Centralized Heat Supply Systems Research Articles

About expediency of changing the connection diagram of hot water supply units

PURPOSE. The article is devoted to an urgent problem for domestic district heating. A widespread situation is considered when consumers from heat supply systems with a closed connection scheme for hot water supply plants are switched to an open heat supply system from a thermal power plant. METHODS. Study of operating modes of operating heat supply systems was performed. Data collection was carried out using an online system for monitoring and commercial accounting of energy resources. Methodology for calculation of compared mode parameters is proposed. RESULTS. Using the example of the existing heat supply system, it is shown that the effect of the measure to switch subscribers of uneconomical boiler houses to heat sources with combined heat and power generation is leveled by legislative restrictions on the development of open heat supply systems, as well as by the regulatory method for determining heat consumption in hot water supply systems. The main technical and economic indicators were selected for comparative analysis of the operation of the centralized heat supply system in conditions of complete switching of hot water supply plants according to an open circuit and in the presence of a certain number of hot water supply plants with a closed connection scheme. CONCLUSION. The period of inefficient operation of the centralized heat supply system was determined and the amount of annual economic damage was calculated, which made it possible to prove the need to bring all schemes for connecting hot water supply plants in one heat supply system to a single type.

Повышение энергетической эффективности работы тепловых сетей за счет утилизации тепловых потерь

The efficiency of thermal energy transfer, which is inevitably accompanied by heat losses through the insulation of pipelines, directly characterizes heating networks and centralized heat supply systems in general. The most important task in terms of current approaches to energy efficiency is to improve the efficiency of thermal energy transfer in modern heat supply systems. Currently known technical solutions to reduce heat losses through insulation of pipelines reduce heat losses, but not significantly. So, the purpose of this study is to develop a technical solution to reduce (even eliminate) standardized linear heat losses in heat supply networks of industrial enterprises. The authors have used methods of experimental research of heat transfer processes and mathematical modeling of heat and power equipment. A device for recycling heat losses is proposed. It is designed to reduce (even eliminate) normalized linear heat losses in heat supply networks of industrial enterprises. The permissible heat absorption of the device collector is determined, and a method for its regulation is described. An engineering method for calculation of the proposed device has been developed. The effectiveness of application of heat-reflecting screens in heating networks has been determined. A number of problems have been solved to improve the efficiency of heat supply systems of industrial enterprises using a device for recycling heat losses in the heating system channel.

System for monitoring building heat consumption

Relevance. Energy consumption and efficient use of district heating networks affect the environment, society and the economy. Solutions are needed that can significantly reduce specific thermal energy losses. Using a technically and economically feasible way to assess energy efficiency allows these decisions to be made. Currently, assessing the energy efficiency of buildings raises significant questions among specialists. There is not much modern specialized literature in this area. The problem of energy efficiency requires more rigorous attention to urban planning issues. Thus, refined methods for assessing the energy efficiency of buildings make it possible to simultaneously save capital investments and ensure efficient consumption of thermal energy. Aim. To develop a system for assessing the real heat consumption of buildings to ensure optimization of dispatching of centralized heat supply systems in real time. Methods. Computer modeling of the state of heat consumption of buildings with various characteristics and schemes for their connection to centralized heat supply networks; methods of geographic information analysis. Results. The authors have proposed the system for monitoring the heat consumption of buildings. This system allows assessing the energy efficiency of buildings through the maximum use of computer and software technologies. It is shown that the calculated heat flows of buildings used to predict savings when modernizing buildings do not always correspond to the actual heat loads, which can lead to an incorrect assessment of investment projects. The authors obtained graphical dependences of the quantities influencing specific heat losses on various primary independent factors. Conclusions. The constructed system for monitoring the heat consumption of buildings allows, together with the use of geoinformation analysis methods, obtaining a fairly complete picture of the state of heat consumption for city areas and an assessment of the energy characteristics of buildings.

ENERGY POTENTIAL OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AT POWERFUL BOILER HOUSES OF UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF MILITARY AGGRESSION

The Integrated Power System of Ukraine (IPS) is purposefully destroyed by the russian aggressor and suffers significant damage, which has caused long-term emergency interruptions in the power supply of critical infrastructure facilities, enterprises and the population. One of the ways to increase the stability of the IPS of Ukraine is to increase the share of distributed generation in its composition. The conceptual idea of solving this problem is the transformation of existing critical infrastructure objects from electricity consumers into electricity producers/suppliers who will provide their own electricity needs and the needs of other electricity consumers. Boiler houses of centralized heat supply systems (DHS) of Ukrainian cities with their existing electric power and fuel infrastructure can become such objects in wartime conditions. The author proposes the widespread introduction of energy-efficient cogeneration gas-piston units (CGPUs) at boiler houses of the DHS. The container-type CGPU is a typical mass-produced equipment that is manufactured in Ukraine and abroad and has a short implementation period (up to 5 days from the date of delivery to the industrial site of the boiler house). The high maneuverability of the CGPUs allows for an increase the flexibility of the IPS of Ukraine. The article presents the main technical and economic indicators of distributed generation with the use of CGPU at existing boiler houses for further national planning of the development of distributed generation during the martial law and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. The application of CGPU at boiler houses of the DHS of Ukrainian cities has the potential to provide additional distributed generation with a total capacity of up to 2365.7 MW, in particular, 1224.8 MW at 158 boiler houses with a thermal capacity of 100 Gcal/h and more (612 CGPUs with an average unit electric power of 2.0 MW each); 561.9 MW at 409 boiler houses from 20 to 100 Gcal/h (803 CGPUs of 0.7 MW each); 561.9 MW in 2101 boiler houses from 3 to 20 Gcal/h (4136 CGPUs of 0.14 MW each). Under the conditions of 8 hours a day of use of the installed capacity of CGPUs, 567.8 thousand MWh of electricity will be produced every month at the boiler houses of the DHS (taking into account the consumption of the boiler houses for their own needs and release to the network to other consumers) and 136–142 million cubic meters of natural gas will be consumed. According to the average specific cost of modular CGPU (turnkey supply) from 800 to 950 USD/kW of installed electric capacity, capital costs for implementing the CGPUs with a total capacity of 2,365.7 MW will amount to USD 1.89–2.25 billion. Bibl. 31, Fig. 3.

PROBLEMS OF RELIABLE HEAT SUPPLY PROVIDING IN THE CONDITIONS OF NON-GUARANTEED ELECTRICITY SUPPLY TO HEAT-GENERATING ENTERPRISES

The paper analyzes the current state of centralized heat supply systems. Considered problems that arise when the power supply is turned off for a longer period of time. For example, due to natural disasters or the destruction of power stations, substations and networks. An analysis of the consequences of long-term shutdowns of centralized heat supply sources in the winter period at extremely low temperatures, which leads to the failure of the main and auxiliary equipment, heat networks and domestic heating systems, was carried out. Considered several real options for reservation or full self-sufficiency of boiler room heat supply needs in power supply for the most common types of boiler room. Namely, with water heating boilers and direct connection to the heating network and with steam boilers and steam water boilers. It is proposed to introduce elements of own power generation on a permanent basis, as part of the technological process of the heat supply system or a separate boiler house of medium and large capacity, which, with their rational combination, can lead to a significant economic effect. It is shown that the most promising is the redundancy due to the built-in heat generation scheme, the electricity generation system, i.e. full or partial cogeneration. It was found that when gas turbines are used in the cogeneration system of heat and electricity, it is advisable to use units with a low temperature of up to 800°C and a gas pressure before the turbine of up to 0.8 MPa, which are characterized by high reliability, low cost and provide the greatest release of utilized heat. Keywords: centralized heat supply systems, reliability of power equipment, power supply of boiler houses

On the Feasibility of Building Mini-Thermal Power Plant Using Local Fuels in the Conditions of the Republic of Belarus. Part 2. Role of Mini-Thermal Power Plant in Heat Supply Systems of Cities and Settlements in Belarus

. Within the framework of ensuring the country's energy security and pursuing a policy of decarbonization of the economy in the Republic of Belarus, it is assumed to maximize the use of its own fuel and energy resources (TER). However, the question of choosing the type of heat source in centralized heat supply systems when using local fuels (LF) remains open. The commissioning of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant and the relatively high unit cost of power generation capacities running on LF inclines the scales to use boiler houses as heat sources. Based on the world experience in the development and application of heating as the most energy-efficient solution in the field of heat supply, this problem has been studied in the conditions of Belarus. It is shown that the electric capacity of mini-thermal power plants using traditional LF connected to the unified system of the country is less than 100 MW, and the main technologies implemented at mini-thermal power plants using LF in the Republic of Belarus are traditional steam power plants with water steam as the working fluid (11 power plants) and steam power plant with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) (3 power plants). Geographically, mini- thermal power plants operating on LF are located evenly throughout the entire territory of the Republic of Belarus. The number of hours of use of the installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RES) of the Republic of Belarus has been determined. Energy sources based on organic waste and biomass (over 4,000 hours per year) and on hydro resources (about 3,500 hours per year) have a clear advantage, for which indicator of the number of hours of installed capacity use is much higher than for solar and wind power installations. In addition, biomass generating capacities have the lowest coefficient of electricity supply to the combined energy system. Based on the analysis of modern trends in the development of energy, technical and economic “attractiveness factors” for the construction of heating systems for heat supply on LF in the conditions of Belarus have been formulated, which, in addition to traditional factors (substitution of imported fuel – natural gas and oil), include improvement of the quality and reliability of energy supply to consumers in remote locations, development of polygeneration, reduction of losses of electric energy for its transport, participation in covering the electric load schedule of the unified power system, and also indicated the possibility of creating an energy hub on the basis of a mini-thermal power plant, structured for the integration of energy sub-sectors, distributed generation sources and the option of generating “green” energy carriers.

MODERNIZATION OF THE ELECTRIC DRIVE OF PUMPING UNITS OF THE DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK IN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASING THEIR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Quantitative and qualitative indicators of the modernization of the electric drive of a pumping unit of a network with throttle control of the coolant supply of a centralized heat supply system are determined. The possibility of modernizing the electric drive by replacing outdated electric motors of energy efficiency class IE1, which are still used in electric drives of pumping units, with electric motors of energy efficiency classes IE2 and IE3 from different manufacturers, has been substantiated. The energy consumption was calculated based on the technical data of the pump and electric motors provided by the manufacturers and includes the calculation of the energy consumption of pumping units in a typical operating cycle typical for district heating networks, which involves operation at reduced load for a long time. Comparative calculated data on the daily and annual energy consumption of the considered electric motors in a typical operating cycle of a pumping unit, with respect to the least energy-efficient electric motor among those considered, were obtained. The practical significance of the results obtained is to understand that the selection of an electric motor by efficiency at variable load, i.e., actually on the basis of the IE energy efficiency class assigned in accordance with the IEC 60034-30-1 standard, is incorrect, It is substantiated that the choice should be made using the efficiency interpolated by the method of polynomial interpolation of the motor loss curve, while taking into account the economic feasibility of choosing an electric motor between energy efficiency classes, in this case IE2 and IE3, and different manufacturers.

On the Feasibility of Building Mini-Thermal Power Plant Using Local Fuels in the Conditions of the Republic of Belarus. Part 1. State of Use of Local Fuels in Heat Supply Systems

As part of ensuring the country's energy security and pursuing a policy of decarbonization of the economy in the Republic of Belarus, the maximum use of its own fuel and energy resources (FER) is expected. However, the question of choosing the type of heat source in centralized heat supply systems when using local fuels (LF) remains open. The commissioning of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant and the relatively high specific cost of electricity generating capacities using local fuels tip the scales to the use of boiler houses as heat sources. However, world experience in the development and application of heating, as the most energy-efficient solution in the field of heat supply, requires a more thorough study of this problem. The paper presents an overview of the use of local fuels in Belarus and a number of European countries with developed centralized heat supply. Based on the analysis of open source data, the paper provides information on the state of use of local fuels in district heating systems of the Republic of Belarus and a number of European countries that have experience in the widespread use of solid biomass and where it constitutes a significant share in the structure of thermal and electrical energy production in relation to other fuel and energy resources. The main aspects of the energy programs of a number of European countries with the largest share of thermal and electrical energy generation using local fuels are presented. It has been revealed that the energy program of Finland is of the greatest interest for Belarus, where the share of nuclear energy in the structure of electrical energy production, just like in the Republic of Belarus, is approaching to 40 % and the energy strategy assumes an increase in the share of thermal power plants using local fuels in the structure of heat and electricity generation.

USE OF SECONDARY ENERGY RESOURCES TO PROVIDE HOT WATER SUPPLY TO BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

The paper assesses the possibility of using secondary energy resources to provide hot water supply to buildings and constructions. The introduction of recovery systems by using previously unused cheap waste heat energy helps to reduce the amount of energy produced and consumed, increase energy efficiency, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which correspond to the development strategy of the construction industry and housing and communal services in the field of environmental protection and energy saving. A method for using the waste heat energy of refrigeration plants to provide hot water supply to an apartment building is proposed. This method makes it possible to ensure uninterrupted supply of hot water to consumers with minimal dependence on the operation of centralized heat supply systems. The minimum power of waste thermal energy sources necessary for the organization of such systems is calculated, and possible sources of secondary energy resources are proposed.

ПОКАЗНИКИ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ГРОМАДСЬКОЇ БУДІВЛІ

The relevance of paying attention to the energy efficiency of buildings, which will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and electricity and reduce harmful emissions into the environment, is shown. The energy efficiency indicators of the public building were analyzed, namely the thermal resistance of the enclosing structures, the specific energy demand for heating, cooling and hot water supply, the specific energy consumption of the building for heating and cooling, the specific consumption of primary energy and the specific emissions of greenhouse gases.The effect of increasing the normative thermal resistance of the outer wall of the building on the required thickness of the insulation was evaluated. It is indicated that under the conditions of a large facade glazing ratio and compliance with the regulatory thermal resistance of the fences, the building does not meet the requirements for specific energy consumption for heating, cooling and hot water supply.The influence of the heat source for heating the building on its specific energy consumption, energy efficiency class, specific consumption of primary energy and specific emissions of greenhouse gases was studied. Considered options for using a gas boiler, a condensing gas boiler, electric heaters, a biomass pellet boiler and connection to a centralized heat supply system. The effectiveness of the implementation of reversible heat pump equipment for heating and cooling of buildings is substantiated

HEAT PUMPS AS A TREND OF LOW-CARBON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

An overview of the energy and economic problems of using heat pumps is given. The stages of the development of the world and European energy industry with their inherent economic and financial crises and their influence on the application volume of heat pumps are shown. The main regulatory and technical legislation of European countries in the scope of heat pumps and related sectors of the economy is presented. The main factors of the use of heat pump equipment are considered, the challenges and possible development trends are analyzed. Energy management and economic measures that contributed to the growth of heat pump implementations during the global energy crisis of 2021–2022 are assessed. The current state of heat pump use in the world, in Europe, in particular in Germany and Poland, is given. The reasons and organizational measures that led to the active growth of heat pumps in some European countries are indicated. The recent Polish experience in the favorable policy of active support of heat pump technologies and electrification of heat supply is evaluated in detail. An example of economic indicators for a typical building of the European energy efficiency standard with various options for heat supply, including heat pump technologies, as well as individual photovoltaics, is given. The use of high-power heat pumps (more than 100 kW) in centralized heat supply systems and various industries in Europe is analyzed. The prospects for the development of heat pumps from the point of view of the electrification of heat supply, the achievement of low-carbon energy and the prevention of harmful climate changes are outlined. It is recommended to use the positive experience of Poland in the policy of supporting heat pumps in the reconstruction of residential buildings destroyed by the war in Ukraine. Bibl. 37, Fig. 9, Tab. 5.

POSSIBILITIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE CONSUMERS-REGULATORS APPLICATION IN SYSTEMS OF FREQUENCY AND POWER AUTOMATIC REGULATION

The Integrated Energy System (IES) of Ukraine functions as part of the European Union (EU) electric power system ENTSO-E. Each country whose IES operates in the ENTSO-E structure must ensure the presence of a full-fledged fre-quency and power automatic control system (AFPCS, AFPC system) in the national IES. The only exception is the IES of Ukraine, because its inclusion in the ENTSO-E happened during martial law and in the absence herewith of a full-fledged AFPC system. It violates the cornerstone requirements of the ENTSO-E structure formation. In the post-war period, the IES of Ukraine will be obliged to complete its own, full-fledged AFPCS as soon as possible. Three structures of the AFPC system development of the Ukrainian IES were studied: according to the traditional principle (on the basis of generators-regulators); on the basis of heat consumers-regulators with the involvement of heat pump installa-tions and on the basis of heat consumers-regulators using electric heat generators that provide energy for the central-ized heat supply system. Calculations and analysis of technical and economic indicators showed that the traditional structure of AFPCS extremely loses to both structures built on consumers-regulators. Significantly better of these two systems is the AFPCS, built on consumers-regulators in the form of electric heat generators. It provides an annual net profit of more than 1.8 billion USD, with a payback period of about 0.5 years, reduces by 2.7 billion m3 of natural gas consumption, reduces by 13.9 billion USD needs capital investment, has short construction deadlines. References 20, tables 5.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOLAR SYSTEMS USE IN THE UNIVERSITY CENTRALIZED HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS

The paper analyzes the current state of solar energy for communal needs and the possibility of using it as part of centralized heat supply systems. Helio systems are widely used in the southern region for a number of reasons. The use of solar collectors allows you to significantly reduce the heat consumption of buildings in the summer, and sometimes to reduce the use of traditional energy sources to zero. However, in other periods of the year, the share of replacement by traditional solar energy is much lower. In such cases, the question arises as to which heat supply load the system will be designed for - for summer, winter or demi-season. To fulfill the main tasks of the research, an analysis of the main operating methods and software complexes for calculating the operation of the solar system as part of combined heat supply systems was carried out. The main indicators that affect the efficiency of the solar system and recommendations for their selection when calculating the annual heat output are also given. For the centralized heat supply system of the university's buildings, a simulation of the operation of the solar plant throughout the year was carried out. For buildings of different types, storeys, area, purpose, an analysis of the effectiveness of solar systems using different types of solar collectors was carried out with the help of a specialized software complex. The share of heat replacement by solar collectors is shown, which shows the expediency of using solar collectors on a number of buildings.

Організація централізованого теплопостачання в окремих населених пунктах і напрями формування регіональних ринків теплоенергії

The aim of the article is to study individual settlements from the point of view of organization of their heat supply and to develop on this basis a set of models of regional heat energy markets. The article analyzes a sample of 838 settlements in Ukraine that have centralized heat supply systems. The respective analysis of the sample showed that in the regions of Ukraine there are enterprises of various organizational and legal forms of management, namely: the State-owned and municipal enterprises (including non-profit organizations), business associations, private enterprises and individual entrepreneurs. It is a common phenomenon that the supply of heat energy is carried out by an industrial or energy enterprise, for which this type of activity is not the main one. Different forms of ownership have a certain impact on the organization of relationships between suppliers, local governments and consumers of heat energy. The carried out research allowed to allocate several typical options for the organization of relationships in the field of district heating. It is determined that the organization of these relationships is influenced by the following specific features of an individual settlement and the existing heat supply systems: the number and density of population; provision of the settlement with social facilities; the nature of the predominant buildings; the dimensions of the existing district heating system; presence or absence of mainline and distribution networks for the transportation of heat energy; structure of heat consumption in the context of individual groups of users. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the identified options are analyzed and recommendations for their improvement are elaborated. On this basis, various models of organization of regional heat energy markets and the scope of their use have been proposed. The developed models take into account the specific features of individual settlements and determine the main directions of reforming the relations between suppliers and consumers of heat energy. The implementation of the developed models is aimed at the formation of competitive regional heat markets.

About the Effect on the Environmental Efficiency of the Centralized Heat Supply Systems

The global production created by the mankind has an intensively increasing harmful effect on the environment. As a result, we are facing the problem of the saving of natural environment and now the global community tries to find solution for this environmental problem. The power generation sector is the most environmentally aggressive of all industry branches. Technical power engineering facilities differ by a high degree of complexity making it difficult to increase the level of their environmental friendliness. In particular, centralized heat supply systems are rather complicated and responsible components of the power engineering industry. These differ by a high level of environmental aggressiveness. Hence, these need to increase a degree of their environmental friendliness. The purpose of this research was to analyze the condition of the interaction of the power generating sector with the natural environment and search for harmonization solutions of available contradictions of such an interaction. An increase of the environmental friendliness of the worn-out power equipment used by centralized heat supply systems is a topical problem. The purpose of this scientific paper was to suggest a solution for the problem of the environmental interaction of the centralized heat supply systems with natural environment using an approach of their partial renewal. The most environmentally aggressive elements of these systems are the boiler plants that emit heat and harmful substances into the environment. Domestic boiler plants have completely been worn-out. Therefore, the development of the domestic boiler building industry is of vital importance. It will enable the production of modern boiler plants instead of worn-out boiler systems. This process is impeded at the moment by the insufficiency of available resources. Contemporary requirements to the technological level of the functioning efficiency of the centralized heat-supply systems are rather high, especially as for its environmental component. Available centralized heat-supply systems have low efficiency due to a high wear-out level of their elements on the whole. There is an urgent need for an increase in the efficiency of these systems. One of the available ways of such an increase in the efficiency is a partial renewal of the equipment. The program of the partial renewal of available boiler plants allows us to provide an appropriate increase in the environmental friendliness of the worn-out equipment used by centralized heat-supply systems. The coverage of the entire fleet of the equipment available for the centralized heat-supply systems by this partial renewal program will allow for an increase in the level of its ecological friendliness on the whole.

Исследование процесса испарения водно-этанолового раствора на супергидрофильной капиллярно-пористой поверхности в условиях вынужденной конвекции

In view of the continuous growth of global energy consumption, reduction of non-renewable energy sources, as well as increasing greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to introduce pro-mising methods to increase the importance of rational use of energy resources in the industrial, domestic and scientific and technical fields, which will reduce the amount of energy to provide the same level of energy supply of buildings or technological processes in production. This paper considers superhydrophilic capillary-porous surfaces capable of providing heat exchange through phase transition, which is of fundamental importance in evaporative radiators for space applications, heat pipes, as well as in the operation of cooling towers for electricity and heat production in centralized heat supply systems. The study of the heat exchange process with phase transition on the capillary-porous surface was carried out by conducting experiments on evaporation of water-ethanol mixture of different concentration under conditions of forced convection at diffe¬rent orientation of the modified surface in space. The results obtained in this work allow us to judge about the effectiveness of capillary-porous structures in heat exchangers operating on eva¬poration cycles and the Maisotsenko cycle, and are also applicable to further study of heat and mass transfer processes occurring on superhydrophilic capillary-porous surfaces.

Heat Supply in Russia: Current Situation and Problems of Investment Development

ABSTRACT This article gives a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the current state of Russia’s heat supply system and analyzes its heat networks, pricing system, three-tiered management structure, and production capacities (the share of cogeneration and the structure of the industry according to type of heat producer). Two investment mechanisms to modernize the centralized heat supply systems are considered: concession agreements and the introduction of price zones based on the “alternative boiler plant” method. The article considers how the production and consumption of thermal energy can be balanced in the system and includes an estimate of the industry’s fuel consumption and financial balance. Changes in the patterns of heat consumption and production within the district heating system are presented. The article concludes by considering the set of problems that must be solved to avoid serious problems in the future.

DEVELOPMENTS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF HEAT SUPPLY IN THE THERMAL POWER INDUSTRY

In the conditions of military operations taking place on the territory of Ukraine, the reliability of the heat supply system is of particular importance. The destruction of engineering infrastructure, targeted destruction of energy supply sources and fuel blackmail carried out by the Russian Federation leads to the emergence of significant problems of providing heat to urban agglomerations. At the state level, heat supply should be considered as an integral part of national energy security. Ukraine has a unique chance to transform the heat supply system and bring it up to modern European requirements. Therefore, choosing the right strategy for the development of a reliable and stable heat supply system of the country is an urgent scientific and technical problem. The modern and post-war reconstruction of the Ukrainian energy sector is, above all, the implementation of initiatives that are already being implemented in the EU countries. It should be noted that Europe seeks to reduce dependence on Russian fossil fuels by rapidly transitioning to clean energy and joining efforts to achieve a more sustainable energy system.
 The purpose of this work is to conduct an analysis and substantiation of proposals for ensuring a stable heat supply of infrastructure facilities and urban agglomerations in the conditions of hostilities, emergency situations and further transformation of the heat energy industry of Ukraine in accordance with the standards of the European Union.
 An assessment of factors affecting energy security and operational reliability of centralized heat supply systems was carried out. Technical solutions are proposed, which allow to ensure the coordinated and stable operation of heat supply systems with the involvement of the latest developments of equipment and technologies of the ITTF of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Application of these developments can be implemented in heat supply systems in a short period of time. Suggestions and rationale for their use are also provided.

ADVANTAGES OF USING THE SYSTEM OF OPERATIONAL REMOTE CONTROL OF HEATING NETWORKS IN URBAN CONDITIONS

The purpose of this article is to show the result of a study of the use of an operational remote control system (ODS) in heating networks. The analysis of the efficiency of centralized heat supply systems shows the deterioration of their operational functioning in Almaty over the past few seasons of heat supply. Based on this, this article analyzes the use of an operational remote control system in order to optimize heating networks.

LPV Time-Delay System Identification and Its Application to the Centralized Heat-Supply System

In winter, the centralized heat-supply system (CHSS) is an important and indispensable heating equipment in the northeast of China. Hence, in this article, the introduction to the CHSS is first presented, especially for the thermal dynamics of the secondary pipe network (SPN) of the CHSS, and then the identification of the thermal dynamics of the SPN under constant flow is studied. To this end, the linear parameter varying (LPV) model with autoregressive exogenous (ARX) structure is chosen as the system model and the problems of outliers and unknown system delay are both synthesized in the identification process. The physical meanings of all the variables in the LPV model are introduced in detail. By using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, the equations to estimate all the parameters are derived and the desired parameter estimates can be obtained in the context. Finally, the verification tests as well as the corresponding discussions are presented.