Centrifugal Gradient Research Articles

Dynamic capture behavior of rotating matrix to paramagnetic particles in centrifugal HGMS process: Based on FEM

Centrifugal high gradient magnetic separation (CHGMS) was developed to produce a high-quality magnetic product from weakly magnetic materials. In this research, the dynamic behavior of particles in the CHGMS process and the magnetic capture of rotating wires to paramagnetic particles were analyzed through Finite Element Method (FEM). It was found that particles move spirally with slurry in the separation area of the separator, due to the stirring of magnetic wires, and the motion traces of paramagnetic particles are more tortuous and complicated than those of non-magnetic particles. The capture capacity of elliptical wire to paramagnetic particles is stronger than that of circular wire, but is weaker than that of square one. The distance from rotating wires to the center of matrix significantly influences the mass weight of paramagnetic particles captured onto the wires, and there is a clear interaction between wire layers during the capture process of rotating matrix.

Combinatorial optimization of rotating matrix in centrifugal high gradient magnetic separation

Centrifugal high gradient magnetic separation (CHGMS) produces higher selectivity than conventional HGMS in concentrating weakly magnetic minerals owing to the use of rotating matrix, so its separation performance is closely related to the configuration of the matrix. In this work, the magnetic capture characteristics of the rotating matrices with different configurations to magnetic particles were described using a simulation model, and a combinative rotating matrix was proposed on the basis of the simulation results. The CHGMS performances of the combinative and conventional rotating matrices were then comparatively investigated for the separation of a fine ilmenite ore. From the simulation results, the increase in the spacing between magnetic wires and wire diameter decreases the mass weight of magnetic particles captured onto the internal wires of rotating matrix, improving its capture selectivity; whereas, the increase in the layer spacing of magnetic wires increases their capture mass weight, enhancing the capture capability of the matrix. For comparison, the combinative matrix achieves significantly superior performance to that of the conventional one for separating fine ilmenite, which is consistent with the simulation results. This investigation provides an important reference for the optimization and development of rotating matrix in CHGMS technology.

The Age–Stiffness Relationships of Elastic and Muscular Arteries in a Control Population and in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

Arterial dysfunction is major risk factor for cardiovascular complications, and arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor in end-stage renal disease patients. As the distance from the heart increases, arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) becomes progressively more marked. This generates a centrifugal stiffness gradient, which leads to partial, continuous local wave reflections, which in turn attenuate the transmission of pulsatile pressure into the microcirculation, thus limiting the potentially deleterious outcomes both upstream (on the heart: left-ventricular hypertrophy and coronary perfusion) and downstream (on the renal and cerebral microcirculation: reduced glomerular filtration and impaired cognitive functions). The impact of arterial aging is greater on the aorta and central capacitive arteries, and it is characterized by a loss or reversal of the physiological stiffness gradient between central and peripheral arteries. Recently, however, in contrast to observations on the aorta, several studies have shown less pronounced, absent, or even negative associations between muscular peripheral arteries and age–stiffness relationships, which may be associated with a decrease in or reversal of the stiffness gradient. These findings point to a potential benefit of assessing the muscular peripheral arteries to predict the risk of cardiovascular disease and suggest that reversal of the stiffness gradient may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality.

Rotating flow characteristics in centrifugal high gradient magnetic separation and its effect on particle capture behavior

Centrifugal high gradient magnetic separation (CHGMS) concentrates weakly magnetic minerals at high selectivity, and the rotating flow in the separating area of the CHGMS separator significantly affects its separation performance. In this work, a simulation model based on finite element method was built up to simulate the rotating flow, and the effects of two most important operating parameters affecting the flow, i.e., matrix rotation speed and feed velocity, on the matrix capture behavior were analyzed through a pilot-scale CHGMS separator in concentrating a fine ilmenite ore. The COMSOL Multiphysics simulation of the rotating flow indicates that the slurry in the separating area forms into a rotating flow as a result of the rotation of matrix, and its flow trace length of unit volume slurry prolongs with increase in the matrix rotation speed and reduces with increase in the feed velocity, thereby affecting the collision probability of matrix to particles. It was found that the slurry velocities on the upstream and downstream of magnetic wire in the matrix are significantly higher than those on the right and left sides. There is a large radial velocity gradient in the separating area, which produces a fluid shearing stress to particles in the slurry, thus improves the loosing state of particles and the capture selectivity of matrix; this velocity gradient increases with increase in the matrix rotation speed and decreases with increase in the feed velocity. The capture experiments of matrix to ilmenite particles indicate that the increased matrix rotation speed has a more significant effect on the capture behavior than that of the feed velocity, and these results are basically consistent with those of simulations. This investigation provides an important reference for the optimum development and application of CHGMS technology.

Particle Motion Characteristics in W-Shaped Hydrocyclones

To investigate the multiphase flow characteristics and improve the classification mechanism of a W-shaped hydrocyclone, this paper adopts the numerical simulation method to evaluate the effects of the particle size and density on the separation characteristics and motion behavior of particles. Forces, such as the centrifugal inertia force, pressure gradient force and fluid drag force, which control particle motion, are analyzed, and the classification mechanism of W-shaped hydrocyclones is examined in terms of the particle distribution and separation efficiency. The results indicate that the radial centrifugal inertia and pressure gradient forces in W-shaped hydrocyclones are hundreds of times the gravity force, which is the main driver of radial motion. Particle density and size changes greatly impact the movement and distribution of coarse particles, but no notable change occurs in fine particles. With increasing particle density, the cut size decreases, and the fractionation accuracy increases.

Time dependence of advection-dominated accretion flow around a rotating compact object

ABSTRACT Time evolution of advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) around a rotating compact object is presented. The time-dependent equations of fluid including the Coriolis force along with the centrifugal and pressure gradient forces are derived. In this research, it is assumed that angular momentum transport is due to viscous turbulence and the α-prescription is used for the kinematic coefficient of viscosity. Moreover, the general relativistic effects are neglected. In order to solve the equations, we have used a self-similar solution. The solutions show that the behaviour of the physical quantities in a dynamical ADAF is different from that for a steady accretion flow. Our results indicate that the physical quantities are dependent of rotation parameter which is defined as the ratio of the intrinsic angular velocity of the central body to the angular velocity of disc. Also, the effect of rotation parameter on these quantities is different for co and counter-rotating flows. The solution shows that by increasing the rotation parameter a, inflow–outflow region approaches the central object for co-rotating flow and moves outwards for counter-rotating flow. We find that when flow is fully advection dominated (f → 1), the entire gas has positive Bernoulli function. Also, we suggest that the Bernoulli function becomes more positive when the effect of rotation on the structure of disc decreases.

Reappraisal of the anatomical spreading and propagation hypothesis about TDP‐43 aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Neuronal inclusion of transactivation response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) is known to be a pathologic hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). TDP-43, which is physiologically a nuclear protein, is mislocalized from the nucleus and aggregated within the cytoplasm of affected neurons in ALS and FTLD patients. Neuropathologic or experimental studies have addressed mechanisms underlying spreading of TDP-43 inclusions in the central nervous system of ALS and FTLD patients. On the basis of postmortem observations, it is hypothesized that TDP-43 inclusions spread along the neural projections. A centrifugal gradient of TDP-43 pathology in certain anatomical systems and axonal or synaptic aggregation of TDP-43 may support the hypothesis. Experimental studies have revealed cell-to-cell propagation of aggregated or truncated TDP-43, which indicates a direct transmission of TDP-43 inclusions to contiguous cells. However, discrepancies remain between the cell-to-cell propagation suggested in the experimental models and the anatomical spreading of TDP-43 aggregations based on postmortem observations. Trans-synaptic transmission, rather than the direct cell-to-cell transmission, may be consistent with the anatomical spreading of TDP-43 aggregations, but cellular mechanisms of trans-synaptic transmission of aggregated proteins remain to be elucidated. Moreover, the spreading of TDP-43 inclusions varies among patients and genetic backgrounds, which indicates host-dependent factors for spreading of TDP-43 aggregations. Perturbation of cellular TDP-43 clearance may be a possible factor modifying the aggregation and spreading. This review discusses postmortem and experimental evidence that address mechanisms of spreading of TDP-43 pathology in the central nervous system of ALS and FTLD patients.

Highly selective capture characteristics of magnetic wires in CHGMS method

Centrifugal high gradient magnetic separation (CHGMS) concentrates fine weakly magnetic minerals at a high selectivity, which was achieved through a magnetic matrix dynamically rotating in a magnetic field. In this work, the highly selectivity capture mechanisms of magnetic wires rotating in uniform and alternating magnetic fields were comparatively described, including their magnetic field distributions and the magnetic forces required for the capture of the wires to magnetic particles. The capture mechanism was experimentally verified with a primary ilmenite concentrate assaying 13.04% TiO2, which was produced from pulsating HGMS process. It was found that the dynamically rotating wire was able to achieve significantly improved capture selectivity, in comparison with the static (quasi-static) one; for instance, when the rotation speed of the 3.0 mm wire was increased from 15 (quasi-static) to 120 rpm (dynamic) in the uniform magnetic field, the grade of captured ilmenite particles was significantly improved from 15.98% to 23.86% TiO2. In addition, the capture characteristics of rotating wire was related to the build-up pattern of centrifugal high gradient magnetic field; for instance, when the 3.0 mm wire rotated at 120 rpm and 40 mm radius, the wire in the alternating magnetic field produced a magnetic product with a high TiO2 grade of 29.86% at the expense of slightly reduced capture mass weight, and this grade was significantly superior to that (23.72% TiO2) produced from the uniform magnetic field. The conclusions from this investigation would provide valuable foundations for the development and application of CHGMS method.

Comparative magnetic capture characteristics of revolving and spinning wires in uniform magnetic field

Centrifugal high gradient magnetic separation (CHGMS) operates through a rotating matrix in a magnetic field, so that its separation performance is closely related to the coupling of magnetic field and rotating magnetic wires of the matrix. In this work, the capture characteristics of magnetic wires rotating at two different patterns, i.e., revolving around the center of separating cylinder and spinning around the axis of wire in a given uniform magnetic field, were comparatively described; and using a capture set-up, they were experimentally verified by their actual magnetic capture to ilmenite particles from a primary ilmenite concentrate assaying 13.04% TiO2. It was found that the centrifugal force and hydrodynamic drag acting onto the particles of the spinning wire, as well as the required magnetic force to the particles for effective magnetic capture, is much smaller than that of the revolving wire. According to the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation, there is a large velocity gradient between the slurry around the rotating wire and the separating cylinder, producing a fluid shearing stress to particles in the slurry and thus improving the loose state of the slurry around the wire; in addition, the effect of wire spinning on the motion trajectories of particles is much weaker than that of the revolving one. The capture experiments indicated that the rotating pattern of wire has a significant effect on the capture characteristics; specifically, the spinning wire obtained a much higher mass weight for ilmenite particles but a similar capture selectivity, in comparison with the revolving wire. For instance, when the rotation of 6 mm diameter wire was transformed from revolution to spinning at the same rotation speed of 120 r/min, the mass weight of ilmenite particles captured onto the wire was significantly increased from 1.1 g/cm to 2.0 g/cm, while their TiO2 grades reached 27.12% and 26.25%, respectively. It was concluded that the high capture selectivity of the rotating wire to ilmenite particles is primarily attributed to the effect of loosing particles in the fluid, as it facilitates the release of non-magnetic particles from the magnetic deposits captured on the wire surface. This investigation provides a valuable reference for the determination of matrix rotation pattern in the development of CHGMS technology.

Numerical 3D simulation of developing turbulent stratified gas-liquid flow in curved pipes consisting of entrained particles through this type of flow

Predicting multiphase flows in curved pipes is of great importance in industrial equipment. In the present study, a computational model for predicting the velocity profile is developed and used to study the developing turbulent gas-liquid- solid three dimension flow in curved pipes. In order to discretize and solve the three-dimensional steady-state momentum equations, the finite volume scheme on staggered grids besides central difference and QUICK scheme have been used. Moreover, the k-e model is employed to reflect the nature of turbulence in the flow. In order to address the needs for sooner convergence and convenient mapping of the physical domain, the computations have been performed in an extended toroidal coordinate system. Particle tracking has been done using Lagrangian approach in which two-way coupling regime is considered. In terms of validation, the numerical simulation results for the straight duct (infinite curvature), have been compared with the analytical solution and previous experimental results. Moreover, injection of particles through the flow indicates that, in each section of the bend, trade-off between centrifugal and pressure gradient forces plays a key role on particles motion. In last section, the effects of particle diameter and bend curvature on particle motion have been examined.

Contact Pressure Algorithm of Multi-Layer Interference Fit Considering Centrifugal Force and Temperature Gradient

In order to optimize the algorithm on contact pressure and interference magnitude of multi-layer interference cylinders, the effects of centrifugal force and temperature gradient on the performance of multi-layer interference cylinders are considered. The mathematical matrix model of contact pressure and interference magnitude of multi-layer interference cylinder is constructed under centrifugal force and temperature gradient. Four kinds of interference cylinder models are established, and the numerical solutions using finite element methods are compared with the analytical solutions. The results show that the contact pressure of each contact surface of multi-layer interference cylinder decreases with speed increase; the slip rate of contact pressure increases with speed increase; the maximum radial displacement of an interference cylinder under centrifugal force occurs at the outermost layer. The contact pressure of a multi-layer interference cylinder decreases linearly with the increase of temperature gradient. The analytical solution is basically consistent with the numerical solution, and the maximum relative error of midpoint is 11.62% and −7.69% under two factors. It means that the algorithm can provide a theoretical guide for the design of a multi-layer interference cylinder considering centrifugal force and temperature gradient.

A method of rotating accelerometer gravity gradiometer for centrifugal gradient detection

This paper proposed a centrifugal gradient detection method of rotating accelerometer gravity gradiometer (RAGG) and deduced the relationship between centrifugal gradient detection precision and gyro noise coefficients. Based on the deduced relationship, suitable gyros can be selected as angular velocity sensors for centrifugal gradient detection. A simulation experiment was designed to verify the centrifugal gradient detection method and the deduced relationship. In the experiment, the permitted centrifugal gradient error was given, the gyro critical noise coefficients were calculated, and their corresponding gyro simulation data was generated; based on the proposed centrifugal gradient detection method, centrifugal gradient and centrifugal gradient detection error were calculated. The experiment results show that the centrifugal gradient and the centrifugal gradient error are respectively consistent with the theoretical centrifugal gradient and the given permitted centrifugal gradient error; therefore, the results suggest that the centrifugal gradient detection method and the deduced relationship is correct.

Calibration of a rotating accelerometer gravity gradiometer using centrifugal gradients.

The purpose of this study is to calibrate scale factors and equivalent zero biases of a rotating accelerometer gravity gradiometer (RAGG). We calibrate scale factors by determining the relationship between the centrifugal gradient excitation and RAGG response. Compared with calibration by changing the gravitational gradient excitation, this method does not need test masses and is easier to implement. The equivalent zero biases are superpositions of self-gradients and the intrinsic zero biases of the RAGG. A self-gradient is the gravitational gradient produced by surrounding masses, and it correlates well with the RAGG attitude angle. We propose a self-gradient model that includes self-gradients and the intrinsic zero biases of the RAGG. The self-gradient model is a function of the RAGG attitude, and it includes parameters related to surrounding masses. The calibration of equivalent zero biases determines the parameters of the self-gradient model. We provide detailed procedures and mathematical formulations for calibrating scale factors and parameters in the self-gradient model. A RAGG physical simulation system substitutes for the actual RAGG in the calibration and validation experiments. Four point masses simulate four types of surrounding masses producing self-gradients. Validation experiments show that the self-gradients predicted by the self-gradient model are consistent with those from the outputs of the RAGG physical simulation system, suggesting that the presented calibration method is valid.

Understanding the separation of particles in a hydrocyclone by force analysis

The multiphase flow in a hydrocyclone is studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The Reynolds stress model (RSM) is used to describe the turbulent characteristics of the gas-liquid flow. The motions of particles are simulated by the Lagrangian particle tracking model (LPT). By the numerical simulation, the forces on particles are obtained and their spatial and statistical distributions are analyzed. The separation mechanisms of different sized particles are proposed based on the analysis. The results show that for small particles the main force is the fluid drag force. As the particle size increases, the fluid drag force decreases exponentially, while the effects of the centrifugal force and pressure gradient force are enhanced. The fluid drag forces in the axial and tangential directions are both rather random, while with the increase of particle size the randomness of the radial force gradually decreases. The particle motion is governed by the inward pressure gradient force, the outward centrifugal force and the fluid drag force with strong randomness. For different sized particles, the value of the outward centrifugal force is essentially about 2.5 times of the inward pressure gradient force, so that large particles get into the downstream and are collected in the spigot. As particle size decreases, the magnitude of the fluid drag force increases. In addition, the direction of the fluid drag force becomes more random, though it is generally inward. Under the inward drag force, a portion of particles are pushed to the central axis and escape through upstream. When the particle size is smaller than a certain value, the fluid drag force is significantly greater than the centrifugal force and pressure gradient force. In such case, the movements of particles are largely random, and the particles in different directions are uniformly distributed.

Relationships Between Morphologic and Functional Patterns in the Polymicrogyric Cortex.

Polymicrogyria is a malformation of cortical folding and layering underlying different cognitive and neurological manifestations. The polymicrogyric cortex has heterogeneous morphofunctional patterns, qualitatively described at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by variable severity gradients and functional activations. We investigated the link between abnormal cortical folding and cortical function in order to improve surgical planning for patients with polymicrogyria and intractable epilepsy. We performed structural and functional MRI on 14 patients with perisylvian polymicrogyria and adopted surface-based methods to detect alterations of cortical thickness (CT) and local gyrification index (LGI) compared with normal cortex (30 age-matched subjects). We quantitatively assessed the grade of anatomic disruption of the polymicrogyric cortex and defined its relationship with decreased cortical function. We observed a good matching between visual analysis and morphometric measurements. CT maps revealed sparse clusters of thickening, while LGI maps disclosed circumscribed regions of maximal alteration with a uniformly decreasing centrifugal gradient. In polymicrogyric areas in which gyral and sulcal patterns were preserved, functional activation maintained the expected location, but was reduced in extent. Morphofunctional correlations, evaluated along cortico-cortical paths between maximum morphologic alterations and significant activations, identified an interindividual threshold for LGI (z-value = -1.09) beyond which functional activations were no longer identifiable.

Valsalva maneuver in phlebologic practice.

Forced expiration against an airway obstruction was originally described as a method for inflating the Eustachian tubes and is accredited to Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666-1723). The Valsalva maneuver is commonly applied for different diagnostic purposes. Its use for phlebologic diagnosis is the object this review. Venous reflux is the most frequent pathophysiologic mechanism in chronic venous disease. Reflux is easily visualized by duplex ultrasound when properly elicited, in standing position. A simple way to elicit reflux is the so-called "compression-release maneuver": by emptying the muscle reservoir, it determines a centrifugal gradient, dependent on hydrostatic pressure, creating an aspiration system from the superficial to the deep system. The same results are obtained with dynamics tests activating calf muscles. The Valsalva maneuver elicits reflux by a different mechanism, increasing the downstream pressure and, thus, highlighting any connection between the source of reflux and the refluxing vessel. The Valsalva maneuver is typically used to investigate the saphenofemoral junction. When the maneuver is performed correctly, it is very useful to analyse several conditions and different hemodynamic behaviours of the valvular system at the saphenofemoral junction. Negative Valsalva maneuver always indicates valvular competence at the saphenofemoral junction. Reverse flow lasting during the whole strain (positive Valsalva maneuver) indicates incompetence or absence of proximal valves. Coupling Valsalva maneuver to compression-release maneuver, with the sample volume in different saphenofemoral junction sections, may reveal different hemodynamic situations at the saphenofemoral junction, which can be analysed in detail.

River bulge evolution and dynamics in a non-tidal sea – Daugava River plume in the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea

Abstract. Satellite remote sensing imagery and numerical modelling were used for the study of river bulge evolution and dynamics in a non-tidal sea, the Gulf of Riga (GoR) in the Baltic Sea. Total suspended matter (TSM) images showed a clearly formed anti-cyclonically rotating river bulge from Daugava River discharge during the studied low wind period. In about 7–8 days the bulge grew up to 20 km in diameter, before being diluted. A high-resolution (horizontal grid step of 125 m) General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM) was used for detailed description of the development of the river plume in the southern GoR over the period when satellite images were acquired. In the model simulation, the bulge growth rate was estimated as rb ∼ t0.5 ± 0.04 (R2 = 0.90). Both the model simulation and the satellite images showed that river water was mainly contained in the bulge and there were numerous intrusions at the outer perimeter of the bulge. We performed numerical sensitivity tests with actual bathymetry and measured river runoff without wind forcing (1) having an initial three-dimensional density distribution, and (2) using initially a homogeneous ambient density field. In the first case, the anti-cyclonic bulge did not develop within the course of the model simulation and the coastal current was kept offshore due to ambient density-driven circulation. In the second case, the river plume developed steadily into an anti-cyclonically recirculating bulge, with rb ∼ t0.28 ± 0.01 (R2 = 0.98), and a coastal current. Additional simulations with constant cross-shore and alongshore winds showed a significant effect of the wind in the evolution of the river bulge, even if the wind speed was moderate (3–4 m s−1). While previous studies conclude that the mid-field bulge region is governed by a balance between centrifugal, Coriolis and pressure gradient terms, our study showed that geostrophic balance is valid for the entire mid-field of the bulge, except during the 1–1.5 rotation period at the beginning of the bulge formation. In addition, while there is discharge into the homogenous GoR in the case of a high inflow Rossby number, the river inflow might split into two jets, with strong mixing zone in-between, in the plume near-field region.

Numerical study of junction-angle effects on flow pattern in a river confluence located in a river bend

The effect of main channel curvature on the flow pattern in river junctions is a complex and important issue. The 3-dimensional flow pattern in a river bend with a lateral or tributary channel is not only affected by the centrifugal force and pressure gradient but is also affected by the tributary channel’s momentum. Understanding this phenomenon requires extensive research: in this study the effect of 4 tributary junction angles, placed at a 45° angle from the beginning of the bend, is studied using SSIIM1 software. The effect of the junction angle on the vertical and transverse velocity profile, water level changes in the main channel, bed shear-stress distribution and secondary flow strength were evaluated. The results showed that by increasing the junction angle from 30° to 115° the streamwise velocity in the vicinity of the centre line and the inner wall of the bend increases. Increasing the junction angle also increases the separation zone dimensions, maximum bed shear stress, difference between the upstream and downstream water level in the junction and the secondary flow strength. Keywords: flow pattern, junction angle, 180 degree bend, SSIIM1 numerical model

Purification of vandaterosides from Vanda teres (Orchidaceae) by stepwise gradient centrifugal partition chromatography.

Vandaterosides are polar glucosyloxybenzyl eucomate derivatives found in Vanda teres (Orchidaceae), which display biological activities that slow the skin ageing process. In order to obtain larger quantities to allow us to go further in the bioassays, the hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts (leaves and stems) of V. teres were fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography, combining isocratic, gradient, and dual elution modes. The first fractionation was performed on the extract maintained in the stationary phase as water saturated in butanol, while increasing the polarity of the mobile phase by changing the proportions of ethyl acetate/1-butanol/water, in order to obtain two enriched fractions. Vandateroside I was then purified by isocratic mode with ethyl acetate/ethanol/water (46:14:40), while vandateroside II was obtained by combining isocratic elution with ethyl acetate/isopropanol/water (30:20:50) followed by a multiple dual mode with ethyl acetate/ethanol/water (46:14:40). In this manner, hundreds of milligrams of vandateroside I and II were recovered from 10 g of V. teres extract.

Could the Extended Phenotype Extend to the Cellular and Subcellular Levels in Insect-Induced Galls?

Neo-ontogenesis of plant galls involves redifferentiation of host plant tissues to express new phenotypes, when new cell properties are established via structural-functional remodeling. Herein, Psidium cattleianum leaves and Nothotrioza cattleiani galls are analyzed by developmental anatomy, cytometry and immunocytochemistry of cell walls. We address hypothesis-driven questions concerning the organogenesis of globoid galls in the association of P. cattleianum - N. cattleianum, and P. myrtoides - N. myrtoidis. These double co-generic systems represent good models for comparing final gall shapes and cell lineages functionalities under the perspective of convergent plant-dependent or divergent insect-induced characteristics. Gall induction, and growth and development are similar in both galls, but homologous cell lineages exhibit divergent degrees of cell hypertrophy and directions of elongation. Median cortical cells in P. cattleianum galls hypertrophy the most, while in P. myrtoides galls there is a centrifugal gradient of cell hypertrophy. Cortical cells in P. cattleianum galls tend to anisotropy, while P. myrtoidis galls have isotropically hypertrophied cells. Immunocytochemistry evidences the chemical identity and functional traits of cell lineages: epidermal cells walls have homogalacturonans (HGAs) and galactans, which confer rigidity to sites of enhanced cell division; oil gland cell walls have arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) that help avoiding cell death; and parenchyma cell walls have HGAs, galactans and arabinans, which confer porosity. Variations in such chemical identities are related to specific sites of hypertrophy. Even though the double co-generic models have the same macroscopic phenotype, the globoid morphotype, current analyses indicate that the extended phenotype of N. cattleiani is substantiated by cellular and subcellular specificities.