Iraq Research Articles

The Main Lineament Trends of Central Iraq, Depending on the THD of Residual Gravity and Magnetic Maps Obtained from Four Upward Continuation Levels

The upward continuation was used to obtain central Iraq's residual gravity and RTP magnetic maps at elevations 2, 12, 16, and 22 km. These maps are processed by the Total Horizontal Derivative (THD) technique to detect the main lineaments that represent the boundary of subsurface sources or faults. The obtained lineaments trends represented on the rose diagram and the main trends in the study area were found. The lineaments (faults) orders from the main trend descending, from gravity data, are N55W, N45W, N35W, N-S, and N65W, respectively, for the four considered upward elevations. The length of the faults obtained from gravity data ranges from 40-250km, while the length of faults obtained from magnetic data ranges from 20-100km. The lineament from the main trend descending, from magnetic data, are NS, N55W, N35W, N45W, N45E, N35E, N65W and N55E, respectively. The lineaments obtained from magnetic data indicate that the main trend in shallow sources is NW-SE, while for deep sources; the main trend is N-S. The NW-SE fault trends obtained from gravity data are related to the Najd faults system, while the N-S fault trends are related to the Nabitah system. Generally, it is indicated from the analysis of lineaments of gravity and magnetic data that the NW-SE is the main trend of shallow structures in most areas of central Iraq.

News coverage of the Iraqi brain drain issue: an analytical study of the news bulletins of Al Iraqiya TV channel during the period from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022

The public today navigates a vast landscape of hundreds of satellite channels offering diverse intellectual discourse. Amidst this multitude, Al-Iraqiya Satellite Channel, the official Iraqi state broadcaster, consistently claims the top spot in viewership and engagement according to local opinion polls. The channel grapples with various issues relevant to the Iraqi public, and prominent among them is the critical phenomenon of Iraqi talent migration. It is this issue's prominence in Al-Iraqiya's news programming that drew the researcher's attention, leading to a detailed analysis of broadcast content focused on brain drain during the year 2022. This research seeks to answer the following question: How did news bulletins on Al-Iraqiya Satellite Channel address the issue of Iraqi talent migration? Employing a descriptive research approach, the researcher utilized a survey method and defined the research population as all news bulletins aired by the channel in 2022. To ensure comprehensiveness, a complete inventory sample of all bulletins addressing the brain drain phenomenon within the specified timeframe was adopted . This analysis yielded several key findings: News coverage of Iraqi talent migration occupied a substantial portion of total news bulletin airtime, amounting to 70 minutes out of a total 540 minutes. The majority of the televised content addressing brain drain took the form of news segments, followed by reports, interviews, analyses, and commentaries, respectively.

Constitutional regulation of the legislative competence of provincial councils in Iraq

This study aims to highlight the constitutional legitimacy of local laws issued by the governorate councils under Law No. 21 of 2008, which are not related to a specific region. These entities began to issue local laws after the recent amendments under the 2005 Constitution, based on the principle of separation of powers and using the analytical approach. Through analyzing the legal texts of the Iraqi Constitution and the laws of the governorates, the study concluded that these legislations issued by these councils are unconstitutional. The study provides recommendations aimed at correcting the course of legislators and addressing the defects that may affect democracy regarding the work of those councils and their response to the legislative process. The Iraqi Parliament should handle the legislation since the purpose of these councils is to satisfy the local needs of the governorates that are not organized into regions, as stipulated by the Iraqi Constitution for the year 2005, especially after the transformation of the Iraqi state into a democratic system. The study concluded that the local councils need to amend their law to keep up with the political developments that Iraq and the world are witnessing, in particular.

Factors affecting the adoption of digital entrepreneurship: a survey of private schools in Nineveh Governorate in Iraq

Purpose This study aims to determine the factors affecting the adoption of digital entrepreneurship among the pioneers of private schools in the Nineveh Governorate, using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). The study seeks to address an academic problem represented by the low level of interest in the research literature on digital entrepreneurship. By contrast, the problem in the field is the failure of several entrepreneurial organizations, in general, and private schools, in particular. Design/methodology/approach The researchers chose the private school sector in the Nineveh Governorate, Republic of Iraq, as the field of study. The targeted individuals represented school founders serving as investors and entrepreneurs, totaling 154 participants. The deductive approach was used as the main research method, with the survey approach as a sub-method. A questionnaire was used for data collection, and the researchers used structural equation modeling software, SmartPLS. Findings The results revealed that constructs such as effort expectation, social influence, facilitating conditions, behavioral intention and experience are factors contributing to predicting the transition to digital entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to bridging the academic gap identified in previous research and addresses the spatial gap by focusing on private schools in the Nineveh Governorate. It aims to assess the level of interest in adopting digital leadership within this context. Practical implications One of the most important implications of the results of the current research is the potential expansion of the use of digital entrepreneurship by understanding the behaviors of entrepreneurs. This understanding can have positive outcomes in attracting broad segments of society to engage in this type of work due to its low costs, low risks and the absence of the need for practicing licenses. Such an expansion could contribute to the establishment of digital pioneering projects aimed at reducing unemployment in society. Additionally, this study offers insights that can guide policymakers in the country toward establishing digital business incubators that provide a suitable work environment for initiating and supporting such projects. Originality/value The current study presents a unique contribution, represented by using the UTAUT, to identify the acceptance of digital entrepreneurship in private schools in Iraq. This can bring benefits to entrepreneurs and educational policymakers in the country.

The Consequences of Petrophysical Effects on Reservoir Properties of Hartha Formation at Balad Oil Field, Central Iraq

Hartha Formation (Upper Companian-Mastrechtian Sequence) consists mainly of detrital organic limestone and dolomitic limestone and may contains streaks of marl and through the petrographic study of the rocks of the formation, it was found that it consists of skeletal granules consisting of benthic foraminifera represented by fossils (orbitoid, rotalide and miliolide) and a few planktonic foraminifera belonging to the family of Globigerinacea and red, green algae, echinoderms, mollusks and the Formation also contained a few Calcispheres and these granules appeared affected by several modifying processes, the most important of which are Dolomitization, recrystallization, dissolution, Micritization and chemical compression and it was found through the analysis of the Microfacie that the Formation consists of four main, microfascies the upper limit of the Formation is conformable with the Formation of the Shiranish, while the lower limit represents unconformable with the Formation of Mashura. The present study focused on the effect of Diagenesis processes on the Hartha Formation in four subsurface sections within the Balad field in Salah al-Din Governorate in central Iraq, representing the first section (Ba-1) with a thickness of (443) m, the second section (Ba-5) with a thickness of (306) m, the third section (Ba-7) with a thickness of (306) m. (Ba-9) and thickness (307) m. Where (355) slides consisting of rock cutting and cores were studied, (144) slides for the well (Ba-1), (58) slides for the well (Ba-5), (54) slides for the well (Ba-7) and in the well (Ba-9). It was by (99) slides, as well as the logs of the above wells, through which the Formation was divided into three porous units.

Assessment of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Cultivation under Two Irrigation Systems in Central Iraq

A field experiment was conducted in the Abbasiya area of Najaf Governorate, located in the Middle Euphrates region during the winter season of 2022-2023. The primary focus of the study was to evaluate the performance of two irrigation systems, nano-irrigation, and subsurface drip irrigation, on broccoli plants grown in clay soil. The experimental design followed a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD). Nano-irrigation demonstrated several advantages over subsurface drip irrigation. It exhibited a reduction inater con-sumption and lower energy requirements for water pumping opera-tions. Notably, the root length of broccoli plants was significantly greater under the nano-irrigation system, with an increase of 18.2 cm compared to the drip irrigation system. The use of nano-irrigation resulted in better water use efficiency and energy efficien-cy, leading to improved root development in the broccoli plants. The study results indicated that nano-irrigation offers benefits in terms of water conservation and plant growth promotion, ultimately leading to increased overall productivity. This makes nano-irrigation an appealing option for improving water use efficiency in agriculture, particularly in regions that face water scarcity. Moreo-ver, there was no significant difference in yield between the nano-irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation systems.

Promoting the fashion industry through digital marketing: The relationship of digital marketing strategies to consumer behavior and fashion. & beauty trends

This research aimed to spotlight the role of digital marketing in modernizing the beauty and fashion sector. It sought to uncover the relationship between digital marketing strategies promoting the fashion industry and their influence on consumer behavior. The study also explored how marketing campaigns designed to attract consumers impact the shaping of trends in the world of fashion and beauty. Finally, a SWOT analysis was conducted to discern expected strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges in this trend. Employing an analytical and descriptive approach, the researcher analyzed responses from 100 consumers and social media followers in the Republic of Iraq. The questionnaire, aligned with the research hypotheses, was divided into four axes. Computer statistical methods, including SPSS ver. 23 and T-test and F-test, were employed to test the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The research verified the hypothesis, establishing a significant relationship between the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies in promoting the fashion industry and their impact on consumer behavior and fashion and beauty trends. The findings suggested that fashion trends positively influence brands in both commercial and digital marketing. The research concluded with proposals advocating for the adoption of innovative and interactive digital marketing strategies in the fashion industry. Emphasis was placed on building relationships through social media, enhancing consumer experiences, and organizing interactive digital marketing campaigns to guide new trends in the dynamic world of fashion and beauty

Drought susceptibility mapping in Iraq using GRACE/GRACE-FO, GLDAS, and machine learning algorithms

Drought susceptibility mapping is crucial for mitigating water scarcity and its cascading effects. This study utilizes machine learning (ML) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data to identify drought-prone areas in Iraq. Terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) data derived from GRACE observations was utilized, in conjunction with various meteorological and topographical factors (temperature, precipitation, wind speed, potential evapotranspiration, aridity index, normalized difference vegetation index, groundwater storage, root zone moisture, elevation, and slope) sourced from diverse global datasets, primarily those comprising the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). These combined datasets served as input for five machine learning models to identify the drought prone area of Iraq: linear discriminant analysis, classification and regression trees, support vector machine, random forest, and k-nearest neighbor. All models exhibited exceptional performance (>0.9 accuracy, >0.8 kappa values, >0.9 areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve) highlighting the effectiveness of the combined TWSA and multi-factor approach. The analysis identified five drought susceptibility zones across Iraq, ranging from very low to very high. An area of approximately 160,650 km2, primarily concentrated in the northeastern and Mesopotamian plains of central and southern Iraq, was identified as exhibiting high to very high drought susceptibility, highlighting the necessity for targeted mitigation strategies. This study pioneers the use of GRACE-derived TWSA and GLDAS data for drought susceptibility mapping in Iraq, paving the way for data-driven water management interventions.

‘Where did you learn to write Arabic?’: A Critical Analysis of Some Ḥadīths on the Origins and Spread of the Arabic Script

Abstract According to some ḥadīths, the art of writing Arabic in the pre-Islamic Hijaz was learned from the city of al-Ḥīra (the capital of the Lakhmid kingdom) in southern Iraq, whilst al-Ḥīra in turn learned writing from the city of al-Anbār in central Iraq. Based on a combined isnād-cum-matn analysis, form-critical analysis, and geographical analysis of these ḥadīths, the earliest iteration of this material can be dated back to the middle of the eighth century ce (i.e., the early second century ah) in Kufa, but no earlier. A further historical-critical analysis also exposes the broader cultural and ideological tendencies at play behind the creation and elaboration of this material, including salvation history, a ‘great man’ theory of history, and—above all—the creation and elaboration of an Iraq-focused Arabian folk history in eighth-century ce Iraq. This small set of reports thus exemplifies the rich potential of ḥadīth in general as both a tool and an object of historical analysis: by applying my combined approach to ḥadīth, we can trace the creation, transmission, and elaboration of the material; we can locate its geographical origins; and we can identify the broader context that ultimately produced it.

Unlocking the Mysteries of the Mishrif Formation: Seismic Data Reinterpretation and Structural Analysis for Reservoir Performance Optimization in the Garraf Oil Field, Southern Iraq

The seismic survey is based on the reflected wave’s inherent nature from the interface among layers, which depends on the layer's density and velocity. This is called acoustic impedance and is used to resolve the confusion associated with the stratigraphic structure of the Mishrif formations in the Garraf oil field. The seismic section of the Garraf oil field in Thi-Qar Province, south of Iraq, was analyzed and interpreted. Considering the most important petroleum accumulation reservoir in the Garraf oil field, to update the structural images of the Mishrif Formation. A seismic study of the actual amplitude reflections, temporal maps, and three-dimensional depositional models demonstrated that the Mishrif Formation generate hydrocarbon from an individual structural trap in the presence of oil. Numerous abrupt discontinuities were observed in the seismic reflectors of the reservoir units of the Mishrif Formation, suggesting either a reef or a fault. The correct probability can be shown by establishing a historical match between the reservoir model and the actual behavior of the reservoir or by running a 3D vertical seismic profile log (VSP), which is more precise than the seismic survey previously used to explore faults.

Implementation of International Law on the Protection of Wetlands in the Legislation of the Republic of Iraq

INTRODUCTION. The swamps of Iraq are of great ecological, historical and cultural significance, however, a number of political, economic and anthropogenic reasons have caused the problem of draining the swamps, which negatively affects the economy and social sphere of the Republic of Iraq. The purpose of the article is to identify and scientifically analyze problematic issues of determining the status of Iraq's swamps as protected natural areas, within the framework of Iraq's implementation of international norms on the protection of wetlands.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research materials included international conventions and other sources of international environmental law, documents of the UN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, acts of the government and ministries of Iraq and others. To reveal the theoretical aspects of the issues under consideration, a system-structural approach, generalization, deduction, methods of scientific abstraction, logical and system analysis were used. Special research methods were also used: historical-legal, comparative-legal and formal-legal.RESEARCH RESULTS. As part of this publication, the authors analyzed the problems of the legal status of wetlands in Iraq, identified shortcomings in domestic legal regulation and ways to further implement international norms on the protection of wetlands.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Based on the results of the study, it was established that the international community and the government of Iraq are taking measures to protect the swamps and determine their status as protected natural areas. Proposals for further implementation by the Republic of Iraq of international norms on the protection of wetlands in its legal and institutional components are substantiated.

The New Shi’a Mahdawi Movements in Iraq: Religious Discontent or Political Protest?

Abstract Mahdawi ‘protest’ movements have played a significant role throughout Islamic history. As salvation movements, they often incorporated religious principles with social and economic demands to protest against authorities in order to bring about political change. Historically, Iraq has always been, and still is, the centre of Mahdawi movements in the Islamic world. Immediately after 2003, a host of new Shi’a Mahdawi movements emerged. These movements nonetheless were active underground since the late 1980s. They demonstrated an evident negative stance towards both Baghdad’s government and Shi’a religious authorities. I will pose the following questions that I intend to answer using primary source data from selected political actors: How did these movements emerge? What are the religious and social factors behind their existence? What are the political ideas and views advocated by these movements? What are the reasons that render these Shi’a movements at conflict with the Iraqi state on the one hand, and the authority of Shi’a ‘ulama in Najaf on the other hand?

الإحتلال البريطاني للعراق دراسة في تطوره السياسي


 يتناول هذا البحث مرحلة مهمة من تاريخ العراق([i]) الحديث، ألا وهي مرحلة الاحتلال البريطاني للعراق منذ 1917م، عندما دخل البريطانيون بغداد بقيادة الجنرال ستانلي مود وأعلنوا احتلالهم للعراق. ويلاحظ ان تاريخ العراق المعاصر يتوافق مع هذا الحدث المؤثر. لذلك فأن فهم هذا الاحتلال ودوافعه وموقف الشعب العراقي منه مهم جداً لفهم التاريخ العراقي في مراحله اللاحقة. ويبين كذلك فهم الآخرين للعراق وشعبه وكيفية تعاملهم معه. وبعد مرور قرن من الزمن على هذا الحدث فأن اعادة دراسته له أهمية خاصة وبصورة عامة وان كان تحدي الاحتلال كبيراً بالنسبة للعراقيين فان الاستجابة لهذا التحدي كان عظيماً حيث أثبت بأنه لايمكن حكم العراقيين بصورة مباشرة. إن البحث الذي قمت بكتابته وبتوفيق من الله عز وجل يبدأ قبل فترة الاحتلال المباشر فقد تناولت في بدايته وقوع العراق في نفوذ الدولة العثمانية وأوضاعه تحت سيطرة العثمانيين وأهمية العراق الستراتيجية وكذلك المعاهدات التي جرت بين الحكومتين العراقية والبريطانية، وأثر ذلك على كردستان الحلم ويختتم البحث بدور المقاومة وإنهاء الاحتلال البريطاني في ثورة العشرين التي كان للكرد نصيب فيها ضمن حركة التحرر الكردية ولا أجزم بأن البحث قد نال مرحلة الكمال، لأن الكمال لله عز وجل وحده ولكن أدعوا أن يكون قد نال رضا الله ومن يقرأه، والله الموفق.
 
 ([i]) هناك آراء كثيرة حول اصل ومعنى العراق: ينظر: سالم الآلوسي، اسماء العراق وبغداد، بيروت، الوراق للنشر، 2013، ص ص9-174.

Shia paramilitary groups as an instrument of Iranian influence in Iraq

Characteristic features of the pro-Iranian Shiite armed groups, which act as influential non-state actors (NGA) in the main spheres of activity of the Iraqi state, are studied. Methodological developments obtained as a result of research on the NGA problem are used. V.V. Naumkin and V.A. Kuznetsov note the existence of a stable academic tradition of a state-centered approach to the problem of their typologization. This approach is based on the fact that an NGA defines and builds its actions, focusing to one degree or another on the state. Such formations have a political wing and a bureaucratic apparatus for participating in the life of the state not only as alternative to the army and police law enforcement agencies. They also play the role of parliamentary forces and economic actors, including those active in the shadow sector of the economy. Created at one time with the active participation of the Iranian special services, Shiite paramilitary groups have become an effective instrument of Iran’s influence in the country. The strengthening of their influence on the government of Iraq is noted. It is manifested in the transition from opposition to the pro-American Prime Minister M. al-Kazimi (2020–2022) to a kind of «symphony» of harmony and cooperation under his pro-Iranian successor M. al-Sudani. This factor affects not only the domestic political situation, but also the regional balance of power in the Middle East.

Construct a Geomechanical Model to Estimate the Critical Drawdown Pressure for the Sandstone Reservoirs

Abstract The petroleum industry is becoming more concerned about sand production because of the mounting difficulties it causes, along with the accompanying technological and operational obstacles. In this study, a field case in the south of Iraq was carried out to analyze the potential of sanding and rock collapse. This investigation has focused on the upper and lower sand layers, which are sandstone reservoirs within this field. To achieve the purpose of this study, a One-Dimensional Geomechanical Model was established along the area of interest. The critical drawdown pressure (CDDP) at which the well may be produced without experiencing shear failure or sanding was then determined at various depletion rates. The results indicated that as the rocks strength increases, so does depletion and the quantity of sand-free drawdown. Because the upper sand unit has a higher critical bottom-hole flowing pressure (Pcw), it is possible that it will begin producing sand before the lower unit. Sanding becomes more likely with each drawdown when the reservoir pressure reaches approximately 2400 psi. Finally, this research may be used as a predictor of the likelihood of sanding over the well’s productive life and as a guide for production engineers seeking to achieve optimal completion performance.

Well Logs Analysis and Petrophysical Properties of Shiranish Formation in the East Baghdad Oil Field, Central Iraq

The objective of this study is to characterize of the petrophysical properties of Shiransih Formation in East Baghdad oilfield. The analysis involves both of examination of Well Log data obtained from specific wells, namely EB-86, EB-84, EBSK-10-4, EBSK8-2, and EBSK-5-4. The Gamma Ray Log is utilized to quantify volume of shale within the formation, while Porosity Logs, including Density Log, Neutron Log, and Sonic Log, are employed to determine effective porosity and index secondary porosity. Water saturation, movable hydrocarbon, and residual hydrocarbon are calculated using Resistivity logs (LLd, MSFL, and ILD). Additionally, a cross-plot analysis is performed utilizing Density Log and Neutron Log to determine the lithology of the Shiransih Formation.

Bioaccumulation of total petroleum hydrocarbons and measuring the concentrations of some heavy metals in the water and two species of Gastropoda Melanopsis costata and Melanopsis nodosa in Al-Diwaniyah River, central Iraq

The current study aimed to detect the level of pollution of the Diwaniyah River water and two species of gastropods ( Melanopsis costata and Melanopsis nodosa with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and some heavy elements. Three stations were chosen to collect water samples and snails. The first station is located at the entrance to the city, the second in the city center far 12 km2 and the third at the exit far 10km2. chemical tests were conducted on the samples and snails to detect the level of pollution. The total levels of hydrocarbons in the water of the Diwaniyah River, were 2.4, 3.3 and 4.0 μg/g in the month of September for the three stations under study (S1,S2 and S3) respectively, while it was 2.5,3.1 and 4.3 μg/g for the month of October, respectively, for the three stations under study. The THPs in snails in the first station were the lowest 0.23 μg/g for M. costata and 0.31 μg/g for M. nodosa, followed by the second station, which was the most polluted, then the third station was the most polluted, with a rate for the snails 0.84 μg/g and 0.81 μg/g for above snails respectively. Regarding heavy metals in water , high levels of ( Fe) were recorded in station three, reaching 4.1 and 4. 66 ppm for the months of September and October, respectively, while (Cu) concentrations were recorded at 0.05 and 0.04 ppm for the above two months, respectively.
 Heavy metals in snails were as follow: Station No. 3 was the highest contamination compared to other stations, where the concentration of heavy elements was high for (Cr) , it was the highest concentration, where M. costata was 0.05 and 0.04 mg/g for September and November, respectively, and for M. nodosa 0.75 and 0.79 mg/g respectively, while (Fe) concentrations were 0.71, 0.69, 0.66 and 0.70 mg/g for the same station, species and months, respectively.

Bioaccumulation of total petroleum hydrocarbons and measuring the concentrations of some heavy metals in the water and two species of Gastropoda Melanopsis costata and Melanopsis nodosa in Al-Diwaniyah River, central Iraq

The current study aimed to detect the level of pollution of the Diwaniyah River water and two species of gastropods ( Melanopsis costata and Melanopsis nodosa with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and some heavy elements. Three stations were chosen to collect water samples and snails. The first station is located at the entrance to the city, the second in the city center far 12 km2 and the third at the exit far 10km2. chemical tests were conducted on the samples and snails to detect the level of pollution. The total levels of hydrocarbons in the water of the Diwaniyah River, were 2.4, 3.3 and 4.0 μg/g in the month of September for the three stations under study (S1,S2 and S3) respectively, while it was 2.5,3.1 and 4.3 μg/g for the month of October, respectively, for the three stations under study. The THPs in snails in the first station were the lowest 0.23 μg/g for M. costata and 0.31 μg/g for M. nodosa, followed by the second station, which was the most polluted, then the third station was the most polluted, with a rate for the snails 0.84 μg/g and 0.81 μg/g for above snails respectively. Regarding heavy metals in water , high levels of ( Fe) were recorded in station three, reaching 4.1 and 4. 66 ppm for the months of September and October, respectively, while (Cu) concentrations were recorded at 0.05 and 0.04 ppm for the above two months, respectively.
 Heavy metals in snails were as follow: Station No. 3 was the highest contamination compared to other stations, where the concentration of heavy elements was high for (Cr) , it was the highest concentration, where M. costata was 0.05 and 0.04 mg/g for September and November, respectively, and for M. nodosa 0.75 and 0.79 mg/g respectively, while (Fe) concentrations were 0.71, 0.69, 0.66 and 0.70 mg/g for the same station, species and months, respectively.

Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and water accumulated by effects shipwrecks in Shatt Al-Arab River, southern Iraq

In this study, the total concentration of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn) in sediment and water was taken to determine how much the environment is impacted by rising levels of heavy metals that are not naturally occurring in five stations representing the large shipwrecks in Shatt Al-Arab River in Basra South Iraq by using atomic absorption. The heavy metals concentration in the five sediment stations is ordered as follows: Fe>Mn>Ni>Zn>Cu>Cd> Pb. While, the heavy metals concentration in the five water stations is ordered as follows: Fe>Ni>Mn>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd. The current results of the study indicate that the concentrations of Cd, Fe, and Pb (slightly contaminated) metals in water are higher than the Iraqi standards (Iraqi standards for drinking water) and international standards (WHO, U.S. EPA, E.U.). An increase in heavy metal concentrations is attributed to the raw materials from which sunken ships are made near stations and these ships being exposed to military bombardment. The level of pollution in the sediment was assessed by employing the Geo accumulation index (I-geo), Contamination factor (CF), and Enrichment factor (EF). The calculated results of I-geo indicate that Cd can be considered to be moderate – strongly polluted except S5 considered strong to extremely polluted. However, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn showed almost unpolluted levels across all stations. The CF values indicate that this environment is very highly contaminated with Cd, while CF values for Cu, Fe, Pb, and Mn display low contamination. while CF values for Ni are moderate contamination except for S1 is low contamination. The pollution level for Zn is S1and S5 is low contamination and S2,3,4 is moderate contamination. The EF values refer to Cd at S5 indicating extremely severe enrichment and other stations refer to severe enrichment and minor enrichment for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Copper (Cu) has minor enrichment at S2 but no enrichment at the other stations. Conversely, Lead (Pb) shows no enrichment at any of the stations.

Well Logs Analysis and Reservoir Evaluation of Hartha Formation in the East Baghdad oil field central Iraq

This study objective of ascertaining various petrophysical properties, which encompass volume shale, porosity, and water saturation. Well logging assumes a pivotal role in the comprehensive evaluation of reservoirs by providing measurements that can be effectively correlated with the volume fraction and composition of hydrocarbons within porous geological formations.In the course of this research, the quantification of shale volume was achieved through the utilization of gamma-ray logs, while the determination of effective porosity was facilitated by employing porosity logs, including the density log, neutron log, and sonic or acoustic log. The Hartha Formation has been stratified into distinct reservoir units based on their petrophysical characteristics. The interpretation of the findings involved the direct examination of well log readings, complemented by the application of well-established relationships and profiles to discern the critical lithological and petrophysical attributes inherent to the Hartha Formation. The selected wells from the East Baghdad oilfield, namely EB-93, EB-97, EB-51, and EB-42.