Central Venous Catheters For Hemodialysis Research Articles

Hemodialysis Catheter Care Strategies: A Cluster-Randomized Quality Improvement Initiative

The prevalence of central venous catheters (CVCs) for hemodialysis remains high and, despite infection-control protocols, predisposes to bloodstream infections (BSIs). Stratified, cluster-randomized, quality improvement initiative. All in-center patients with a CVC within 211 facility pairs matched by region, facility size, and rate of positive blood cultures (January to March 2011) at Fresenius Medical Care, North America. Incorporate the use of 2% chlorhexidine with 70% alcohol swab sticks for exit-site care and 70% alcohol pads to perform "scrub the hubs" in dialysis-related CVC care procedures compared to usual care. The primary outcome was positive blood cultures for estimating BSI rates. Comparison of 3-month baseline period from April 1 to June 30 and follow-up period from August 1 to October 30, 2011. Baseline BSI rates were similar (0.85 vs 0.86/1,000 CVC-days), but follow-up rates differed at 0.81/1,000 CVC-days in intervention facilities versus 1.04/1,000 CVC-days in controls (P = 0.02). Intravenous antibiotic starts during the follow-up period also were lower, at 2.53/1,000 CVC-days versus 3.15/1,000 CVC-days in controls (P < 0.001). Cluster-adjusted Poisson regression confirmed 21%-22% reductions in both (P < 0.001). Extended follow-up for 3 successive quarters demonstrated a sustained reduction of bacteremia rates for patients in intervention facilities, at 0.50/1,000 CVC-days (41% reduction; P < 0.001). Hospitalizations due to sepsis during 1-year extended follow-up were 0.19/1,000 CVC-days (0.069/CVC-year) versus 0.26/1,000 CVC-days (0.095/CVC-year) in controls (∼27% difference; P < 0.05). Inability to capture results from blood cultures sent to external laboratories, underestimation of sepsis-specific hospitalizations, and potential crossover adoption of the intervention protocol in control facilities. Adoption of the new catheter care procedure (consistent with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations) resulted in a 20% lower rate of BSIs and intravenous antibiotic starts, which were sustained over time and associated with a lower rate of hospitalizations due to sepsis.

Impact of Different Catheter Lock Strategies on Bacterial Colonization of Permanent Central Venous Hemodialysis Catheters

Thirty-nine hemodialysis patients with permanent central venous catheters were analyzed for bacterial catheter colonization comparing different catheter-lock strategies. The closed needleless Tego connector with sodium chloride lock solution was significantly more frequently colonized with bacteria than the standard catheter caps with antimicrobially active citrate lock solution (odds ratio, 0.22 [95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.71]; P = .011).

Type of Vascular Access and Survival among Very Elderly Hemodialysis Patients

The use of central venous catheters (CVC) for hemodialysis (HD) is associated with higher mortality compared to arteriovenous access (AV). However, studies analyzing the influence of the type of vascular access on the survival of very elderly patients (≥75 years) initiating HD are few and involve only a limited number of patients. We studied a cohort of 5,466 incident patients who started HD; of these, 1,841 were aged ≥75. Types of vascular access for HD were classified as either CVC, which included both tunneled and non-tunneled catheters, or AV, which included AV fistula and grafts. The outcome of the study was all-cause mortality during the follow-up period. In the whole cohort, AV use was associated with a survival advantage over CVC use (88 and 63% at 2 and 5 years, respectively, in patients with an AV as compared to 75 and 48% in patients with a CVC) (p < 0.0001). Among patients ≥75, CVC use was associated with a higher number of deaths compared to AV use. Patients ≥75 with an AV showed a greater survival as compared to patients ≥75 with a CVC (80 and 53% at 2 and 5 years, respectively, vs. 68 and 43%; p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that CVC use and the presence of arrhythmia were independent risk factors of death in patients ≥75, whereas obesity was associated with greater survival. In conclusion, the type of vascular access has a significant influence on the survival of very elderly patients (≥75) initiating HD. CVC use was associated with poorer survival compared to AV access.

Approach to prophylactic measures for central venous catheter‐related infections in hemodialysis: A critical review

Vascular access is the major risk factor for bacteremia, hospitalization, and mortality among hemodialysis (HD) patients. The type of vascular access most associated with bloodstream infection is central venous catheter (CVC). The incidence of catheter-related bacteremia ranges between 0.6 and 6.5 episodes per 1000 catheter days and increases linearly with the duration of catheter use. Given the high prevalence of CVC use and its direct association with catheter-related bacteremia, which adversely impacts morbidity and mortality rates and costs among HD patients, several prevention measures aimed at reducing the rates of CVC-related infections have been proposed and implemented. As a result, a large number of clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have been conducted in order to assess the effectiveness, clinical applicability, and long-term adverse effects of such measures. In the following article, prophylactic measures against CVC-related infections in HD patients and their possible advantages and limitations will be discussed, and the more recent literature on clinical experience with prophylactic antimicrobial lock therapy in HD CVCs will be reviewed.

Bloodstream infection in patients with end-stage renal disease in a teaching hospital in central-western Brazil

Vascular access in patients undergoing hemodialysis is considered a critical determinant of bloodstream infection (BSI) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of BSI in patients with end-stage renal disease using central venous catheters for hemodialysis. A cohort study was conducted in a public teaching hospital in central-western Brazil from April 2010 to December 2011. For every patient, we noted the presence of hyperemia/exudation upon catheter insertion, as well as fever, shivering, and chills during hemodialysis. Fifty-nine patients were evaluated. Thirty-fi ve (59.3%) patients started dialysis due to urgency, 37 (62.7%) had BSI, and 12 (20%) died. Hyperemia at the catheter insertion site (64.9%) was a significant clinical manifestation in patients with BSI. Statistical analysis revealed 1.7 times more cases of BSI in patients with hypoalbuminemia compared with patients with normal albumin levels. The principal infective agents identified in blood cultures and catheter-tip cultures were Staphylococcus species (24 cases), non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (7 cases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and 5 cases of Chryseobacterium indologenes), and Candida species (6). Among the Staphylococci identified, 77.7% were methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Of the bacteria isolated, the most resistant were Chryseobacterium indologenes and Acinetobacter baumannii. Blood culture was demonstrated to be an important diagnostic test and identified over 50% of positive BSI cases. The high frequency of BSI and the isolation of multiresistant bacteria were disturbing findings. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated microorganism, although Gram-negative bacteria predominated overall. These results highlight the importance of infection prevention and control measures in dialysis units.

Acquired Carotid-Jugular Fistula: Its Changing History and Management

Purpose. To highlight the changes that have come about in recent years in the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acquired carotid-jugular fistulas. Methods. We present a review of the literature on acquired carotid-jugular fistulas (CJFs), which includes studies from World Wars I and II up to today and a retrospective analysis of the lesion reports published in the period 2000–2012, with an update of Talwar's table. The case study of one patient suffering from an untreated, long-standing CJF recently treated by us is also presented and included in the updated table. Results. Thanks to early treatment of acute lesions by reconstructive and endovascular surgery, incidence of posttraumatic carotid-jugular fistulas is decreasing, while the number of iatrogenic ones due to medical advances is concomitantly increasing, specifically because of the ever more widespread use of central venous catheters for venous pressure monitoring, parenteral nutrition, and hemodialysis. Conclusion. Although such lesions seem destined to diminish in the future thanks to the above-mentioned diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the increasing number of internal jugular vein catheterizations performed worldwide implies that physicians will still be dealing with carotid-jugular fistulas for many years to come.

The Economics of Hemodialysis Catheter‐Related Infection Prophylaxis

Hemodialysis central venous catheter (CVC) use is associated with the highest morbidity, mortality, and cost of all types of hemodialysis vascular access. CVC-related infection drives much of the cost associated with CVC use. The magnitude of the cost associated with CVC-related infection varies depending on the type and severity of that infection; however, estimates of the total direct and indirect costs associated with hospitalizations due to hemodialysis CVC-related infections range from 17,000 USD to 32,000 USD per episode. Thus, it is critically important, to not only have effective strategies to limit CVC-related infection but also evaluate whether these strategies are an efficient use of resources. Prophylactic strategies can be considered economically efficient only if the value of its implementation and the corresponding drop in infection rate offer greater value than standard care. The optimal CVC-related infection prophylaxis strategy should work to limit infection risk with minimal risk, inconvenience, and discomfort to the patient, and at minimal cost. The aim of this review was to examine the clinical and economic impact of some commonly described interventions used for CVC infection prophylaxis.

Hemodialysis Catheter Thrombi: Visualization and Quantification of Microstructures and Cellular Composition

Despite the increasing use of central venous catheters (CVC) for hemodialysis in clinical practice, the role of CVC in thrombus development is poorly understood. This work aims at defining new methods and protocols for assessing the micromorphology and composition of thrombi formed into tunneled and non-tunneled hemodialysis CVC removed from patients. Twenty-nine CVCs were collected and the microscopic features of intra-luminal thrombi were quantified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and visualized by two photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). SEM quantification showed that fibrin was the most abundant structure in CVC thrombi. Specifically, the median micromorphologic composition of the surface layer resulted in: 42.6% of fibrin plaque, 16.3% of fibrin network, 0.4% of fibrin fibers, 9.3% of platelets, 10.3% of erythrocytes and 1.7% of white blood cells. TPLSM showed that sub-surface layers were instead composed by smaller amounts of fibrin and platelets and higher amounts of blood cells. Integration of SEM and TPLSM was found to be an excellent tool for characterizing thrombi in hemodialysis CVC removed from patients. Protocols and techniques presented here may be useful in the development and testing of new strategies for limiting thrombus formation on vascular access because of CVC.

Haemodialysis central venous catheter care bundle to reduce MRSA

Over the past 7 years, the nephrology directorate at University Hospital Aintree have introduced, developed and put into common usage a comprehensive bundle of care. The bundle includes a care pathway from pre-insertion to post-insertion catheter care; use of Octenisan body wash and Bactroban nasal cream pre-insertion; Betadine paint immediately pre-insertion; introduction of novel use of exit site Actisorb silver dressing; and catheter incubation with Taurolock-heparin. The renal unit has developed the bundle and audited the catheter-related sepsis annually over the last 7 years (2005–2012). With the use of this bundle, the renal unit has reduced MRSA infection rates from 10% to 0% and kept it there for the past 3 years.

A review of 5434 percutaneous pediatric central venous catheters inserted by anesthesiologists

To review the results of an anesthesiologist led pediatric percutaneous central venous access service. Prospective data on percutaneous pediatric central venous catheter (CVC) insertions were collected over 22 years. Data included age, gender, weight, previous central CVCs, venous thromboses, investigations for great vein patency, type of CVC, external diameter, previous CVC insertions, intended use, operator identity, and the vein into which the CVC was inserted. The default technique was internal jugular vein cannulation using landmark technique (LT). Complication was defined as the following: failure to cannulate any vein, hemothorax, pneumothorax, right atrial perforation, extravenous wire positioning or CVC position and whether the patient was taken back to theater for CVC repositioning. Five thousand four hundred and thirty-four percutaneous CVC insertion procedures were performed on 3954 patients. One-third involved children <1 year of age (n = 1823: 34%). Five thousand one hundred and twenty-five CVCs (95.3%) were inserted into internal jugular veins. The majority were tunneled CVCs (n = 5190: 96.2%). The perioperative complication rate was 1.3%. Successful cannulation occurred in 99.5% of patients. Failure was more likely in children <3 kg, during large bore hemodialysis CVC insertions and during the first 4 years of the service - the latter suggesting a learning curve. Ninety-nine percent of CVCs were inserted using LTs. This study demonstrates a high success rate and low complication rate during pediatric percutaneous internal jugular vein CVC insertions by trained anesthesiologists using LTs. Smaller children, hemodialysis CVCs, and the team's learning curve were identified as risk factors for insertion failure.

A Survey of Hemodialysis Practice Patterns in Canada for Hemodialysis Central Venous Catheters

A Survey of Hemodialysis Practice Patterns in Canada for Hemodialysis Central Venous Catheters

Mediastinic perforation by hemodialysys catheter during the procedure. A case report.

We present the case of a patient, 60 years old, which has been carrying multiple central venous catheters for hemodialysis. We recived consultation: the patient need a central vascular access. He has malfunctioning of femoral dialysis catheter, central catheter in left internal jugular vein removed a week ago, the right jugulosubclavian territory with thrombosis. We try cannulation of left internal jugular vein, with ultrasound and radiologic guidance. During the procedure, the patient experienced sudden and intense chest pain, which disappear spontaneously in a few seconds. At the end of the procedure one of the catheter´s lights was malfunctioning. Before starting hemodialysis the chest pain is reproduced by serum injection. Rx appropriate check. Chest CT is performed and it shown the vascular perforation. The patient suffer mediastinic perforation due to catheter of 14'5F, into the left brachiocephalic vein. The vascular perforation is in the same area of permcath kink previous.

Association between antimicrobial locks for hemodialysis central venous catheters and antibiotic resistance

Antimicrobial locks (AMLs) are effective in preventing catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CABSI) in hemodialysis (HD) patients, but may increase antibiotic resistance. In our center, gentamicin-heparin locks have been used for all HD central venous catheters since July 1, 2004. We previously reported a significant reduction in CABSI rates, but a short-term trend to increased gentamicin resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). We present a further 3-year follow-up study of bacterial resistance in our dialysis center. We examined the susceptibility of bacterial isolates from CABSI from July 1, 2006 to July 31, 2009, restricting analyses to CNS, gram-negative bacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus. We compared the frequency of gentamicin resistance in these isolates between four groups: CABSI in HD patients, non-CABSI in HD patients, peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and bloodstream infection in the non-end-stage kidney failure general population. For CNS isolates, the frequency of gentamicin resistance was similar between the CABSI and PD peritonitis groups, but higher in both groups than the general population. The pattern was similar for S. aureus although the differences were of borderline statistical significance. The frequency of gentamicin resistance among gram-negative bacilli isolates did not differ between groups. Gentamicin resistance was more common than expected in CNS and possibly S. aureus isolates from CABSI, although this resistance may be part of a generally higher frequency of antibiotic resistance in the dialysis population, rather than a direct result of AML use. AMLs remain a valuable clinical tool although surveillance is needed to ensure that benefits continue to outweigh risks.

Survival and Catheter Related Complications Among Iranian End Stage Renal Disease Patients: Hasheminejad Kidney Center, 2010 to 2011

Background: The invention of central venous catheters (CVC) for hemodialysis (HD), brought about a fundamental change in the treatment of patients who needed HD, from the late 1970’s till the present time. Nowadays the use of CVC is a common medical procedure. Increasing use of these methods necessitates clarification of the exact nature of the effects, and potential complications for surgeons. Objectives: This study attempts to determine the frequency of CVC; complications, survival rates and outcomes in HD patients, treated at the Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Tehran from January 2010 till June 2011. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, we collected data (using the census method) from the records of all patients over the age of 18 years, who had been referred, from January 2010 till June 2011, for CVC insertion. Catheter sites, related complications, creatinine (Cr), hemoglobin (Hgb), survival rate of catheters and the patients’ demographic data, were collected and analyzed. Results: In this study, 150 patients were evaluated, 122 participants (81%) were male and 28 (19%) were female. The patients’ average age was 56.2 ± 5 years (19 to 87 years). Regression analysis between the patients, with and without complications, showed that increasing age (P = 0.003, RR = 0.78), decreases in Hgb (P = 0.04, RR = 0.34) and also increased Cr (P = 0.023, RR = 0.45), and BUN (P = 0.014, RR = 0.37) are significantly correlated with catheter-related compli cations as independent risk factors. The one month survival rate of temporary catheters was 77.3% and their two-month survival was 60%. Conclusions: The overall rate of complications in the present study was no higher than in other similar studies. Anemia rates, however, were much higher in our patients. Most of the complications involved catheter infections, followed by catheter thrombosis. CVC survival rates in Iran have an acceptable outcome and results of this study were similar to those of past studies.

Permanent Central Venous Catheter for Hemodialysis in Children with Myelomeningocele

Permanent Central Venous Catheter for Hemodialysis in Children with Myelomeningocele

INFECTIOUS SPONDYLODISCITIS IN PATIENTS WITH CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS FOR HAEMODIALYSIS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

To evaluate the prevalence of infectious spondylodiscitis associated with central venous catheters (CVC) for haemodialysis. Descriptive and retrospective research. Clinical histories of 830 patients with a CVC for haemodialysis in our unit were reviewed from January 1999 to December 2010. Clinical data associated with spondylodiscitis were collected. Five out of 830 patients reported infectious spondylodiscitis associated with their CVC for haemodialysis. Of the five cases, the average age was 66 years (range 59-72 years), there were four females and one male. Three had diabetic nephropathy. Site of CVC: four jugular, one femoral. Signs and symptoms: fever and leucocytosis 100%, lumbar pain 85%; positive blood cultures 60%; computed axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showing signs suggestive of spondylodiscitis or epidural abscess 100%. Although rare, infectious spondylodiscitis is a serious complication in haemodialysis patients with a CVC as vascular access. It is essential that any alarming sign of infection to be recorded daily and appropriate treatment to initiate in order to avoid fatal complications.

Two Cases of Retained Permanent Central Venous Hemodialysis Catheters

Temporary (CVCt) and or permanent (CVCp) central venous catheters (CVCs) have been more and more used in our dialysis units. One of the problems related to CVC use, due to permanent devices permanence in situ for a long time, is the difficulty in removing them because of tight adhesions between vessel wall and CVCp. For these complications rate growing in last years, there are no defined guidelines. It is therefore important to share clinical cases and procedures used to solve the problem to define the true incidence of the phenomenon, removal related complications and the best solutions. In this paper, we describe two cases of difficult removal of CVCp positioned via left internal jugular vein into superior vena cava and the method used to remove them from the vessel.

Catéteres venosos centrales permanentes tunelizados para hemodiálisis: estudio de recirculación y dosis de diálisis con líneas normales e invertidas

Introducción: Los Catéteres Venosos Centrales Permanentes Tunelizados para hemodiálisis presentan con frecuencia una complicación denominada efecto ventana o ventosa, en el que la rama arterial se colapsa en las maniobras de aspiración sin ofrecer resistencia al impeler, determinando la inversión de líneas para poder realizar el tratamiento. El estudio se centra en la relación entre la posición anatómica de las puntas del catéter mediante radiografía de tórax y la recirculación medida con Dilución Ultrasónica, el Porcentaje de Reducción de Urea y el Kt/V, determinados tanto con líneas en posición normal e invertida y a flujos de bomba de 250 y 300 ml/min. Material y método: Estudio Cuasiexperimental Intrasujeto de 18 meses de duración a n=28 catéteres implantados en 25 pacientes en Hemodiálisis. Resultados: • Recirculación: • Líneas normales a 250 y 300 ml/min: 0,85 ± 2,41% y 1,23 ± 3,14%. • Líneas invertidas a 250 y 300 ml/min; 22,41 ± 12,12% y 24,93 ± 12,09%. • Porcentaje de Reducción de Urea: • Líneas normales a 250 y 300 ml/min; 66,49 ± 8,62% y 70,55 ± 5,30%. • Líneas invertidas a 250 y 300 ml/min; 61,05 ± 8,34% y 62,34 ± 8,68%. • Kt/V: • Líneas normales a 250 y 300 ml/min: 1,31 ± 0,30 y 1,46 ± 0,23%. • Líneas invertidas a 250 y 300 ml/min: 1,10 ± 0,21% y 1,19 ± 0,30%. Discusión: Los Porcentajes de Reducción de Urea y Kt/V con líneas invertidas a ambos flujos estudiados, manifiestan dosis de diálisis adecuadas asumiendo recirculaciones entorno al 20%.

Multi-Detector Computed Tomography Venography in the Assessment of Dysfunction of Tunneled Hemodialysis Central Vein Catheters

To assess the value of multi-detector computed tomography venography (MDCTV) in the assessment of tunneled hemodialysis central vein catheters (CVCs) dysfunction. Twenty-five patients who had tunneled CVC dysfunction without abnormality found by x-ray and ultrasound were enrolled. Anti-platelet agents, anticoagulants, and thrombolytic therapy with urokinase failed to resume normal catheter function. MDCTV was performed to observe the position of catheters and to detect central venous stenosis, thrombosis, and fibrin sheath formation. Correct intervention was given according to MDCTV results. MDCTV revealed that the catheter was malpositioned in 10 cases; there were five cases of central venous stenosis, four cases of central venous thrombosis, one case of fibrin sheath formation, and the other five had no abnormalities found. Blood flow on hemodialysis had reached over 300 mL/min after correct intervention. MDCTV provided a new possible way to assess dysfunction of tunneled hemodialysis central venous catheters.

Right atrial thrombus in patients with hemodialysis central venous catheters

Right atrial thrombus in patients with hemodialysis central venous catheters