Centratherum Anthelminticum Research Articles

Pharmacological evaluation & phytochemical screening of seed extracts of kaliziri (Centratherum anthelminticum)

The biologically active part of medicinal plants is usually used for therapeutic treatments or as a precursor in pharmacology. Aqueous, chloroform, ethanol, methanol and Hexane were used as a solvent to extract the essential oils of kaliziri (Centratherum anthelminticum). Antimicrobial actity of the extracts were checked against four gram positive (Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. safensis, Staphylococcus sp.) and 8 gram negative bacterial strains (Aeromonas sp., Pasteurella sp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Proteus sp., Pseudosomonas sp., P. aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi) by agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening was also performed. Results showed that highest (30 mm2) microbial zone of inhibition (MZI) observed in the extract of chloroform with Aeromonas sp. This followed by four strains, i.e., Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, Proteus sp. and Salmonella typhi showed 28, 27, 25 and 24 mm2 MZI, respectively except water extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all solvent extracts varied with different bacterial strains. The range of MIC was 50 mg/mL to 500 mg/mL, where highest 500 mg/mL MIC of all extracts observed against Pseudosomonas sp. followed by 100-500 mg/mL MIC against Salmonella typhi. Presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, phenol, tannin, terpenoids and saponins confirmed by qualitative analysis. High solubility of tannins and terpenoids in chloroform demonstrated the effectiveness of metabolites against bacterial strains

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using centratherum anthelminticum Extract against Breast Cancer Cells.

According to an international survey, the cancer occurrence in the breast is the foremost in women. Surgery and chemotherapy remain the definitive treatment for the breast cancer. The bio-green methods of synthesizing silver nanoparticles are cost-effective and eco-friendly when parallel to physical and chemical methods. In addition, they effectively control pathogenic microorganisms. Former research studies reveal that kalijiri a common name for Centratherum anthelminticum is used as a traditional medicine for various ailments including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antidiabetic and anticancer. Our present research study focal points on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous seed extract of Centratherum anthelminticum and the evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. An aqueous extract of seeds from Centratherum anthelminticum was prepared by boiling it with distilled water. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized from the seeds of Centratherum anthelminticum and characterized by various methods such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, Transmission electron microscopy, DLS and X-ray diffraction to confirm the formation of nanoparticles. The cytotoxic analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells was tested with the synthesized silver nanoparticles complex. The observed result was IC50 of 35.06±1.2 and it was not shown any toxicity to the non-cancerous cell line. In a nutshell, the synthesized silver nanoparticles from the seeds of Centratherum anthelminticum may be used for the treatment of breast cancer. Further studies are warranted to furnish the mechanism of action.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Antidiabetic Tablet

About 60% of people use traditional medicines that are made from medicinal plants. This article focuses on Indian herbal medicines and plants that are utilized, particularly in India, to treat diabetes. Diabetes is a serious illness that affects many people worldwide from all areas of life. It is proven to be a serious health issue in India, particularly in the cities. Although there are many ways to lessen diabetes' negative effects and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred because they have fewer side effects and are less expensive. A list of medicinal plants having established antidiabetic properties, as well as herbal medications used to treat diabetes, is compiled. These includes, Tinospora cordifolia, Azadirachta indica, Enicostemma axillare, Momordica Charantia, Phyllanthus emblica, Centratherum anthelminticum. Damage caused by free radicals is one of the etiologic factors linked to the onset of diabetes and its complications, so an anti-diabetic drug having antioxidant qualities would be more advantageous. Historically, substances and extracts obtained from various natural resources, particularly plants, have been a valuable tool for managing and treating diabetes-related issues and complications. Therefore, this review aids the reader in understanding the significance of various herbal and polyherbal formulations that have been used traditionally to treat diabetes mellitus.

Anti-filarial efficacy of Centratherum anthelminticum: unravelling the underlying mechanisms through biochemical, HRAMS proteomics and MD simulation approaches.

Traditionally, Centratherum anthelminticum (CA) has been reported to be a potent anti-filarial, however no reports are available detailing its mechanism of action against filarial parasites. In this study, we have evaluated the anti-filarial activity of CA against lymphatic filarial parasites Setaria cervi using ex vivo biochemical, proteomics and in silico approaches. The motility and viability of the parasites decreased significantly after treatment with CA concentrations of ≥125 μg mL-1. An increase in lipid peroxidation (51.92%), protein carbonylation (48.99%), NADPH oxidase (88.88%) activity and decrease in the glutathione (GSH) (-39.23%), glutathione reductase (GR) (-60.17%), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) (-50.48%) activity was also observed after CA treatment. The proteomics analysis was performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (HRAMS). In total, 185 proteins were differentially expressed (DEPs) following CA treatment. The major DEPs were mostly involved in tRNA processing, biosynthetic processes, metabolic activities, protein transport, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, protein translation, and stress response. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of CA extract revealed the presence of 40 bioactive compounds. Further the docking analysis showed 10 CA bioactive compounds to have high binding affinity towards antioxidant proteins of filarial parasites. Additionally, MD simulation studies showed stable interactions (RMSF ≤ 10 Å) of 3-O-methylquercitin, quinic acid, gentisic acid, and vanillin with filarial antioxidant enzymes/proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first report detailing the molecular mechanism of anti-filarial activity of CA, which can be further evaluated for the development of new anti-filarial formulations.

Investigation of In-Vitro Antidiabetic Study, Antioxidant Activity and Anthelminthic Property of Various Extracts of Bitter Cumin Seeds

Background
 Bitter cumin (Centratherum anthelminticum (L.)) is a significant restorative plant. We examined the phenolic compounds, and antioxidants, hostile to hyperglycemic and anthelmintic properties of bitter cumin extracts in different in vitro models.
 Methods:
 Bitter cumin seeds were extracted with various solvents in their rising request of extremity, which incorporates chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and distilled water. The -amylase test and glucose take-up measure by yeast were used for the assessment of the antidiabetic property. Antioxidant agent actions of bitter cumin extricate were described in different in vitro model frameworks, for example, DPPH Scavenging Effect, Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power, and Metal-Chelating Capacity. Phenolic content was likewise assessed and, in conclusion, the in vitro anthelmintic review was completed by utilizing Phertima posthuma.
 Results:
 The antidiabetic property of the different concentrates of bitter cumin uncovered the best action from the fluid concentrate by α-amylase action with a hindrance worth of 39.2830±0.80725%. While the investigation of glucose take-up by yeast cells was the most noteworthy, the restraint worth of the watery concentrate was the most noteworthy at 49.8100±0.62476%. The different concentrates of bitter cumin in an in-vitro study showed important properties of DPPH Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power and Metal-Chelating Capacity. The outcomes showed an immediate relationship between phenolic correlation substances and cell reinforcement action. The anthelmintic review uncovered that the fluid concentrate from the wide range of various concentrates was having the most incredible in-vitro action, which uncovered that the time required was 3.52±0.158 min for the loss of motility and 2.74±0.247 min for the death of the earthworms.
 Conclusion:
 The exploratory proof obtained in the laboratory model could give a reason for the conventional utilization of this seed as an antidiabetic, cell-protective, and anthelmintic. Our discoveries affirm that the customary restorative cases for this seed in the not-so-distant future certainly have the option to supplant the manufactured medications to which there is an increased occurrence of medication, increased incidence of drug interactions, and drug resistance.

Chemical Characterization and Ameliorating Effect of Centratherum anthelminticum Extract against Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Wistar Rats.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in females is an endocrine pathological condition of reproductive age which is usually caused by insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress. This research was aimed at evaluating the therapeutic effect of the Centratherum anthelminticum seed extract (CA) against PCOS in rodents as it is traditionally used to treat diabetes, inflammation, and gynecological problems. The CA was chemically characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). For the induction of PCOS, a high-fat diet (HFD) was given to all female Wistar rats for nine weeks except the normal control group, which was given a normal chow diet. Estradiol valerate was given to all rats except normal control. After the induction of PCOS, oral metformin (300 mg/kg) was given to the standard group, while CA was orally administered to diseased rats at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg/day for 28 days. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that kaempferol-3-pcoumaroylglucoside was present in the highest amount (146.8 ± 1.8 mg/g) of the extract followed by ferulic acid and malvidin-3-(6-caffeoyl)-glucoside. The in vivo results revealed a marked reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in CA treatment groups. A significant rise was observed in progesterone and follicle stimulating hormone with a decrease in luteinizing hormone in the treatment groups as compared to disease control, which indicated normalization of the estrus cycle. The decrease in insulin resistance was characterized by low serum insulin levels in treatment groups. Treatment with CA also reduced inflammatory markers, such as IL-6 and NF-κB in PCOS rats. NrF2 and oxidative stress markers such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and reduced glutathione were also improved by CA in the ovary of diseased rats. Histopathological examination showed the different developmental stages of normal follicles in CA-treated diseased rats which were indicative of a normal fertile estrous cycle. Overall, the results confirmed the efficacy of CA against PCOS in treating estradiol-HFD-induced PCOS due to its antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant properties.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) Kuntze seed oil in diabetic nephropathy via modulation of Nrf-2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathway

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) approximately constitutes 90% of the reported cases. 30-40% of diabetics eventually develop diabetic nephropathy (DN); accounting for one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Increased glucose autoxidation and non-enzymatic glycation of proteins in diabetic kidneys lead to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in lipid peroxidation and activation of inflammatory mediators which overwhelms the scavenging capacity of the antioxidant defense system (Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1). Centratherum anthelminticum commonly called as kali zeeri (bitter cumin) and its seeds are well known for culinary purposes in Asia (Pakistan). It has reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. The present study has attempted to explore the in-vivo anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential of the C. anthelminticum seed’s fixed oil (FO) and its fractions in high fat-high fructose-streptozotocin (HF-HFr-STZ) induced T2DM rat model.MethodsThe T2DM rat model was developed by giving a high-fat and high-fructose diet followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ 60 mg/kg) on 28th day of the trial. After 72 hours of this injection, rats showing fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels≥230 mg/dL were recruited into six groups. These groups were orally administered distilled water (1 mL/kg), Gliclazide (200 mg/kg), Centratherum anthelminticum seed (FO) and its hexane (HF), chloroform (CF) and ethanol (EF) soluble fractions (200 mg/kg each), respectively for 4 weeks (i.e. 28 days). Blood, serum, and kidney tissue samples of euthanized animals were used for biochemical, pro-inflammatory, and antioxidant markers (ELISA, qRT-PCR, and spectrophotometric assays) and histology, respectively.ResultsC. anthelminticum FO and its fractions reduced the lipid peroxidation, and improved the antioxidant parameters: enzymatic (SOD, CAT, and GPx), non-enzymatic (GSH), and mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory markers (Nrf-2, keap1, and HO-1). mRNA expression of inflammatory and apoptotic markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-1, NF-κB, Bax, and Bcl-2) were attenuated along with improved kidney architecture.ConclusionC. anthelminticum can mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress in early DN. The anti-nephropathic effect can be attributed to its ability to down-regulate NF-κB and by bringing the Nrf-2 expression levels to near normal.

Value chain analysis of some important medicinal plants in Madhya Pradesh, India

A study was undertaken to document supply and value chain of three important medicinal plants Embelia tsjeriam cottam, Celastrus paniculatus and Centratherum anthelminticum. Value chain analysis (VCA) was done from village level, district, regional to national level covering primary producers (n-144), market traders (n-20) and processors. Supply chains for three species were mapped and value chains covering most activities as produce moved across to industries were covered. The study revealed that the three species were mostly extracted from the wild and of these two species Embelia tsjerian-cottam and Celastrus paniculatus were facing depletion. There is an unfair margin to traders, with producers’ shares ranging between 35-50% which is low. Suggestions have been given to mitigate problems in the marketing channel.

Intercrop mulch affects soil biology and microbial diversity in rainfed transgenic Bt cotton hybrids

Growing live mulch between the wide-row spaced transgenic Bt cotton hybrids is a low-cost option to control weeds compared to the use of plastic mulch. However, nothing is known about their effects on soil biology. Therefore, soil samples were collected from a long-term field study (2014–15 to 2018–19) to investigate the soil biological activities as well as the microbial diversity (soil metagenomic analysis). In general, mulching enhanced soil biological activity and influenced the microbial diversity in Bt-cotton. Mulch of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), desmodium (Desmodium triflorum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and plastic sheet recorded significantly higher soil biological activities such as, basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, and soil enzymes than the other mulch treatments. Aromatic crops (bitter cumin (Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) Kuntze), carom (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) had a significant adverse effect on soil biological activity compared to the farmers' practice (no mulch or intercrop). The rarefaction curves as a measure of alpha diversity indicated higher species richness in plastic and newspaper sheet mulch treatments compared to the intercrop mulch. The soil metagenome data indicated Proteobacteria (28%–36%), Actinobacteria (10%–35%), and Acidobacteria (10%–26%) were highly abundant phyla in the mulch treatments. The phyla, Chloroflexi (4%–5%), Gemmatimonadetes (2%–6%), Planctomycetes (2%–4%), and Bacteroidetes (2%–3%) were recorded at lower frequencies in all mulch treatments. The sunnhemp and newspaper mulch treatments recorded low frequency (0.06%–0.07%) of the fungal phyla, Ascomycota. Compared to the bare soil, mulching positively improves soil biological activity. Furthermore, our study identifies some crops that could be grown as an intercrop with a viewpoint to improve soil biology and provide an alternative to the expensive plastic mulch.

Assessment of Demand and Supply of Some Important Medicinal Plants in Madhya Pradesh

Three important high value medicinal plants of Madhya Pradesh viz., Embelia tsjeriam-cottam, Celastrus paniculatus and Centratherum anthelminticum were selected for demand-supply estimation as the prices of these species had shot tremendously during past five years and not much information was available on this. Demand for these species was estimated by interviewing 191 Ayurvedic and other Indian system of Medicine (ISM) industries about their annual requirements in drug preparations. Supply from forests and other sources was estimated by interviewing traders at each block level where the species occur and quantity of trade district wise. Total demand for Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Baibirang) is 37.79 quintals and supply is 248 quintals in M.P. In the case of Celastrus paniculatus (Malkangni) the demand in the state is for 42.9 quintals and supply 218.5 quintals. Similarly for Centratherum anthelminticum (Vanjeera) also the demand is 213.80 quintals and supply available is 2610 quintals. The state is therefore surplus in these medicinal plants and 89-90% of raw material is reported to be supplied to other states.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Centratherum anthelminticum (L) Kuntze against STZ Induced Diabetic Rats

Objective: To evaluate the Antidiabetic & Antihyperlipidemic effect of Centratherum Anthelminticum (L) Kuntze extract against STZ induced diabetic rats.
 Methods: The present study examined the influence of Centratherum Anthelminticum extract (CASE), on blood glucose level and antioxidant enzymes level in STZ induced diabetic rats. The possible effects of chronic administration of the extract on the fasting serum glucose, insulin, and total cholesterol and triglycerides levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats were also evaluated.
 Results: The extracts showed a marked Antidiabetic & Antihyperlipidemic effect. Centratherum anthelminticum ethanolic seeds extract is capable of exhibiting glycemic control through its inhibitory effect on glycogenolytic enzyme glycogen phosphorylase, gluconeogenic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-bis phosphatase and stimulatory effect on hexokinase, which is the key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway.
 Antihyperlipidemic activity of Centratherum anthelminticum ethanolic seeds extract proved by restoration of altered lipid profile
 Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that the extract of Centratherum anthelminticum possesses strong antidiabetic & antihyperlipidemic activity. This study also describes therapeutic effect of Centratherum anthelminticum in diabetes which will give a new direction for the future scientific research.
 Keywords: Diabetes, Centratherum anthelminticum, Pharmacological, Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic

Study of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Cuminum Cyminum (L.) and Centratherum Anthelminticum (L.) in Mice

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate and compare the analgesic activity of methanolic ex- tracts of seeds of Cuminum Cyminum (L) and Centratherum anthelminticum (L)in mice.
 Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology University of Karachi; 30 healthy mice were selected from animal house of Pharmacology department of University of Karachi for the study. All animals were divided into three groups, each group of 10 mice. Mice of Group 1 were given DMSO (Dimethyl sulphoxide) an organic solvent, mice of group 2 were given Methanolic extract of Cuminum Cyminum (L) and mice of group 3 were given Methanolic extract of Centratherum anthelminticum (L). The analgesic activity was investigated by tail flick test, heat is used to stimulate pain and observe analgesic activity, after a week of oral dosing of Methanolic extracts of seeds of Cuminum Cyminum (L) and Centratherum anthelminticum (L) in mice. Methanolic extracts of Cuminum Cyminum (L) and Centratherum anthelminticum (L) were insoluble in water so Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) i.e. an organic solvent was used in this study (it is used for solutes that are insoluble in water). The methanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminum(L), Centratherum anthelminticum (L) and DMSO (dim- ethyl sulphoxide) were administered orally to three groups of mice for a week and on 7th day of dosing analgesic activity was tested through tail flick test, response is checked after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 minutes of 7th day of dosing.
 Results: The group of mice, which were given Methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminum(L)showed highly significant analgesic activity after 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 minutes of dosing. The group of mice which was given Methanolic extract of Centratherum anthelminticum (L) showed significant analgesic activ- ity after 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 andhighly significant analgesic activity after 240 min. of dosing on 7th day.
 Conclusion: The results indicate that both extracts of Cuminum Cyminum (L) and Centratherum anthelminticum (L)showed analgesic activity. On comparison Cuminum Cyminum (L) have more supe- rior analgesic potential than Centratherum anthelminticum (L).

ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLATILE OILS OF CENTRATHERUM ANTHELMINTICUM AND CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA

Introduction: Centratherum anthelminticum is an ethnomedicinal plant in India and a common ingredient in Ayurvedic formulations. The pharmacological effects of C. anthelminticum ranges from anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial to recently found anti-cancer activity. Citrus aurantifolia (Rutaceae) is mainly used in daily consumption, in many cultural cuisines, and in juice production. It is widely used because of its antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammation, anti-lipidemia, and antioxidant properties. Objective: To isolate and identify the compounds in the essential oils from the seeds of C. anthelminticum Kuntz and peels of C. aurantifolia (Christm.) swingle collected from the Delhi NCR region. Materials and Methods: The essential oils from seeds of C. anthelminticum Kuntz and peels of C. aurantifolia were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatograph and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer. Results: Chemical characterization of the volatile oil and seeds of C. anthelminticum Kuntz showed that the oil is greenish and semi viscous. The major component of the oil was found to be beta-caryophyllene (64.43%), beta-pinene (9.81%), alpha-humulene (4.64%), caryophyllene oxide (2.24%), gamma-elemene (1.73%), limonene (1.48%) and myrecene (0.11%). Whereas the major constituents of volatile oil from peels of C. aurantifolia comprises of twenty nine components viz. sesquiterpne alcohols (20.68%) including Globulol, Hurmularel, 6 - dien - 3 - ol. (-) -Spathulenol, ledol,alpha-bisabolol, - (-) Spathulenol and Sesquíterpene esters (20.68%), caryophyllene, alpha- Farnesene, alpha-Caryophylline, gamma -elemene, gamma-.neoclovene, monoterpene alcohol (13.79%). Conclusion: The present study revealed the chemical composition of essential oils of both the drugs under study which can be used as references in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Evaluation and Comparison of Anti-Epileptic Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Seeds of Cuminum Cyminum L. and Centratherum Anthelminticum L. in Seizure Model

Objective: Evaluation and comparison of anti-epileptic activity of methanolic extracts of seeds of Cuminum cyminum L. and Centratherum anthelminticum L. in strychnine-induced seizure model.
 Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, University of Karachi. After 15 days of dosing, experiment was performed. A total of 40 healthy mice were selected from animal house of the Pharmacology department, University of Karachi, and were equally divided into four groups. Group 01 was on DMSO (dimethyl sulphoxide) organic solvent as control; Group 02 was on methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminum L. (500 mg/kg); Group 03 was on methanolic extract of Centratherum anthelminticum L. (200 mg/kg) and Group 04 was on reference drug diazepam (3 mg/kg). On the day of experiment, after giving doses of DMSO, methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminum L., methanolic extract of Centratherum anthelminticum L. and diazepam, respectively to all groups, strychnine was administered and animals were observed for latency period and duration of Mortality rate was also evaluated.
 Results: Group 02 and 03, receiving methanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminum L. and Centratherum anthelminticum L. showed significant seizure protection as observed by delayed seizure onset (p <0.001) and decreased total duration of convulsions in groups 02 and 03 (p£ 0.01, p£ 0.05) respectively. The mortality rate also decreased significantly (p £ 0.05) in comparison with group 01.
 Conclusion: Anticonvulsant activity of methanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminum L. and Centratherum anthelminticum L. could be due to their antioxidant activity and further enhanced by potentiation of GABAergic and glycinergic activity. Further studies are required to confirm exact mechanism of action.

Larvicidal, pupicidal and oviposition deterrent activities of essential oils from Umbelliferae plants against house fly Musca domestica

Objective: To evaluate the toxicity against house fly Musca domestica L. (M. domestica)-larvicidal, pupicidal, and oviposition deterrent activities of essential oils (EOs) from five plants: Anethum graveolens L. (A. graveolens), Centratherum anthelminticum L. (C. anthelminticum), Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (F. vulgare), Pimpinella anisum L. (P. anisum), and Trachyspermum ammi L. (T. ammi) Sprague. Methods: Dipping, topical and dual-choice assays were performed by using each EO at three concentrations (1%, 5% and 10%) as well as cypermethrin (positive control) and ethyl alcohol (negative control) in order to determine their larvicidal, pupicidal and oviposition deterrent activities against M. domestica mortality rate and morphogenic abnormality of larvae and pupae were recorded after 3 and 10 days of incubation. Oviposition deterrent activity was recorded for 5 consecutive days from the beginning of the assay. Results: All EOs at the highest concentration (10%) were highly effective in oviposition deterrent with 100% effective repellency and an oviposition activity index of -1.00. Ten percent of F. vulgare oil exhibited the highest efficacy against the larvae with 89.6% mortality rate at 3 days and an LC50 value of 5.4%. Ten percent of A. graveolens and T. ammi oils showed the highest efficacy against the pupae with 100% mortality and an LC50 value ranging from 1.81%-2.24%. Conclusions: These results indicate that F. vulgare, A. graveolens and T. ammi EOs are effective larvicidal, pupicidal and oviposition deterrent agents against house fly M. domestica.

Vernodalol mediates antitumor effects in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) remains a challenge to cure due to the side effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy and drug resistance. The present study demonstrated that vernodalol, an active compound isolated from Centratherum anthelminticum, suppresses APL cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase through the upregulation of p21 and cell division cycle 25. In addition, vernodalol induced cellular apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway as observed by the cleavage of caspase-9 as well as the release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO into the cytosol. A mechanistic study revealed that vernodalol may exert its antitumor activity through the suppression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling. In conclusion, vernodalol may be developed as a potential therapeutic compound for the treatment of APL.

HYPOGLYCAEMIC ACTIVITY OF CENTRATHERUM ANTHELMINTICU IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

The Effect of Ethanolic extracts of Centratherum anthelminticum on Diabetic rats Assessment of the antihyperglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats: The animals will be divided into nine groups and each group consisted of six rats. Group 1 as normal control. Group 2 as the diabetic control. Groups 3, 4 and 5 are normally treated with 0.25 g, 0.50 g and 0.75 g/kg BW of CAEt, respectively. Groups 6, 7 and 8 are diabetic rats treated with 0.25 g, 0.50 g, and 0.75 g/kg BW of CAEt, respectively. Group 9 are diabetic rats which received glibenclamide (0.02 g/kg BW) an oral hypoglycemic agent dissolved in distilled water. Normal control and the diabetic control rats are fed distilled water alone. After an overnight fast, the plant extract suspended in distilled water will feed to the rats by gastric intubation using a force feeding needle. Blood samples are collected for the measurement of blood glucose from the tail vein at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after the administration of plant extract and blood glucose levels are determined by Glucose oxidase – peroxidase method. The phytochemical analysis will be carried out in the ethanolic extract by different methods of phytochemical analysis. Keywords: Hypoglycaemia, Diabetes mellitus, Centratherum anthelminticu m The effect of Ethanolic extracts of Centratherum anthelminticum on Diabetic rats Assessment of antihyperglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats: The animals will be divided in to nine groups and each group consisted of six rats. Group 1 as normal control. Group 2 as the diabetic control. Groups 3, 4 and 5 are normal treated with 0.25 g, 0.50 g and 0.75 g/kg bw of CAEt, respectively. Groups 6, 7 and 8 are diabetic rats treated with 0.25 g, 0.50 g and 0.75 g/kg bw of CAEt, respectively. Group 9 are diabetic rats which received glibenclamide (0.02 g/kg bw) an oral hypoglycemic agent dissolved in distilled water. Normal control and the diabetic control rats are fed distilled water alone. After an overnight fast, the plant extract suspended in distilled water will fed to the rats by gastric intubation using a force feeding needle. Blood samples are collected for the measurement of blood glucose from the tail vein at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after the administration of plant extract and blood glucose levels are determined by Glucose oxidase – peroxidase method.Phytochemical analysis will carried out in the ethanolic extract by different methods of phytochemical analysis. Keywords: Hypoglycaemia, Diabetes mellitus, Centratherum anthelminticum

Evaluation of anti-obesity activity of Centratherum anthelminticum in obese rats

Evaluation of anti-obesity activity of Centratherum anthelminticum in obese rats

Evaluation of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of <I>Centratherum anthelminticum</i> Linn. in Experimental Animals

Purpose : The aim of study was to evaluate the scientific basis for the traditional use of Centratherum anthelminticum Linn. seeds in asthma. Design/Methodology : In the present study, methanolic extract of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds was evaluated for preliminary phytochemical study and antiasthmatic activity by Histamine induced preconvulsion dyspnoea (PCD), Mast cell degranulation (MCD) by compound 48/80 and Egg albumin induced asthma at different dose levels. In PCD animals were divided into three groups and % increase in time of PCD was recorded. In MCD, animals were divided into seven groups and % protection of mast cells was measured. In egg albumin induced asthma, animals were divided into five groups. Broncho alveolar fluid was collected and evaluated. Dunnett's t-test and post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Findings : Phytochemical study revealed the presence of flavonoids, proteins, Saponins, tannins, steroids, glycosides and phenols. The results of pharmacological studies showed that the methanolic extract of C.anthelminticum significantly decreased bronchospasm induced by histamine and protected the mass cell degranulation as compared to the control groups. It also significantly decreased the total leukocyte and different WBC count in egg albumin induced asthma. Conclusions : Methanolic extract of C.anthelminticum seeds possess antiasthmatic activity. Antiasthmatic action of C.anthelminticum could be due to its antihistaminic, mast cell stabilizing property and preventive effect on infiltration of inflammatory cells.

English

The present study is the first attempt to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic seeds extract (ESEt) of Centratherum anthelminticum (black cumin) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. The test doses (600 and 800 mg/kg) of same extract were found effective in their respective test groups by improving the body and liver weights, serum alanine and aspartate transaminases, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, total bilirubin, especially indirect bilirubin and uric acid levels as compared to CCl4-induced hepatotoxic control group. In addition, decreased percent inhibitions of antioxidant parameters including catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione accompanied with increased percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation observed in both test groups. Histopathological studies also proved the liver regenerating property of ESEt by showing decrease in fatty deposition, necrosis and inflammation around the central vein of liver lobules. Therefore, the ESEt was found to be hepatoprotective and antioxidative in nature.        Key words: Centratherum anthelminticum, Carbon tetrachloride, Liver function test and antioxidants.