Central Station Power Research Articles

Technical and economic survey of low enthalpy solar installations for heating sanitary water

For the last decade, the energy supplies has become a very preoccupying problem, not only because of the increasing difficulties bound to oil production, but also because it is necessary today to admit that at the scale of our planet the energy resources, fossil-fuel or other, are limited. The solar energy is the only outside energy whose contribution is permanent to the global scale. However, real progress of solar field depends widely on its economic cost. In this context, this investigation focuses on a techno-economic study of a solar power unit for heating sanitary water at low enthalpy. A software program, based on a mathematical model, was elaborated, in order to identify criteria of an optimum use. These criteria take into account, in particular, the technical models, the recent technological innovations and an accurate analysis of the commercial balance (investment costs, actualised values of energy savings, profitability ratio, etc.). The solar installation production is determined by climate conditions, energy demand, collector area, material type and load capacity. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine the influence of these parameters, and many others, on the yearly capacity. This paper presents the results of a program concerning water heating in a partial solar central power station. The study aims, on the one hand, to help the fitters and the industrials in the calculation and the design of such plants, and on the other hand, the economists will be allowed to compute the different financial and economic parameters in deal with the solar systems.

Distributed Generation and Your Energy Future

ABSTRACT Distributed generation (DG) is electric or shaft power generation at or near the site of use as opposed to central power station generation. Combined heat and power (CHP) takes advantage of this site location to recover the normally wasted thermal energy from power generation and utilizes it beneficially to increase the total system efficiency. This article explores the rapidly developing world of DG and associated CHP. First the article shows why DG is necessary in the US power future and that DG is going to happen. Then, the article briefly looks at the different technologies that might be employed and their relative advantages and disadvantages. The article then explores who should be the major designers and implementers of DG and CHP technologies, and develops a strong argument that in many cases this should be an Energy Service Company (ESCO). Finally, the reasons for selecting either an independent ESCO or a local utility affiliated ESCO are discussed, and in particular, opportunities for t...

Distributed Generation and Your Energy Future

Distributed generation (DG) is electric or shaft power generation ator near the site of use as opposed to central power station generation.Combined heat and power (CHP) takes advantage of this site location torecover the normally wasted thermal energy from power generation andutilizes it beneficially to increase the total system efficiency. This articleexplores the rapidly developing world of DG and associated CHP. Firstthe article shows why DG is necessary in the US power future and thatDG is going to happen. Then, the article briefly looks at the differenttechnologies that might be employed and their relative advantages anddisadvantages. The article then explores who should be the major de-signers and implementers of DG and CHP technologies, and develops astrong argument that in many cases this should be an Energy ServiceCompany (ESCO). Finally, the reasons for selecting either an indepen-dent ESCO or a local utility affiliated ESCO are discussed, and in particu-lar, opportunities for the local utility ESCO (the local grid) to be a majormoving force in this effort are examined in depth

Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power: An Overview

ABSTRACT Cogeneration/combined heat and power (CHP) is the sequential use of one fuel source to produce power and thermal energy. The energy cascade provided avoids losses that occur when power is traditionally generated at a central station power plant and thermal energy is consumed on-site in a boiler. CHP can be used in either a topping cycle or bottoming cycle mode with topping cycles being the most dominant application. CHP was used at the beginning of the 20th century, primarily for industrial uses. With the expansion of the electric grid and cheap raw energy, its use declined. A major expansion of the technology occurred in the eighties as a result of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act of 1978. As a result of heavy opposition by the electric utility industry, the interest in CHP declined towards the end of the eighties. High energy prices and constrained generating capacity has renewed interest in the technology in 2002.

New Fossil Power Systems and the Role of Open-Cycle Magnetohydrodynamics Generators

Two scenarios for achieving CO 2 -free fossil fuel utilization in electric power systems are proposed, and the role of the open-cycle magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) power generation is discussed, taking into account the current trends of power generation systems and fossil fuel utilization. It is emphasized that the oxygen combustion of synthetic fuels, synthesis of primary fuels with exhaust gases and heat with additional steam, and separation of carbon dioxide from a syngas mixture should be performed in the central power stations to provide concentrated CO 2 recovery and hydrogen supply capability for dispersed-type power units. It is shown that MHD power generation driven by plasmas from oxygen-fired synthetic fuel might be the only possible candidate for a topping system in the ultimate base-load power station with the highest efficiency. Four models of central power generation systems were considered on the basis of the presumably attainable performance of the components, and the effects of the proposed scenarios were evaluated in terms of power generation efficiencies with the assumed fractional dependence on the dispersed-type power systems.

Assimilating wind [wind energy contribution to UK energy needs

The belief that wind energy can make only a marginal contribution to the UK's energy needs is based on fundamental misconceptions. The DTI suggests that up to half of the 2010 target for renewable electricity (10%) could be met by wind energy. The British Wind Energy Association argues that this is quite feasible and has carried out a detailed analysis, suggesting possible regional distributions. The industry struggles, however, to overcome misconceptions. 'What happens when the wind stops blowing?' is a frequent question, and even power engineers suggest-quite erroneously-that thermal plant must be held in readiness to pick up any reductions in output. It is also argued that electricity distribution systems, designed to cope with power flows from central power stations, cannot easily cope with power from wind farms flowing in the opposite direction. Although this may be true in some locations, wind is no different from any other form of generation-welcome in some locations, but more difficult to assimilate in others. Experience in Denmark suggests such problems can be overcome, with wind now accounting for more than a third of the generation capacity in Jutland. This paper discusses the issues and involved in overcoming the misconceptions. No matter how strong the engineering argument for wind energy, as with any other energy option, wind power will only be deployed on a significant scale if it can generate electricity at a cost comparable to alternative forms of generation technology. The latest figures suggest that wind is more than equal to this challenge.

Toward zero emissions from coal in China

China depends for most of its energy on coal – a situation that is likely to persist in the light of the abundance of its coal resources, the paucity of its oil and gas resources, and the reluctance of the government to allow China to become overly dependent on energy imports. The challenge is to find ways to use coal without the enormous air pollution damage caused by current conversion technologies and with greatly reduced carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. A coal energy system for China is proposed that could ultimately be characterized by near-zero emissions of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases. The key enabling technology is oxygen-blown (O 2 –blown) gasification to generate synthesis gas from coal. This technology is used in commercially ready integrated gasification combined-cycle power plants that can provide electricity with air pollutant emissions as low as emission levels for natural gas combined-cycle plants. O 2 -blown gasification is not yet used in China's energy sector, although the technology is well-established in China's chemical process industry. The key enabling strategy, which would often lead to attractive energy costs without further technological advances, is “polygeneration” – the co-production from synthesis gas of at least electricity and one or more clean synthetic fuels (e.g., dimethyl ether (DME), Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) liquids, hydrogen (H 2 )) and often also chemicals, town gas, and/or industrial process heat. The products of polygeneration could be used in the near term to serve a wide range of energy needs with extremely low levels of air pollutant emissions. In such polygeneration configurations CO 2 can often be produced in relatively pure streams as a co-product as a result of processing to increase the synthetic fuel's hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. In the near term this CO 2 might be used profitably for enhanced oil recovery or enhanced recovery of methane from deep beds of unminable coal where resource recovery opportunities exist. For the longer term the potential exists for evolving the coal energy system to the co-production primarily of electricity and H 2 for serving urban areas, with most of the carbon in the coal ending up as CO 2 that is sequestered in geological reservoirs such as in depleted oil and natural gas fields and deep saline aquifers at low incremental cost – even where there are no opportunities for using the CO 2 for enhanced resource recovery. The H 2 so produced would be used for fueling zero-polluting fuel-cell vehicles, for distributed cogeneration (combined heat and power) applications in stationary fuel cells, and for cooking and heating applications as well. A third clean carbon-based synthetic fuel might also be needed for serving rural markets that would be difficult to serve with H 2 , unless there are breakthroughs in H 2 storage technology. DME is a strong candidate for becoming the “third” clean energy carrier for China. Evolving a coal-based energy system that would be characterized ultimately by near-zero emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases would probably involve shifting the center of gravity for central-station power generation to the chemical process industries that would ultimately be co-producing as their major products electricity, H 2 , and (perhaps) DME. Ongoing structural reforms in the electric power sector that encourage greater competition in power generation would facilitate the realization of this vision for coal.

Green electricity in the market place: the policy challenge

The paper explores the implications of the liberalization of electricity markets in Europe and North America for policy means and mechanisms to enhance the market penetration of renewables. Applying a (co-) evolutionary approach, the argument highlights the need for policy intervention to help producers and consumers move out of technological trajectories favoring non-renewable electricity. On the production side, energy generation is locked into the central power station system deriving from more than a hundred years of technological development along a specific system trajectory. On the consumption side, the locked-in effect results from a similarly long experience with electricity provision by monopoly suppliers and the associated lack of consumer choice and responsibility for product differentiation. As the analysis shows, policy strategies targeting both the production and consumption sides of the electricity market are needed for effective intervention. Furthermore, policy strategies should draw on a clear analysis of the inertia and dynamism underlying the production and consumption of electricity. In the light of such evolutionary dynamics, the analysis demonstrates the insufficiency of the policy approaches currently employed to foster the market share of renewables based electricity. Instead, the authors suggest a reflexive policy approach to initiate and support a reorientation towards green electricity, emphasizing the need for learning and communication between and among societal actors.

703 マイクロガスタービン・コージェネレーションシステムの評価研究(マイクロガスタービンシステムの熱力学的特性)(OS.11 マイクロガスタービンと分散電源)

Distributed cogeneration systems, which supply both electric power and heat, offer many advantages over conventional central power stations for reducing the primary energy consumption. Micro gas turbines (μGT) have recently been developed as an electric power generation device for small-scale cogeneration systems. This paper reports the energy saving capability assessment based on the simulation of the annual fuel consumption in a micro gas turbine cogeneration system (μGT-CGS) including a boiler, a mechanical compression heat pump unit and an absorption chiller unit. Assuming the installation into three types of buildings (office, hotel and residence), the annual energy saving and the power supply fraction of the μGT-CGS are assessed. The results show that the advantage of the μGT-CGS significantly increases when the efficiency of μGT reaches 40%.

00/03390 Intrinsic reaction kinetics of methane steam reforming on a nickel/zirconia anode

China depends for most of its energy on coal – a situation that is likely to persist in the light of the abundance of its coal resources, the paucity of its oil and gas resources, and the reluctance of the government to allow China to become overly dependent on energy imports. The challenge is to find ways to use coal without the enormous air pollution damage caused by current conversion technologies and with greatly reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. A coal energy system for China is proposed that could ultimately be characterized by near-zero emissions of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases.The key enabling technology is oxygen-blown (O2–blown) gasification to generate synthesis gas from coal. This technology is used in commercially ready integrated gasification combined-cycle power plants that can provide electricity with air pollutant emissions as low as emission levels for natural gas combined-cycle plants. O2-blown gasification is not yet used in China's energy sector, although the technology is well-established in China's chemical process industry.The key enabling strategy, which would often lead to attractive energy costs without further technological advances, is “polygeneration” – the co-production from synthesis gas of at least electricity and one or more clean synthetic fuels (e.g., dimethyl ether (DME), Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) liquids, hydrogen (H2)) and often also chemicals, town gas, and/or industrial process heat. The products of polygeneration could be used in the near term to serve a wide range of energy needs with extremely low levels of air pollutant emissions.In such polygeneration configurations CO2 can often be produced in relatively pure streams as a co-product as a result of processing to increase the synthetic fuel's hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. In the near term this CO2 might be used profitably for enhanced oil recovery or enhanced recovery of methane from deep beds of unminable coal where resource recovery opportunities exist.For the longer term the potential exists for evolving the coal energy system to the co-production primarily of electricity and H2 for serving urban areas, with most of the carbon in the coal ending up as CO2 that is sequestered in geological reservoirs such as in depleted oil and natural gas fields and deep saline aquifers at low incremental cost – even where there are no opportunities for using the CO2 for enhanced resource recovery. The H2 so produced would be used for fueling zero-polluting fuel-cell vehicles, for distributed cogeneration (combined heat and power) applications in stationary fuel cells, and for cooking and heating applications as well.A third clean carbon-based synthetic fuel might also be needed for serving rural markets that would be difficult to serve with H2, unless there are breakthroughs in H2 storage technology. DME is a strong candidate for becoming the “third” clean energy carrier for China.Evolving a coal-based energy system that would be characterized ultimately by near-zero emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases would probably involve shifting the center of gravity for central-station power generation to the chemical process industries that would ultimately be co-producing as their major products electricity, H2, and (perhaps) DME. Ongoing structural reforms in the electric power sector that encourage greater competition in power generation would facilitate the realization of this vision for coal.

Which are the competitors for a fusion power plant?

The (future) competitive position of central-station fusion power will depend on the resolution of several broad public-policy issues, including the provision of adequate electrical energy to a growing world population and the interaction of economic and environmental considerations meeting evolving standards of public acceptance and regulatory compliance. Candidate baseload central-station power plants, fusion or other, will be expected to contend for preferential market penetration against an evolving set of performance indicators or metrics (e.g. cost of electricity) reflecting societal ‘customer preferences’ for abundant, affordable, safe, reliable, and environmentally benign sources. This competition is enhanced by transitions to price-deregulated regimes, overlaid by nuclear uncertainites and evolution beyond carbon-based fuels toward more renewables in the energy mix. From these top-level considerations, quantifiable attributes, including plant size (output), system power density, surface heat flux, recirculating power fraction, power-conversion efficiency, waste streams, and forced- and planned-outage rates emerge.

Learning to lend for off-grid solar power: policy lessons from World Bank loans to India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka

The World Bank has sought to advance the diffusion of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology for off-grid applications in the developing world. As these systems are fundamentally different to centralised power stations and conventional rural electrification, the World Bank has been learning how best to lend for such technology. This study seeks to highlight the lessons learnt from the World Bank's first loans for off-grid PV to India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. It uses lifetime cost analysis to justify continued intervention in this sector, and it draws on theories of innovation diffusion to guide analysis and ultimately policy recommendations. Because of the special role of entrepreneurial start up companies in the rural PV sector, the paper also uses a company cash flow model to demonstrate the efficacy of various supply-side policies. Finally, the study concludes with a checklist of policy lessons and a consideration of the role of the International Finance Corporation in this sector.

Nuclear fusion: luxurious mirage of a long-term future energy option?

The original vision of controlled thermonuclear fusion as the ideal solution of the energy problems of the mankind collides with the reality of a dramatically expensive research with too long-term, too uncertain and too limited perspectives. After more than four decades of scientific and technical research, other five decades would be required to commercialization of fusion reactors according to the constant projections the fusion community has been reiterating since the 1980s. However, alone, the huge cost/progress ratio of the attempts of the last 20 years to develop just one ‘next-step’ experiment and the resulting 10 billion proposal with still unresolved basic engineering/technology problems and highly uncertain physics objectives; this cannot support the anticipated rate of progress. Furthermore, due to their nuclear nature, their inherent large (GWe) size and the very complex and sophisticated technologies, fusion power plants would be strongly limited in meeting ecological, economical and political/social requirements of a future energy mix and in fitting into the already growing trend towards liberalization and restructuring of the energy market. These limitations are increasingly undermining the justification of the immense resources dedicated to research and development of fusion and its attractiveness as a virtually unlimited energy source, particularly in comparison with emerging non-nuclear systems such as those based on fuel cells. Operated initially with natural gas- or coal gas-derived hydrogen and ultimately with renewable hydrogen, fuel cells (in particular the high-temperature ones) are becoming the focus of interest for applications in decentralized power and combined heat and power plants, in centralized power stations in the MW range and in the transport sector. Adequately supported, fuel cell technologies can be expected to be commercially established before a hypothetical demonstration of the scientific feasibility of fusion. After a brief review of the historical evolution of major fusion plans, in particular of the next-step projects in Europe, this paper discusses critically the above mentioned aspects of fusion, addressing primarily the most advanced concept, the ‘tokamak’. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Solar thermal electricity in 1998 : An IEA/solarPACES summary of status and future prospects

Research and development activities sponsored by countries within the International Energy Agency's solar thermal working group, SolarPACES (Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems), have helped reduce the cost of solar thermal systems to one-fifth that of the early pilot plants. Continued technological improvements are currently being proven in next-generation demonstration plants. These advances, along with cost reductions made possible by scale-up to larger mass-production rates and construction of a succession of power plants, have made solar thermal systems the lowest-cost solar energy in the world and promise cost-competitiveness with fossil-fuel plants in the future. Solar thermal technologies are appropriate for a wide range of applications, including dispatchable central-station power plants where they can meet peak-load to near-base-load needs of a utility, and distributed, modular power plants for both remote and grid-connected applications. In this paper, we present the collective position of the SolarPACES community on solar thermal electricity-generating technology. We discuss the current status of the technology and likely near-term improvements; the needs of target markets; and important technical and financial issues that must be resolved for success in near-term global markets.

History of Cogeneration

The practical use of cogeneration is as old as the generation ofelectricity itself. When electrification of broad areas was devised to re-place gas and kerosene lighting in residences and commercial facilitiesthe concept of central station power generation plants was born . Districtheating systems were popular during the late 1800's and why not. Dis-trict heating dates ba ck to Roman times when warm water wascirculated in open trenches to heat buildings and communal baths. Dis-trict electrification dates back to Thomas Edison's plants in New Yorkand it didn 't take long to combine the two . The prime mo vers that droveelectric generators thro w off waste heat that is normally blo wn to atmo-sphere. By capturing that heat and making low pressure steam thatsteam could be piped throughout the district for heating home s andbu sinesses. Thus, cogeneration on a fairly large scale was b orn .

Importance of nuclear generation in the struggles to reduce CO 2 emission at Kansai Electric Power Co.

It has been pointed out in recent years that the potential impacts of global warming has been becoming more and more serious because of the rapid increase of anthropogenic CO 2 emission. Japan's annual CO 2 emissions (fiscal 1994) amounted to 343 million tons of carbon. Although CO 2 emissions caused by fossil-fuel power generation accounted for 29.4% of total, on a sector basis, those directly from the energy conversion sector accounted for only 7.7%. Most CO 2 emissions (21.7% of total) resulted from electric power use in the industrial, commercial and domestic sectors. Thus, the reduction of CO 2 emissions caused by the use of electricity is a nationwide subject. Understanding that both supply side and demand side approaches are necessary, Kansai Electric has been deploying “New ERA Strategy” as a comprehensive strategy to seek a potential for CO 2 reduction more broadly and deeply. Among a number of action items are the promotion of nuclear power generation, and improvement of overall energy efficiency, besides such demand side measures as leveling off the peak load. The effectiveness of action items of the New ERA Strategy was evaluated in terms of CO 2 reduction. As a result, estimated CO 2 reduction related to nuclear power amounted to 88% of the total for fiscal 1995 in comparison with 1990, and that expected in 2000 is 84%. These results reconfirm that nuclear power is always the key to practical CO 2 reduction at present and in the future. Comparison with candidate technology alternatives revealed that photovoltaic power generation needed 7 times greater rated capacity and 280 times larger area than nuclear power, so it is not realistic as a central power station alternative. The comparison also clarified that if wind power stations were constructed at all feasible sites in the Kansai region, they would not be a viable alternative to a single nuclear unit from CO 2 reduction viewpoint.

Does environmental impact assessment really support technological change? Analyzing alternatives to coal-fired power stations in Denmark

Danish energy policy calls for development of decentralized, cleaner technologies to replace conventional power stations and, since 1990, aims to reduce CO 2 emissions in 2005 to 20% below their 1988 level. These political goals require a technological change, from conventional, central power stations to cleaner, decentralized technologies such as energy conservation, cogeneration, and renewable energy. In principle, environmental impact assessment (EIA) supports this change on a project-by-project basis. The EU directive on EIA (European Council 1985) was based on the preventive principle: to eliminate pollution source rather than attempting to counteract it subsequently. According to the Danish implementation of the directive, an EIA must review a project's main alternatives and the environmental consequences of the alternatives. If this were done properly, EIAs could assist Denmark in meeting its CO 2 reduction goals. However, because EIA is implemented on a restricted, regional basis, it does not support technological change. Responsibility for the preparation of the EIA is given to the regional authorities through a law which does not require alternatives to be assessed that extend geographically beyond the boundaries of a regional authority. Thus, there is no certainty of serious analysis of cleaner technology alternatives to large coal-fired power stations. This conclusion is based on examination of three case studies using a participatory research method.

97/03871 Biological fossil CO 2 mitigation

China depends for most of its energy on coal – a situation that is likely to persist in the light of the abundance of its coal resources, the paucity of its oil and gas resources, and the reluctance of the government to allow China to become overly dependent on energy imports. The challenge is to find ways to use coal without the enormous air pollution damage caused by current conversion technologies and with greatly reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. A coal energy system for China is proposed that could ultimately be characterized by near-zero emissions of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases.The key enabling technology is oxygen-blown (O2–blown) gasification to generate synthesis gas from coal. This technology is used in commercially ready integrated gasification combined-cycle power plants that can provide electricity with air pollutant emissions as low as emission levels for natural gas combined-cycle plants. O2-blown gasification is not yet used in China's energy sector, although the technology is well-established in China's chemical process industry.The key enabling strategy, which would often lead to attractive energy costs without further technological advances, is “polygeneration” – the co-production from synthesis gas of at least electricity and one or more clean synthetic fuels (e.g., dimethyl ether (DME), Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) liquids, hydrogen (H2)) and often also chemicals, town gas, and/or industrial process heat. The products of polygeneration could be used in the near term to serve a wide range of energy needs with extremely low levels of air pollutant emissions.In such polygeneration configurations CO2 can often be produced in relatively pure streams as a co-product as a result of processing to increase the synthetic fuel's hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. In the near term this CO2 might be used profitably for enhanced oil recovery or enhanced recovery of methane from deep beds of unminable coal where resource recovery opportunities exist.For the longer term the potential exists for evolving the coal energy system to the co-production primarily of electricity and H2 for serving urban areas, with most of the carbon in the coal ending up as CO2 that is sequestered in geological reservoirs such as in depleted oil and natural gas fields and deep saline aquifers at low incremental cost – even where there are no opportunities for using the CO2 for enhanced resource recovery. The H2 so produced would be used for fueling zero-polluting fuel-cell vehicles, for distributed cogeneration (combined heat and power) applications in stationary fuel cells, and for cooking and heating applications as well.A third clean carbon-based synthetic fuel might also be needed for serving rural markets that would be difficult to serve with H2, unless there are breakthroughs in H2 storage technology. DME is a strong candidate for becoming the “third” clean energy carrier for China.Evolving a coal-based energy system that would be characterized ultimately by near-zero emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases would probably involve shifting the center of gravity for central-station power generation to the chemical process industries that would ultimately be co-producing as their major products electricity, H2, and (perhaps) DME. Ongoing structural reforms in the electric power sector that encourage greater competition in power generation would facilitate the realization of this vision for coal.

The economics of short rotation coppicing for gasification and electricity production on site

Short Rotational Coppice is an energy crop that can be grown on surplus agricultural land for energy production. It can be used in wood burning gasifiers for production of electricity and this process is well documented. The logistics of collecting wood chips from the production site and delivering to a central sustained power station are complex and the costs not inconsiderable. The need for a method of assessing the economics of short rotational coppicing for gasification and on site electricity production are recognised. For this reason a flexible spreadsheet was developed to calculate the costs and profitability of the crop. The spreadsheet was designed to be adjustable to suit particular circumstances of any given project. The results of this calculation can be used as an indicator to whether the project is viable or not. The program requires input data such as agricultural expenditure, including preparation and harvesting costs. Capital costs for the gasifier, filtration units and generator connection charges are included. A maintenance program is also required to ensure continuous smooth running, although unexpected failure may occur with extra costs and power loss not accounted for. Using the spreadsheet it will be possible to compare different parameters such as land area used, generator efficiency, fuel calorific value and preparation costs.

Entirely renewable energy-based electricity supply system (small scale & large scale)

Our future energy needs will be supplied by a combination of many different sources, ranging from small wind turbine to provide power for a single house to central power stations that provide power in very large scale fed into the national grid. Computer control systems will integrate the performance of all these systems to make sure that as much power as possible comes from environmentally friendlier sources. As alternative sources become more widely available, small scale systems meeting local needs may start to replace current large scale central power stations. The author is investigating the feasibility of an entirely renewable energy - based electricity supply system. The developed system find so many applications as it can be used as small scale power system for Remote Area Power Supply, wind energy/battery or solar energy/battery, as well as large scale for interconnection with national grid.