to Malay musical culture. Th 16th century European come to Malay World, and some musical genres adopted by Malay, as dondang sayang (from branyo Portuguese), ronggeng, popular music, and so on. Today, all of musical element fusion to Malay culture with new development aesthetics.

NEW IMAGES OF THE OB-UGRIC CULTURE: THE TRACES OF ISLAM IN THE RELIGIOUS ORNAMENT

The article considers the process of transformation of the Ob Ugrian culture on the basis of the analysis of the unique collection of objects of decorative and applied art of the XVII-XXI centuries. This process reflects the formation of a group with a syncretic culture (Ob-Ugric Istiaks). The action of the frontier through contacts with the Siberian Tatars led to the enrichment of culture through external borrowing. The author draws attention to the fact that the Ob Ugrians were ready for cultural transformation within the framework of adoption of other, but necessary norms for survival. The article emphasizes that the Orthodox missionaries were “late” in relation to this part of the Ob Ugrians, since by the 18th century Islam (in the regional version) had already become a part of their spiritual and daily life. Evolutionary processes have led to new phenomena in the Ugric culture. The author analyzes the decorative ornaments of the felon on wooden sculptures of Nikolay Mozhaisky of the 17th century, comparing them with ornaments of the indigenous population of the North, objects related to Christian and Muslim culture. The author’s attention was drawn to the chess ornament. In the process of the analysis several hypotheses of its origin are put forward - from the connection with the Greek Orthodox culture to the reflection of the Northern traditions and the Muslim ornament-girih in its Siberian version: the article focuses on the latter option. Ob-Ugric culture is syncretic in its content, covers a variety of forms of customs, faith, language, life. In the present article the author makes a certain contribution to the study of this problem, highlighting one of the sides of the original Ob-Ugric culture.

Hope Springs Eternal: Reforming Inheritance Law in Islamic Societies

Soon after Lajnat al-Hurriyāt al-Fardiyya wa-l-Musāwāt (“Committee on Individual Rights and Equality”) submitted its report in June 2018 to the president of Tunisia, Beji Caid Essebsi, the latter ordered the legislature to amend the 1956 family law to achieve equality between men and women in inheritance and property rights. Although the authors of the report had written forcefully about how Islamic texts (the Qurʾan and sunna) are compatible with modern law, some of their recommendations suggested a broad inclination to reform the law outside religious tradition and as part of the exigencies of the civil state. These events and ideas brought to the fore questions such as whether classical Islamic law is reformable or obsolete. This paper aims to show that interpretations of Islamic texts that result in radically different inheritance laws have existed since at least the third Islamic century. Inequality has persisted always for political and institutional reasons, not substantive ones.

RELIOGIOUS POLITICS OF RUSSIAN ROYALTY RELATED TO TURKIC MUSLIM PEOPLE

The article analyses religious confessional politics of Russian royalty related to Turkic Muslim people. Russian royalty pursues its own interest in order to invade Turkic Muslim people. Religious politics of royal’s monarchy composed of several stages. Establishing Orynbor Muftiate led to rigid control over Islam and religious leaders. Permission was given by royal to build mosques and religious schools for Turkic-Muslim countries, and it was allowed for Tatar mullahs to come to Kazakh land by law. However, royal government who was afraid of facing religious Muslimfanatics banned religion and persecuted religious Muslims. It was clear that royal’s politics related to Turkic Muslims, following traditional Islam for many centuries, aimed at uniting and strengthening and maintaining their religion.

Hope Springs Eternal: Reforming Inheritance Law in Islamic Societies

Abstract Soon after the Lajnat al-Hurriyāt al-Fardiyya wa-l-Musāwāt (“Committee on Individual Rights and Equality”) submitted its report in June 2018 to the president of Tunisia, Beji Caid Essebsi, the latter ordered the legislature to amend the 1956 family law to achieve equality between men and women in inheritance and property rights. Although the authors of the report had written forcefully about how Islamic texts (the Qurʾan and sunna) are compatible with modern law, some of their recommendations suggested a broad inclination to reform the law outside religious tradition and as part of the exigencies of the civil state. These events and ideas brought to the fore questions such as whether classical Islamic law is reformable or obsolete. This paper aims to show that interpretations of Islamic texts that result in radically different inheritance laws have existed since at least the third Islamic century. Inequality has persisted always for political and institutional reasons, not substantive ones.

Slavery, Indenture, and Freedom: Exegesis of the ‘mukātabaVerse’ (Q. 24:33) in Early Islam

Slavery was a significant part of society within the seventh-century Arabian context of the Qur'an. In this context, Q. 24:33, which has been universally interpreted by Muslim exegetes as the basis for a contract of mukātaba (‘indenture’) that allows slaves to work to pay for their freedom, is a particularly intriguing verse. This article examines the exegesis of Q. 24:33 against the background of the first two centuries of Islam, examining the way that its ambiguous language was interpreted in the light of socio-economic change and diverse theologico-political circles of scholarship. It is argued that an initially dominant emancipatory reading of the verse as an obligation within early Medina is preserved for over a century in Mecca, finding a home in Basran Ibāḍī scholarship of the late second/eighth century. In contrast, the dominant proto-Sunnī approach (and related proto-Zaydī tradition), centred in Iraq, adopts the formerly minority opinion that the mukātaba contract is merely permissible. By examining related legal questions, it is concluded that this shift in commentary on Q. 24:33 from the first/seventh to the second/eighth centuries reflects a broader change in the conception of the slave: from a valid economic actor on a continuum of servitude, to an item of property.

The Evolution of the Definition of “Book” in the Cultural History of Muslims during the Early Islamic Centuries

The Evolution of the Definition of “Book” in the Cultural History of Muslims during the Early Islamic Centuries

Learning Institutes of Pre-Islam and Early Islamic Century and Their Transformation into Formal Madrasah in 11th Century

Learning Institutes of Pre-Islam and Early Islamic Century and Their Transformation into Formal Madrasah in 11th Century

The enigmatic orientation of the Great Mosque of Córdoba

The Great Mosque at Cordoba does not face Mecca as we moderns think it should. This is also true of many other medieval mosques. However, now that we have some control over the medieval textual sources relating to the Kaʿba and to the qibla, we can see that in the first two centuries of Islam, and occasionally also long thereafter, astronomical horizon phenomena were used to face the Kaʿba, itself astronomically aligned. From the 9th century onwards, mainly directions based on geographical data and mathematical procedures were used to align mosques towards Mecca. Nevertheless some of the earliest mosques, as in Jerusalem and Damascus, were aligned with pre-Islamic religious edifices or complexes. In the case of the Great Mosque of Cordoba, it was a suburban Roman street-plan, revealed by excavations only some 20 years ago, which defined the qibla-axis of the Mosque, and this happened to be one of the several qibla-directions favoured in al-Andalus. So in medieval terms the Mosque could indeed have been thought to be facing the Kaʿba.

Opening Formula and Witness Clauses in Arabic Legal Documents from the Early Islamic Period


 
 
 Arabic legal documents from early Islamic Egypt are attested in Arabic papyrus collections . These exhibit a formulaic structure that is clearly distinct from those of the Byzantine Greek tradition of legal documents, which continued to be written in the first Islamic century. The Islamic Arabic documents reflect a legal formulaic tradition that had its origins in the Ḥijāz of Arabia. This article examines the background of this Ḥijāzī tradition, with particular focus on the opening formula and the witness clauses. Parallel features are identified in Ancient South Arabian legal texts and in texts of a legal nature from Northern Arabia.
 
 

21st Century Islam: Global Challenges of Islamic Representation and Knowledge Acquisition

21st Century Islam: Global Challenges of Islamic Representation and Knowledge Acquisition

Iranian Cities: Settlements and Water Management from Antiquity to the Islamic Period

AbstractThis article attempts a long-term perspective on cities and water from Late Antiquity to the early Islamic centuries (until ca. 1000 CE). It focuses on the question of how cities and their agricultural hinterland were supplied with water. The topography of the site, its geomorphological features, are shown to influence both the setup and subsequent history of the cities. The article uses two sets of examples, one chosen from the Iranian plateau where qanāt irrigation predominates, and the other one from Persianate Central Asia (Transoxiana), where water is derived from larger and medium-sized rivers. The type of irrigation influences the ways in which the city grows, and more generally, the layout of the city is also determined by the water supply. Cities tend to grow towards the source of water, and it can also be observed that in many cases, the political and administrative centre is located where the best water is available. One of the major questions is whether imperial will was behind the construction of irrigation systems or whether local players such as landlords were the decisive factor.The article combines archaeological research and the study of textual sources but is mostly based on recent archaeological fieldwork.

Modern Islamic International Law between Accommodation and Resistance: The Case of Israel and BDS

Most scholarship on modern Islamic conceptions of international law and global peace emphasize two diametrically opposed trends. The first amounts to an accommodationist view of Islamic law, whereby it abandons Islamically distinctive doctrines such as jihad in order for Muslim states to live peaceably in the post-World War II global community. The second amounts to a rejectionist view, whereby Islamic law continues to adhere to classical views on world order developed in the first centuries of Islam during the heyday of Islamic imperial expansionism, and rejects the legitimacy of contemporary international law. Most scholarship dismiss the second trend and asserts the triumph of the first. Yet, even among the contemporary Muslim jurists who most categorically endorse modern international law and the United Nations, such as Yusuf al-Qaradawi, the State of Israel presents a conceptual conundrum. Given Muslims’ universal rejection of its legitimacy, even accommodationist jurists such as Qaradawi continue to refer to Israel as part of the dar al-harb – a territory of war – and not part of global community living on the basis of peaceful relations. Yet, applying the category of dar al-harb, even to Israel, is incoherent when other commitments, such as the commitments to the UN system, are taken into account. Using the framework of international law developed by the Egyptian jurist `Abd al-Raziq al-Sanhuri, I argue that Sanhuri’s conception of a modern, rules-based international order, provides a properly Islamic response to the challenge of states that formally profess adherence to international norms, but systematically breach them. Because such states recognize the law, they are not outside of the law, and accordingly, cannot be deemed to be part of a territory of war. Rather, such states are internal to a league of states legally at peace with another, but are law-breakers, and in extreme cases, their violations of law may be criminal. From the perspective of modern Islamic international law, the law-abiding members of the international community have a duty to restrain the law-breaking member. If they fail to do so, drawing on Islamic law principles governing the duty to refrain from transacting with a known criminal, the paper argues that boycott by civil society is the remedy that must be pursued against a law-breaking state when the law-abiding states of the world community are unwilling or unable to check its transgressions. From this perspective, the Boycott, Divest and Sanction Movement that resists continued Israeli colonization of Palestine can serve as exemplary case study in the development of modern Islamic international law’s responses to international lawlessness that goes unremedied.

Islamic Scholar and Regional Development: Analyze on Sinan’s Contribution in Civil Engineering

Muslims have been at the top of the glory of civilization with a combination of excellence achieved in the East and West. To the east, the progress made in Kufa, Baghdad and Damascus is a turning point towards the propagation of Islamic civilization. While on the west, Sicilian control has opened the eyes of the world. While the success achieved in Andalusia cannot be matched at that time by other European powers. Almost 14 centuries of Islam dominated the world stage. The development achieved in the aspects of science, architecture, science, technology and so on can not be matched at that time by any external force. This shows that the Islamic government has never forgotten the development aspect, but it is one of the important aspects of civilization. Among this achievement were contributed by Islamic scholar in Ottoman Empire such as Yusuf Sinauddin bin Abdul Mennan or Abdullah. He recognized as Mi’mar Sinan. This article aims to analyze the contribution of Sinan in regional development which was focusing in field of civil engineering. It involved content analysis as method for collecting the data. The result shows Sinan had significant contribution in two aspects namely in the construction of water aqueducts and bridges engineering. He also embedded the Islamic attributes in his works.

A Newfound from Mansourabad Behbehan Based on Archaeological Surveys

A Newfound from Mansourabad Behbehan Based on Archaeological Surveys

The Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunni Scholasticism: ‘Abdallāh b. al-Mubārak and the Formation of Sunni Identity in the Second Islamic Century

The Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunni Scholasticism: ‘Abdallāh b. al-Mubārak and the Formation of Sunni Identity in the Second Islamic Century

The Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunni Scholasticism: ‘Abdallāh b. al-Mubārak and the Formation of Sunni Identity in the Second Islamic Century

The Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunni Scholasticism: ‘Abdallāh b. al-Mubārak and the Formation of Sunni Identity in the Second Islamic Century

Le mythe des préadamites en islam chiite

Résumé In apparent contradiction with the story of Adam as told in the Bible and the Qurʾān, Shiite tradition accepts the existence of several Adams (usually seven) prior to « our Adam », the father of mankind. Each Adam opened an era during which the earth was inhabited by « pre-Adamites », rational creatures preceding the appearance of the human species. In this paper we study the evolution of this myth of the pre-Adamites, starting from traditions attributed to the first Imams and their use in writings stemming from the Shiite milieu in Kūfa ; then we move to pre-Fatimid and Fatimid Ismailism, Druze and Nuṣayrī literature, before ending with the Ṭayyibī Ismailis. Although there are many differences in details, all these movements share a common myth, which was elaborated with a remarkable continuity from the first centuries of Islam until today. This myth is rooted in the sources of Shīʿism, which seem close to Manichaeism.

Factors Affecting the Demographic Compositional Change of Transoxiana in the Early Islamic Centuries

Despite the frequent attacks of Nomad tribes of the northern plains, the demographic composition of Transoxiana had remained Iranian in ancient era; nevertheless, after Muslim Arabs prevalence until the Mongol invasion, the demographic composition of this area completely changed under the influence of different factors. In addition to identifying the demographic composition of Transoxiana in the first Islamic centuries, this study is intended to introduce the factors affecting the transformation of the demographic change of this area. This study shows that in the Early Islamic centuries, the political structure and ethnic-racial of Transoxiana changed under the influence of different factors as Arab Conquests, Geographical Location of Transoxiana, Refuge of the opponents of caliphs, Commerce, Ghaza, The Religious Importance and Prosperity of Scientific Schools, Political Centralization in the Region by the Samanids, conversion of Turk Nomads to Islam, Migration of Turk Tribes to the region and Migration of that Inhabitants.

The US and Russian Battlefield Maneuvers in the 21st Century of Islam and Muslims in the Australian Press

This study makes the point that the 21st century is practicing non-kinetic warfare and nations vulnerable to it must overcome their weaknesses or be ready to get consumed. The world at large has witnessed a shift in the co-existence of relations among nations. Traditionally, an ally or the foe had a decisive place in the phenomenon of cooperation and competition, respectively. Realist tendencies and strategies to outcast the strengths of one’s enemy were straightforwardly applied. Military means including framing alliances were applied to squeeze the very possibility of response mechanism vested in the enemy’s defense lines. Contrary to this, those who fall in the vicinity of friendship orally, were to the best helped and taken along. This crafted the era of kineticism, where political affiliations with all its strengths and weaknesses were open and nations have clear manifestation to opt for the best side. This had been the case from First to Third Generations of warfare. Somehow, the Fourth Generation of warfare has faded away from the very distinction between an ally and foe. The discourse of ‘national interest’ in the 21st century has fed anxiety and distrust among nations. This study, therefore, is deductive in nature and has used the above analogy as a theoretical premise to decode the hypothetical assumption that there exists a context of non-kinetic warfare and both the US and Russia have entered into ‘maneuvered battlefield’. Secondary data with authors’ own reflections being a student of international politics has driven the analysis and findings.