Central Power Plants Research Articles

A Quantitative Analysis of Energy Sharing in Community Microgrids

Traditional power grids generate electricity from fossil fuel or nuclear sources in centralised power plants. The generated electricity is transported over transmission and distribution networks to end users, whose electrical loads consume the electricity. A number of issues—energy losses, environmental costs, and high capital expenses—associated with centralised grids have driven rapid replacement by distributed energy resources (DER) such as solar PV systems, wind generation, and batteries. As DER can generate and store electricity locally, they can power community microgrids (CMs) in which producers, prosumers, and consumers can cooperate to generate, share and consume electricity. Well-designed CMs can effectively replace conventional grids. Such CMs minimise the use of non-renewable resources, creation of waste, pollution, and carbon emissions. In essence, community microgrids incorporate the principles of circularity or circular economy to enable access to electricity while reducing air pollution. In this paper, we provide a quantitative analysis to determine sizing of sources in a CM considering various load and generation scenarios such that a CM can function reliably under various scenarios.

Carbon fractionation and stable carbon isotopic fingerprint of road dusts near coal power plant with emphases on coal-related source apportionment

Road dust from coal utilization is a significant source contributing to the generation of pollutants that can affect the health of people residing within close proximity to roadways. In this study, road dust samples were collected from different directions centered around a coal-fired power plant in Huainan. Black carbon (BC), soot, char, organic carbon (OC) and total carbon (TC), as well as the δ13C of samples, were determined. Compared to the reference locations which were distant from the power plant, the research areas surrounding the power plant were featured by significantly higher OC/BC ratio and TC concentration. The OC/BC showed significant difference in urban vs. rural areas, and at different distances from the central power plant, which implied that the source and spread of carbonaceous species was dominantly affected by wind direction and urban/rural area differences. Surface morphology analysis showed that the road dust was mixed with spherical particles similar to fly ash. High-resolution XPS C1s spectrum revealed the existence of metal carbide, metal carbonate, and CF3 in the road dust samples. The speciation of carbon in road dusts was found correlated with sampling directions and urban functional areas. Based on the δ13C and OC/BC, it could be inferred that coal-related substances might be important sources of road dusts.

Coupling the heating and power sectors: The role of centralised combined heat and power plants and district heat in a European decarbonised power system

This work examines the role of centralised cogeneration plants as one of the potential pathways of a future decarbonised energy system. Even in this context, thermal power plants will still exist and the utilisation of their excess heat via district heating networks can assist the decarbonisation of the built environment. In particular, the potential of existing thermal power plants to operate as combined heat and power (CHP) plants is assessed and their impact on the power system quantified. To do so, the European heat demand for the built environment is described, focused on the heat demand supplied with fossil fuels, and the European power sector is discussed. Then, a power system model (Dispa-SET) is used to evaluate this coupling pathway in terms of operating costs, efficiencies and associated CO2 emissions. The analysis is developed for the current and future European power system. Results show that the conversion of thermal into CHP plants increases the efficiency and reduces both the operating costs and the environmental impact of the energy system. Not only that, it also offers alternative flexibility options when coupled with thermal storage. Still, large investments regarding the deployment of thermal networks are required to leverage the full CHP potential.

A DETAILED EXPLANATION AND SIMULATION OF CONVENTIONAL DROOP CONTROLLER FOR PARALLEL INVERTERS

By increasing the dependence of modern life on Electric equipment and computer systems, power quality and reliability are two essential needs. This need for critical loads such as hospitals, -Telecommunication systems, and information centers is felt more and more. On the other hand, the production of power at the centralized power plants and its transmission face many problems, such as environmental pollution, occupation a lot of ground for transmission lines, and voltage drop Which causes the huge cost of electricity to be consumed. According to these facts, in recent years the necessity for considering other technologies for generating electricity which need less investment with better quality and reliability has been quite tangible. Recent Developments in Small-scale power generation technologies and utilization Renewable Energies such as photo-voltaic as well as innovation-In power electronics, it causes a high tendency among power companies to explore of Distributed Generation Recourses (DGR) in the distribution system and Near to consumers

Опыт организации локальных теплосетей в Новосибирске

<span>Централизованные системы теплоснабжения, которые когда-то по праву считались одним из достижений советской энергетики, сегодня повсеместно испытывают серьезные проблемы. Десятки лет хронического недоремонта, далекие от оптимальных режимы выработки энергии, привели к обвальному падению эффективности работы ТЭЦ. Все чаще в общественно-политическом пространстве раздаются голоса в поддержку децентрализации энергоснабжения крупных городов. В Новосибирске, где 62% теплоэнергии производится, а 68%</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span><span>–</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span><span>транспортируется централизованно</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span><span>–</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span><span>структурами Сибирской генерирующей компании</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span><span>–</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span><span>тоже есть довольно заметные очаги автономного энергоснабжения. Один из них контролируют структуры ПСК «Сибирь»</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span><span>–</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span><span>ООО «Генерация Сибири» (генерация тепло- и электроэнергии) и ООО «Энергосети Сибири» (ее транспорт). В Схеме теплоснабжения г. Новосибирска их объекты выделены в отдельную систему централизованного теплоснабжения (СТЦ-3)</span><span class="myFootnotes _idGenCharOverride-1"><span id="footnote-003-backlink"><a class="_idFootnoteLink _idGenColorInherit" href="file:///Y:/2020_04/HTML/Golovkin.html#footnote-003">1</a></span></span><span>, обеспечивающую 1% суммарной тепловой нагрузки потребителей г. Новосибирска. О том, как создавалась эта система, как сегодня функционирует, с какими проблемами сталкивается, рассказывает директор ООО «Энергосети Сибири».</span>

PERANCANGAN SISTEM POMPA AIR DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN PLTS 20 KWP DESA TIANYAR TENGAH

Implementation of solar power plants in Bali, located in Karangasem Regency, Bali Province. In 2013, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources built a 15 kWp and 20 kWp off grid small scale solar power plants pilot project in Tianyar Village, Kubu District, Karangasem Regency. 20 kWp Central Tianyar solar power plants and 15 kWp West Tianyar currently abandoned unused, Therefore in this study it will be discussed more deeply about 20 kWp solar power plants in Tianyar Village to optimize the use of solar power plants in tianyar village as a source of water pump drive. Designing a Water Pump System Using the 20 kWp solar power plants of Central Tianyar Village has a total Head Losses of 109,519 m, the pump used is 1 LEO 4XRm6 / 20-2.2 water pump with an average head of 110 m. The pipe used is a PVC pipe along the 1640 m with a diameter of 2 Inch. This design also uses 6 Elbow fittings, 90 ° Threaded Regular. The need for drinking and cooking water that is needed by residents of Tianyar Tengah Village Banjar Bukit Lambuh is 38,880 liters / day. This design can lift water needs of 38,400 liters / day or as much as 98.76% or as many as 1279 out of 1296 people who are met the need for clean water for drinking and cooking.

Economic Optimization of Resource Use Based on Smart Grid

There are significant changes in society's approaches to the energy policy development in the modern world. It is observable a transition from the old model of the energy sector maintenance, which was dominated by large producers, inefficient networks, fossil fuels, imperfect competition in the markets of natural gas, coal, electricity - to a new model, which creates a more competitive environment and equalizes opportunities for development and the dominance one of the types energy production or sources of fuel supply. The traditional network is based on centralized power plants that supply electricity to consumers through simple one-way transmission and distribution systems. The bulk of the current electricity generation capacity in Ukraine is generated by fossil fuels, which significantly contributes to the increase of the carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth's atmosphere and has a corresponding negative consequences for the climate. At the same time, modern preferences are given to increasing energy efficiency and the use of energy from renewable and alternative sources. Implementation of adaptation and prevention measures for climate change is also one of the priorities of global energy development. The renewable energy promotion is causing new economic and scientific challenges for Ukraine. However, at the same time it opens new perspectives for the search and implementation of innovative developments in the field of extraction, processing of fossil fuels, energy supply and consumption, which leads to create a new energy policy of the state. The article discusses theoretical and methodological approaches that reveal the benefits of Smart Grid using. It is emphasized that ensuring energy security and environmental sustainability of the energy sector should be based on the use of renewable energy sources. The article analyzes the main factors that can affect the development of Smart Grid technology. Also, the article describes the best experience of the EU countries, which are introducing smart energy systems for the economic optimization of renewable energy sources use.

The use of hydrophobic tubes of the tube bundle for PSG–2300–2–8–I network water heater exemplified by Petrozavodsk central heating and power plant

The use of hydrophobic tubes of the tube bundle for PSG–2300–2–8–I network water heater exemplified by Petrozavodsk central heating and power plant

The energy future of Saudi Arabia

In a recent publication, North European experts argue that “Saudi Arabia can achieve a 100% renewable energy power system by 2040 with a power sector dominated by PV single-axis tracking and battery storage”. They also say “Battery storage contributed up to 30% of the total electricity demand in 2040 and the contribution increases to 48% by 2050”. Based on considerations specific to the geography, climate conditions, and resources of Saudi Arabia, it is explained as batteries and photovoltaic solar panels are not the best choice for the country's energy sector. To cover all the total primary energy supply of Saudi Arabia by solar photovoltaic, plus battery storage to compensate for the sun's energy intermittency, unpredictability, and seasonal variability, is impracticable and inconvenient, for both the economy and the environment. Better environment and economy may be achieved by further valorizing the fossil fuel resources, through the construction of other high-efficiency plants such as the combined cycle gas turbine plants of Qurayyah, development of novel technologies for the production of clean fuels and clean electricity, including oxyfuel combustion and carbon capture and storage. Construction of nuclear power plants may also be more beneficial to the economy and the environment than photovoltaic and batteries. Regarding solar energy, enclosed trough solar thermal power systems developed along the coast have much better perspectives than solar photovoltaic, as embedded thermal energy storage is a better approach than battery storage. Further, a centralized power plant works better than distributed rooftop photovoltaic installations covered by dust and sand, rusted or cracked. Finally, pumped hydro energy storage along the coast may also have better perspectives than battery storage.

A research on the relationship between the structure of nuclear energy and string theory, energy, wormhole

In the 1870s, Europe entered the era of electric revolution. Not only large enterprises, but also small enterprises have adopted new power - electric energy. At first, an engine equipment only supplies lighting power for a house or a street. People call this kind of power station a “household type” power station, which produces very little power.The power plant was originally direct current. Edison, a famous American inventor, started to build the central power plant in 1881. In 1882, two power plants with initial scale were put into operation. In January 1882, the Edison Company of Holland bridge in London began to generate electricity to supply the city cathedral and bridgehead hotel in the west of the post office bridge of the San Marco factory. Later, a water power station appeared on the fintan River in Petersburg, Russia. The power station was built on a barge to provide power for the lighting of Nevsky street. In the early stage of power production and transmission, there was a long and fierce debate about whether it was DC or AC. Edison advocated the use of DC, and people have thought about various ways to expand the scope of DC power supply, so that the power supply situation in small and medium-sized cities has been significantly improved. The use of nuclear energy to produce power plants, also known as nuclear power plants (NPPs). There is a strong binding force between the nuclei (neutrons and protons). When heavy nucleus splits and light nucleus polymerizes, it will release huge energy, which is called nuclear energy.The technology has been relatively mature, forming a scale of operation, but the nuclear power plant that produces electric energy from the nuclear energy released by heavy nuclear fission is analyzed from the point of view of energy conversion, which is a conversion process from heavy nuclear fission nuclear energy to heat energy to mechanical energy to electric energy. Now that we have more advanced nuclear power technology, this paper introduces a new power plant concept and its relationship with microphysics.

Pre-feasibility Study of Condensing Wellhead Generating Unit Utilization in Partially Vapor Dominated System

The development of geothermal fields needs 5-6 years from the first well drilled until the operation of the central power plant. Between the gap years, the wells will be shut in and will be re-opened when the power plant is ready. However, there is an alternative to utilize the wells with Wellhead Generating Unit (WGU), the small power plant which can generate the electricity as soon as the drilled productive wells completed. Then, the objective of this study is to decide the preferable scheme for the installed capacity of WGU with economic consideration. Correspondingly, this study uses two full factorial experimental design with Monte Carlo simulation to calculate and design the condensing turbine. Steam fraction, mass flow rate, turbine inlet pressure, and turbine exhaust pressure are the parameters to be analyzed in the Monte Carlo Simulation. The economic feasibility of the project is based on capital expenditure, decline curve analysis, and electricity price. The result of probability, P10, P50, and P90 of gross power output and Specific Steam Consumption (SSC) are 6.1, 7.9, 9.9 MWe and 1.85, 1.89, 1.93 kg/s/MWe respectively. Based on the economic evaluation, the P10, P50, and P90 of Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV) are 12%, 16%, 21% and 1.1 MUSD, 3.6 MUSD, 6.0 MUSD respectively over 30 years of WGU lifetime. This paper is the first study for designing the WGU combined with an economic study based on the technical evaluation to propose the best option to develop the field.

Optimal Sizing and Design of Isolated Micro-Grid systems

Micro-grid and standalone schemes are emerging as a viable mixed source of electricity due to interconnected costly central power plants and associated faults as well as brownouts and blackouts in additions to costly fuels. Micro-Grid (MG) is gaining very importance to avoid or decrease these problems. The objective of this paper is to design an optimal sizing and energy management scheme of an isolated MG. The MG is suggested to supply load located in El-shorouk Academy, Egypt between 30.119 latitudes and 31.605 longitudes. The components of the MG are selected and designed for achieving minimum Total Investment Cost (TIC) with CO2 emissions limitations. This is accomplished by a search and optimization MATLAB code used with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques. The use of Diesel Generators (DGs) is minimized by limiting the gaseous CO2 emissions as per targeted allowable amount. A comparison is accomplished for investigating the CO2 emissions constraints effects on the TIC in $/year and annual cost of energy in $/kWh. The obtained results verified and demonstrated that the designed MG configuration scheme is able to feed the energy entailed by the suggested load cost effectively and environmental friendly.

Performance Analysis and Optimization of Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plants for Utility Scale Power Generation

The paper puts forth the design, performance analysis, and optimization of a 100 MWe central receiver solar thermal power plant with thermal energy storage capability, which can be utilized effectively to meet the renewable energy targets of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In this paper, three representative sites in KSA are selected for analysis as these sites experience an annual average direct normal irradiance (DNI) of more than 5.5 kWh/m2/day. The optimization approach presented in this work aims to arrive at the best possible design parameters that suit a particular location in accordance with its DNI profile. From the analysis, an annual energy of 559.61 GWh can be generated in Yanbu with eight hours of thermal energy storage, 18.19% plant efficiency, and a capacity factor of 61.1%. The central receiver plant in Abha would be able to offer an annual energy of 536.31 GWh with the highest plant efficiency of 18.97% and a capacity factor of 60.7%. The performance of the proposed design in the two locations of Yanbu and Abha fares better when compared to the operational plant data of central receiver plant in Crescent Dunes. Based on the findings, the proposed 100 MWe central receiver Solar thermal power plants can be effectively implemented in KSA to meet the energy demands of the region.

Techno-economic Analysis of the Olive Oil Mills Waste Valorisation for Energy Production: A Case Study of Corfu

Olive oil production in Greece is undoubtedly linked to its history and tradition.
 However, large quantities of by-products are produced (with the olive oil production)
 which are harmful to the environment. Those environmental problems are a result 
 of the chemical composition of the waste and its high organic load. This intense
 phenomenon has led to the exploration and development of methods and technolog0ies
 for the treatment of olive mill waste. One of the methods used is the biogas production
 through anaerobic digestion and its subsequent disposal for energy production. 
 This method could be particularly appealing to the Greek islands so that there is 
 their energy dependence from the mainland. A typical example is the island of Corfu 
 as the problem of waste from olive oil mills is intense and its energy demands are
 increased. Therefore, energy production via anaerobic digestion could greatly 
 contribute to overcoming the current situation. The purpose of this study is to 
 design a central power plant, which is fed by biogas, produced by the anaerobic 
 digestion of the waste oil mills in Corfu and to present various economic data 
 regarding its construction and operation.

Environmental Impact Evaluation of Distributed Renewable Energy System Based on Life Cycle Assessment and Fuzzy Rough Sets

The distributed renewable energy system, integrating various renewable energy resources, is a significant energy supply technology within energy internet. It is an effective way to meet increasingly growing demand for energy conservation and environmental damage reduction in energy generation and energy utilization. In this paper, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method and fuzzy rough sets (FRS) theory are combined to build an environmental evaluation model for a distributed renewable energy system. The ReCiPe2016 method is selected to calculate the environmental effect scores of the distributed energy system, and the FRS is utilized to identify the crucial activities and exchanges during its life cycle from cradle to grave. The generalized evaluation method is applied to a real-world case study, a typical distributed energy system located in Yanqing District, Beijing, China, which is composed of wind power, small-scale hydropower, photovoltaic, centralized solar thermal power plant and a biogas power plant. The results show that the environmental effect of per kWh power derived from the distributed renewable energy system is 2.06 × 10−3 species disappeared per year, 9.88 × 10−3 disability-adjusted life years, and 1.75 × 10−3 USD loss on fossil resources extraction, and further in the uncertainty analysis, it is found that the environmental load can be reduced effectively and efficiently by improving life span and annual utilization hour of power generation technologies and technology upgrade for wind turbine and photovoltaic plants. The results show that the proposed evaluation method could fast evaluate the environmental effects of a distributed energy system while the uncertainty analysis with FRS successfully and effectively identifies the key element and link among its life span.

Reduction of a district heating model using network decomposition

AbstractIn this contribution we study model order reduction of nonlinear transport networks for district heating systems. In these, heating energy injected at a centralized power plant is transported to consumers. They are modeled by a hyperbolic differential algebraic system with large state space dimension. The network structure introduces sparse system dynamics, which transform to a dense reduced system leading to unacceptable computational costs [1]. To exploit the benefits of sparsity, sub‐parts of the network are reduced separately in a structure preserving way using Galerkin projection [2]. After introducing the dynamical model, we discuss a decomposition strategy which aims at minimizing the number of observables for each subnetwork. We demonstrate its numerical benefits at an existing large scale heating network.

Инвестиционная революция в тепле. Рубцовская модель

<span>Текст основан на выступлении Е. А. Косоговой в рамках круглого стола «Реформирование российской тепло- и электроэнергетики: итоги, текущие проблемы и вызовы», прошедшем 30 мая 2019 г. в Институте экономики и организации промышленного производства СО РАН. ООО «Сибирская генерирующая компания» в 2016–2017 гг. провела комплексную реконструкцию системы теплоснабжения г. Рубцовска (Алтайский край), включая модернизацию магистральных тепловых сетей, генерирующего оборудования Южной тепловой станции. Е. А. Косогова рассказала об особенностях организации и финансирования этого проекта, вскрывшихся в ходе его реализации проблемах и найденных механизмах их разрешения.</span>

Intra-hour energy potential forecasting in a central solar power plant receiver combining Meteosat images and atmospheric extinction

In the search for techniques that control the final energy reaching the receivers of central solar power plants, this work presents a novel combination of several methodologies for establishing a complex and valuable system within the user operating system.To establish the final energy level in the central receiver, the direct normal irradiance (DNI) was predicted at ground level using METEOSAT images combined with a novel system involving two digital cameras that determine atmospheric Extinction in the lower atmospheric layer. The predicted values were used as inputs for a solar plant model (Fiat-Lux) to trace the path of the sunlight according to the mirror features. The flux simulations presented a normalized root-mean square error (nRMSE) below 6% and correlation coefficients (R) above 0.94 when compared to real and predicted values. Therefore, it would be possible to quantify the losses produced in the path between the heliostats and the central receiver by integrating different technologies.

SIMULATION STUDY OF PARABOLIC TROUGH SOLAR POWER PLANTS IN BRAZIL

Various data reveals the potential of concentrated solar technologies for the electricity production. With global growing energy demand and green-house gas emission, concentrating solar power is considered as one of the promising options and has invited wide attention. In this work, a model for a 30 MW parabolic trough solar power plant system was developed for 31 different locations in Brazil, using TRNSYS simulation software, and TESS and STEC libraries. The power system consists of a parabolic trough solar collector loop connected to a power block by a series of heat exchangers. The solar collector loop consists of a field of parabolic trough collectors, stratified thermal storage tank, pump and heat exchangers to drive the power block and uses Therminol VP1 as heat transfer fluid. The results show that the cities of Recife (PE), Fortaleza (CE), Belterra (PA), Salvador (BA) and Petrolina (PE) stand out for their high monthly values of direct normal irradiation and, resulting the highest production of energy by the same configuration of Solar Central Power Plant.

Spray-type packed bed concept for thermal energy storage: Liquid holdup and energy storage characteristics

The performance of a thermal energy storage system strongly influences the overall efficiency of a central solar power plant. Therefore, low-cost and high-efficiency thermal energy storage technologies have attracted considerable attention in recent years. A thermal energy storage concept using a spray-type packed bed is proposed in the present study. In addition, a small-scale semi-transparent spray-type packed bed thermal storage system was set up, using thermal oil as a transfer fluid and spherical particles as the storage media inside the packed bed. An experimental study on the liquid holdup and heat storage characteristics of the proposed spray-type packed bed system was conducted. The results indicate that the total liquid holdup increases as the volume flow rate increases, and the static liquid holdup inside the packed bed shows no relationship with the flow rate or height of the packed bed. Herein, a comparison of the unit cost for different thermal energy storage technologies is presented.