Central Spin Model Research Articles

The Decoherence of the Electron Spin and Meta-Stability of 13C Nuclear Spins in Diamond

Following the recent successful experimental manipulation of entangled 13C atoms on the surface of Diamond, we calculate the decoherence of the electron spin in Nitrogen Vacancy NV centers of Diamond via a nonperturbative treatment of the time-dependent Greens function of a Central-Spin model in order to identify the Replica Symmetry Breaking mechanism associated with intersystem mixing between the ms = 0 sublevel of the 3A2 and 1A1 states of the NV− centers, which we identify as mediated via the meta-stability of 13C nuclei bath processes in our calculations. Rather than the standard exciton-based calculation scheme used for quantum dots, we argue that a new scheme is needed to formally treat the Replica Symmetry Breaking of the 3A2 → 3E excitations of the NV− centers, which we define by extending the existing Generalized Master Equation formalism via the use of fractional time derivatives. Our calculations allow us to accurately quantify the dangerously irrelevant scaling associated with the Replica Symmetry Breaking and provide an explanation for the experimentally observed room temperature stability of Diamond for Quantum Computing applications.

Density of states and quantum phase transition in the thermodynamic limit of the Mermin central-spin model

We apply a spin-coherent states formalism to study the simplest version of a central-spin model, the so-called Mermin model, in which a given (central) spin 1/2 interacts symmetrically with a "bath" composed of N spins 1/2, characterized by a common frequency. The symmetric interaction allows one to restrict the problem to the fully symmetric sector of the Hilbert space associated with these N spins and therefore to treat these as one large N/2 spin. In particular, we derive analytic expressions for the integrated density of states in the thermodynamic limit when the number of bath spins is taken to infinity. From the thermodynamic limit spectrum we show the phase diagram for the system can be divided into four regions, partitioned, on the one hand, into a symmetric (nondegenerate) phase or a broken symmetry (degenerate) phase, and, on the other hand, by the case of overlapping or nonoverlapping energy surfaces. The nature and position of singularities appearing in the energy surfaces change as one moves from region to region. Our spin-coherent states formalism naturally leads us to the Majorana representation, which is useful to transform the Schrödinger equation into a Ricatti-like form that can be solved in the thermodynamic limit to obtain closed-form expressions for the integrated density of states. The energy surface singularities correspond with critical points in the density of states. We then use our results to compute expectation values for the system that help to characterize the nature of the quantum phase transition between the symmetric and broken phases.

Variance squeezing and entanglement of the XX central spin model

In this paper, we study the quantum properties for a system that consists of a central atom interacting with surrounding spins through the Heisenberg XX couplings of equal strength. Employing the Heisenberg equations of motion we manage to derive an exact solution for the dynamical operators. We consider that the central atom and its surroundings are initially prepared in the excited state and in the coherent spin state, respectively. For this system, we investigate the evolution of variance squeezing and entanglement. The nonclassical effects have been remarked in the behavior of all components of the system. The atomic variance can exhibit revival–collapse phenomenon based on the value of the detuning parameter.

Dynamics and decoherence in the central spin model using exact methods

The dynamics and decoherence of an electronic spin-1/2 qubit coupled to a bath of nuclear spins via hyperfine interactions in a quantum dot is studied. We show how exact results from the integrable solution can be used to understand the dynamic behavior of the qubit. It is possible to predict the main frequency contributions and their broadening for relatively general initial states analytically, leading to an estimate of the corresponding decay times, which are related to ${T}_{1}$ of the electron. Furthermore, for a small bath polarization, a distinct low-frequency time scale is observed.

Spectrum and screening cloud in the central spin model

We consider an electronic spin in a quantum dot, coupled to the surrounding nuclear spins via inhomogeneous antiferromagnetic hyperfine interactions and subject to a uniform field, which is described by Gaudin's central spin model. We study spectral properties, the two-point correlation functions, and the magnetization profile in the ground state and in low-lying excited states, which characterizes the structure of the cloud of nuclear spins screening the electron spin. A close connection to the pair occupation probability in the BCS-model is established. Using the exact Bethe Ansatz solution of that model and arguments of integrability, we can distinguish between contributions from purely classical physics and from quantum fluctuations.

Dynamical behaviour of an XX central spin model through Bethe ansatz techniques

Following the Bethe ansazt procedure the exact dynamics of an XX central spin model is revealed. Particular initial conditions are analyzed and the consequent time evolution is compared with the exact solution obtained by solving the time-dependent Schrüdinger equation. The interest towards spin systems and in particular central spin systems, is motivated by the recent developments in more applicative contexts.

Teleportation in the presence of common bath decoherence at the transmitting station

We investigate the effect of common bath decoherence on the qubits of Alice in the usual teleportation protocol. The system bath interaction is studied under the central spin model, where the qubits are coupled to the bath spins through isotropic Heisenberg interaction. We have given a more generalized representation of the protocol in terms of density matrices and calculated the average fidelity of the teleported state for different Bell state measurements performed by Alice. The common bath interaction differentiates the outcome of various Bell state measurements made by Alice. There will be a high fidelity teleportation for a singlet measurement made by Alice when both the qubits of Alice interact either ferromagnetically or antiferromagnetically with bath. In contrast if one of the Alice's qubits interact ferromagnetically and the other anti-ferromagnetically then measurement of Bell states belonging to the triplet sector will give better fidelity. We have also evaluated the average fidelity when Alice prefers non-maximally entangled states as her basis for measurement.

Induced decoherence and entanglement by interacting quantum spin baths

The reduced dynamics of a single or two qubits coupled to an interacting quantum spin bath modeled by a XXZ spin chain is investigated. By using the method of time-dependent density matrix renormalization group (t-DMRG), we go beyond the uniform coupling central spin model and evaluate nonperturbatively the induced decoherence and entanglement. It is shown that both decoherence and entanglement strongly depend on the phase of the underlying spin bath. We show that in general, spin baths can induce entanglement for an initially disentangled pair of qubits. Furthermore, when the spin bath is in the ferromagnetic phase, because qubits directly couple to the order parameter, the reduced dynamics shows oscillatory type behavior. On the other hand, only for paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases, initially entangled states suffer from the entanglement sudden death. By calculating concurrence, the finite disentanglement time is mapped out for all phases in the phase diagram of the spin bath.

Exact dynamics in the inhomogeneous central-spin model

We study the dynamics of a single spin $1∕2$ coupled to a bath of spins $1∕2$ by inhomogeneous Heisenberg couplings including a central magnetic field. This central-spin model describes decoherence in quantum bit systems. An exact formula for the dynamics of the central spin is presented, based on the Bethe ansatz. For initially completely polarized bath spins and small magnetic field, we find persistent oscillations of the central spin about a nonzero mean value. For a large number of bath spins ${N}_{b}$, the oscillation frequency is proportional to ${N}_{b}$, whereas the amplitude behaves as $1∕{N}_{b}$, to leading order. No asymptotic decay of the oscillations due to the nonuniform couplings is observed, in contrast to some recent studies.

Spin and entanglement dynamics in the central-spin model with homogeneouscouplings

We calculate exactly the time-dependent reduced density matrix for the central spin in thecentral-spin model with homogeneous Heisenberg couplings. Therefrom, the dynamicsand the entanglement entropy of the central spin are obtained. A rich variety ofbehaviours are found, depending on the initial state of the bath spins. For an initiallyunpolarized unentangled bath, the polarization of the central spin decays to zero in thethermodynamic limit, while its entanglement entropy becomes maximal. On theother hand, if the unpolarized environment is initially in an eigenstate of thetotal bath spin, the central spin and the entanglement entropy exhibit persistentmonochromatic large-amplitude oscillations. This raises the question of to whatextent entanglement of the bath spins prevents decoherence of the central spin.

Solution for the dynamics of the BCS and central spin problems

We develop an explicit description of a time-dependent response of fermionic condensates to perturbations. The dynamics of Cooper pairs at times shorter than the energy relaxation time can be described by the BCS model. We obtain a general explicit solution for the dynamics of the BCS model. We also solve a closely related dynamical problem - the central spin model, which describes a localized spin coupled to a "spin bath". Here, we focus on presenting the solution and describing its general properties, but also mention some applications, e.g. to nonstationary pairing in cold Fermi gases and to the issue of electron spin decoherence in quantum dots. A typical dynamics of the BCS and central spin models is quasi-periodic with a large number of frequencies and stable under small perturbations. We show that for certain special initial conditions the number of frequencies decreases and the solution simplifies. In particular, periodic solutions correspond to the ground state and excitations of the BCS model.