Central Committee Research Articles

Not Just Witnesses: The Efforts of Polish Jewish Survivors and Organizations to Achieve Justice after the Holocaust

The article explores the role of Polish Jewish organizations in investigations and trials of Holocaust perpetrators. It contributes a study of Jewish survivors’ agency in pursuing justice, their relationships with non-Jewish institutions and authorities, and the role of the international networks in these processes. At the center of the article are the Jewish national institutions operating in Poland in the 1940s, which represented the survivors and served as intermediaries between them and the authorities. In the conditions of anti-Jewish hatred, mass displacement, and the strengthening of communism in Poland, Jews treated collecting evidence and pursuing justice as a national mission, and perceived Jewish institutions, in this case the Central Committee of Polish Jews, as representatives of the victims and the Jewish people. The exchange of information between survivors, domestic and foreign Jewish communities, and lobby with national and international authorities, have provided a chance to supply lacking documentation and witness accounts, potentially increase the rate of punishment for perpetrators in Holocaust-related trials, and allow survivors to fulfill their moral obligation.

Stan badań nad centralnymi strukturami PZPR nadzorującymi politykę propagandową w Polsce Ludowej: nowe ustalenia i luki badawcze

The state of research on central PZPR structures supervising propaganda policy in People’s Poland: new findings and research gaps The article takes a look at the academic work devoted to the analysis of the activities of the central apparatus of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR), which was in charge of the supervision of propaganda and the mass media in Poland from 1948 to 1989/90. Considerations developed after 1989 are reviewed. Focusing on the research analysis of the political decisions and activities of members of the Political Bureau and Secretariat of the Central Committee Jacek Wojsław 22 of the PZPR and selected departments of the Central Committee of the PZPR responsible for the functioning of propaganda in People’s Poland is a necessary task in order to understand the way power was exercised in a non-democratic state. It was the central apparatus of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) that fully controlled the creation, flow and dissemination of content directed to the mass public using the press, radio and television. The result of the conducted analysis indicates that so far there has been no monograph devoted to this important area of activity of the central authorities of the PZPR in the Polish scholarly output. With the exception of Mieczysław Rakowski’s political biography, the other main coordinators of propaganda policy have not been described to date either. The situation is similar with the approximation of individual central party structures directly responsible for supervisory activities in the area of interest. It must be stressed, however, that there are a number of works on the academic market of a contributory nature relating to both central party structures and the PZPR leaders at their head responsible for overseeing the media and propaganda, in which selected problems have been analysed, usually within a limited period of time.

Research on the Path of Integrated Development of Culture and Tourism in Jinzhai, Anhui Province based on the Red Background

In order to deeply implement the important content of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's instructions on promoting the red spirit and continuing the red bloodline, and to experience the glorious process of establishing the red political power. We conducted on-site research in Jinzhai, Anhui to explore the current situation of local red culture and tourism empowering rural revitalization and promoting economic development, gathering the power of youth and making their voices heard. The aim of this study is to explore the current situation and breakthrough directions of red culture in promoting the development of Jinzhai area. This article takes Jinzhai County homestays as an example to analyze the development of local enterprises, and uses symbiosis theory and other methods to analyze the current situation of deep integration of red culture and tourism. It points out the problems discovered in the practice process and proposes targeted suggestions based on multiple factors to seek the revitalization of Jinzhai rural areas with a vibrant red culture.

Lubelski Komitet Wojewódzki Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej a październik 1956 r.

In October of 1956, the Polish People’s Republic went through a serious political crisis, which was partially caused by rivalry between fractions in the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party. The events in Warsaw influenced the lower party structures, namely the voivodeship committees. In the October period, the Lublin Voivodeship Committee of the Polish United Workers Party experienced turmoil and staff rotation. The text shows the processes that took place in the local center of power of the Lubelskie Voivodeship. It concerns personnel changes in the executive and the position of the first secretary. The analysis of the October events also takes into account characteristics of the processes that took place on the political map of Lublin.

Testing of New Strains of VT-1, VT-2, VT-3, VT-4, MVT-1, MVT-2, MVT-3, MVT-4, MVT-5. NCVT, SVT1, SVT-2, Selection and Early Generation Testing in Cotton Genotypes in Crop Year 2022-2023

lant Breeding & Genetics Section develops new cotton varieties or lines with desirable fibre traits equipped with inbuilt resistance/tolerance against insect-pest and diseases by utilizing purposeful breeding (crossing) of closely or distantly related genotypes. Plants are cross-bred to introduce traits/genes from one variety or line into a new genetic background. The promising hybrids, Bt. and non-Bt.. strains (in coded form) of all the cotton breeders of the country were evaluated under National Coordinated Variety Testing (NCVT) Program of Pakistan Central Cotton Committee. The prominent commercial varieties (Bt. and non-Bt..) were also tested for their performance under the local agro-climatic conditions of Multan zone in standard varietal trials. The breeding materials in different filial generations were screened out for selection into next generation. Major emphasis was laid on the selection of material having resistance/tolerance against biotic (Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV),Pink boll worm etc) and abiotic factors (tolerance against heat-drought and Glyphosate etc) with excellent fibre characteristics. The genetic stock of World Cotton collections comprising of 6243 cultivars of four species of Gossypium from 41 countries of the World are being preserved for short (25 years), medium (50 years) and long (100 years) duration as well as for utilization in breeding program by cotton breeders in the country and abroad. Promising lines i.e. Bt.CIM-990 and Bt.CIM-909 developed by utilizing USDA and local cotton germplasm material were tested for second and first years respectively in NCVT. Trainings were also imparted to small farmers, progressive growers from core and non-core zones of the cotton belts along with technical staffs of different seed companies. Students from different universities were also trained thorough internship training program. Summary of above mentioned activities are given below.

FINANCING OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE KOMSOMOL IN THE 1960S-1970S

In the 1960s the Komsomol began to give particular attention to its international activity, which was not only limited to participation, but also involved the organization of many different events for foreign youth and students - international friendship camps, forums, trips of foreign delegations. The creation of the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR (KMO USSR) and the Sputnik International Youth Tourism Bureau (BMMT) contributed to the intensification of the tourist exchange between Soviet and foreign youth. Both organizations were subordinate to the Central Committee of the Komsomol and received funding from the Komsomol budget. In 1962, additional funds started being allocated for international activities, as evidenced by a new item of expenditure that appeared in the budget of the Komsomol. Most of this money was spent by the Central Committee, with excessive expenditure on the reception of foreign delegations and gifts, which was repeatedly noted by audit checks. Twelve to thirty committees with international youth camps (out of 86 regional Komsomol committees) received money under the framework of this funding item. During the period under study, the Komsomol actively helped with the payment of organizational fees to the funds of the World Festivals of Youth and Students, and then began to provide direct material assistance to the youth organizations in Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa, which regularly applied for it. It is important to note that the annual increase of spending on international activities occurred in the context of the termination of state funding for the Komsomol, which in 1959 became fully financially self-sufficient. Based on a wide range of archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the article presents an analysis of the financial activities of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, its sources of funding and directions for spending the funds allocated for international activities. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of serious scholarly investigation of this problem and the need to study the financial support of international activities in order to give a comprehensive assessment of its impact and efficiency.

Research on the Realistic Problems and Innovative Paths of College Postgraduate Education in the New Era

Moral education is the fundamental task of developing higher education in the new era, which is related to the future and destiny of the party and the country, and reflects the CPC Central Committee's firm determination to attach great importance to education and give priority to education. Ideological education of graduate students is an important part of graduate education, and it is also a key link to implement the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue. There are many practical problems that need to be solved urgently in the education of moral education for graduate students in colleges and universities. This paper lists some existing problems from two aspects: individual students and school management, and discusses some feasible innovation paths.

The Life and Activity of T. Kulatov During the Development of Kyrgyz Statehood

T. Kulatov made a huge contribution to the creation of the economic and spiritual potential of Kyrgyzstan and the only goal of which was to serve his people with dignity. The patriotic initiative that T. Kulatov showed in solving a number of major socio-economic problems has always been preserved in people’s memory. The archives contain the decisions of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of March 17, 1940 on the construction of the Orto-Tokoy reservoir and the Bolshoi Chuisk Canal; of November 30, 1940 on the construction of the Frunze-Susamyr-Jalal-Abad highway. These vital documents for the Republic were signed by Molotov and Stalin after T. Kulatov, Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Kyrgyz SSR, attended their reception, boldly and persistently argued the need to build these facilities to raise the economy and welfare of the people of Kyrgyzstan, although those years it was not so — it was simple.

Civil-legal regulation of public relations in the digital environment

Introduction. Digitization of society is a global process that includes legal aspects. In the context of the digital transformation of society, various social relations related to digital technologies arise. These relations concern digital things in respect of which absolute and relative civil rights arise. Their legal nature requires further clarification. Therefore, the study of social relations in the digital environment is relevant. Such relations should be accompanied by appropriate legal regulation. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of civil law regulation of social relations in the digital environment. The following research methods were used. Formal and logical - in identifying types of legal relations in the digital environment. The system-structural method was applied to reveal the peculiarities of legal relations in the digital environment. The dialectical method was applied when comparing contracts in civil law and smart contracts. Summary of the main results of the study. Legal norms that regulate social relations in the digital environment began to be embodied in the Central Committee of Ukraine, separate laws. The understanding of a thing in civil law takes into account the existence of such an object in the digital environment. Property rights are extended to property taking into account European legal practice. Therefore, property rights can be applied to digital things as well. The civil law regulation of social relations concerns contracts regarding digital things, the provisions of which must be included in the Central Committee of Ukraine. This contributes to the proper implementation of civil turnover in relation to the specified objects. Contracts regarding digital things can be conventionally divided into classic for civil law and smart contracts. The Central Committee of Ukraine should be supplemented with regulations on smart contracts. Further legal regulation of contracts contributes to the proper circulation of digital things. Conclusions. One of the important tasks of civics for the near future is to clarify the legal nature of social relations in the digital environment. The development of social relations through digitalization must be combined with the necessary legal regulation in civil legislation. In civil legislation, it is necessary to continue to establish the ownership of digital things by absolute right. Provisions regarding contracts, smart contracts regarding digital property need to be established. The further development of civil law in the near future will be closely related to the legal regulation of digital technology objects. Regulation of absolute and relative rights to them is necessary.

INFLUENCE OF THE SLOVAK FACTOR ON THE EVENTS OF AUGUST 1968 IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA

The article highlights the influence of the Slovak factor on the events of August 1968 in Czechoslovakia, when the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries were introduced to the country in order to curtail the democratic reforms of the "Prague Spring". The lower chronological limit of the study is dictated by the beginning of the invasion of the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia on the night of August 20–21, 1968. The lower chronological limit of the study is dictated by the beginning of the invasion of the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia on the night of August 20–21, 1968. The upper chronological limit of the article is determined by the completion of the work of the Congress of the Communist Party of Slovakia, which, not recognizing the results of the Extraordinary XIV Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, destroyed Czechoslovak unity in the political confrontation with the Soviet Union and laid the foundations for the "normalization" regime. The research methodology in this article is based on the scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematics. The author used such special-historical methods as historical-comparative, problem-chronological, historiographical analysis, etc. The article found that the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries in August 1968 stopped the process of federalization of the country. The USSR, having achieved its military goals in Czechoslovakia, suffered a political defeat because it failed to achieve the transfer of power in the country to the hands of pro-Kremlin politicians. This was evidenced by the reaction of the authorities and society to the presence of foreign troops in the Czechoslovak SSR and the results of the work of the Extraordinary General Assembly of the Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine. The author found out that in order to "normalize" the situation in the Czechoslovak SSR, during the Moscow negotiations with representatives of the Czechoslovak authorities in August 1968, the USSR used the desire of Slovaks for equality in its own interests and promised support in the issue of the future state-legal system. As a result, the "father of the federation" G. Husak, who was present at the negotiations, pragmatically changed course and became a supporter of L. Brezhnev, thus destroying the unity of the Czechoslovak authorities in their views on the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries and its consequences. In the interests of the USSR, G. Husak prevented Slovak communists from supporting the decisions of the Extraordinary Central Committee of the Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine at the Bratislava congress and, as the head of the party, actively participated in the "normalization" of the situation in Czechoslovakia in the fall of 1968. As a result, the process of federalization of Czechoslovakia, despite the gradual collapse of democratic reforms of the "Prague Spring", as expected, was quickly restored.

The Policy of Forming the Nomenclature in Soviet Armenia (in the 1920s)

Key words: Bolshevik power, the Central Committee of C(B)PA, presidium, secretariat, nomenclature, norms’ and laws’ field, political monopoly After conquering the power in Russia (November 1917), the Bolshevik Party began to strengthen its leading role in all aspects of Soviet life: socio-political, socio-economical, judicio-legal etc. Any of the constitutions approved during the Soviet era did not formulate the concept that the Communist Party must govern all aspects of Soviet life. However, implementing the principle of autocratic governance, the Bolshevik Party became the real highest body leading and governing the Soviet country. The Communist (Bolshevik) Party of Armenia was a regional faction of the Communist (Bolshevik) Party of Russia. So, it was natural that the above-mentioned Bolshevik principle began to be implemented in Soviet Armenia also. The decisions of the Presidency of the Central Committee of C(b)PA were not only related to the cadre policy of central government bodies of the Armenian SSR, but also their financial issues, activities of local government bodies etc. Organizing and leading the process of establishment of the Soviet power, the Central Committee of the Armenian Communist Party created significant bodies of power in the provinces formed after the establishment of the Soviet regime. The purpose of the latter was to establish the Soviet power in the places.

Upravlencheskie stereotipy v pole obshchestvennogo soznaniya i povedeniya serediny 1950-h – 1980-h gg. (na primere interpretacii materialov fonda RGANI)

The article, based on the party documents and letters collected in the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, reveals the problem of building public perception of the figure of a representative of power structures. It is found that in the period 1950s-1980s in the letters of citizens sent to the Central Committee of the CPSU, a mainly negative attitude was recorded, stating the facts indicating the growing distrust of the authorities. The article demonstrates the situations of the formation of the standards of behavior in a leadership environment associated with various types of abuse of official position, possessiveness, and attraction to material accumulation.

Research on the strategies of promoting the development of teachers' professional ability through intelligent training

With the CPC Central Committee and The State Council attaching great importance to teaching and research work and the introduction of relevant policy documents on the use of new technologies to innovate teaching and research work methods, the form of teachers' teaching and research has undergone earth-shaking changes. The new generation of intelligent technology promotes the new development of teaching and research, and the teaching and research work in the field of basic education across the country has tried to explore the new form of teachers' teaching and research work in the network environment, and the intelligent research and training platform has emerged. The strategy study case of promoting the development of teachers' professional ability by intelligent training is selected from the third batch of "Intelligent training platform application pilot work school" - Guiyang Qinghua Middle School. The eighth grade Chinese team (11 teachers) of the school took "The skill of killing cattle" as an example to carry out research and training activities, explaining its application and practice process -- using the platform to carry out data tracking of the whole process of preparation, grinding, evaluation, discussion, practice and thinking of lessons, helping teachers to promote the progress of teaching and research activities from "Internet" to "informatization" and then to "intelligence". Provide reference for achieving excellent development of professional competence.

A Learning Program for Treatment Recommendations by Molecular Tumor Boards and Artificial Intelligence

Substantial heterogeneity exists in treatment recommendations across molecular tumor boards (MTBs), especially for biomarkers with low evidence levels; therefore, the learning program is essential. To determine whether a learning program sharing treatment recommendations for biomarkers with low evidence levels contributes to the standardization of MTBs and to investigate the efficacy of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based annotation system. This prospective quality improvement study used 50 simulated cases to assess concordance of treatment recommendations between a central committee and participants. Forty-seven participants applied from April 7 to May 13, 2021. Fifty simulated cases were randomly divided into prelearning and postlearning evaluation groups to assess similar concordance based on previous investigations. Participants included MTBs at hub hospitals, treating physicians at core hospitals, and AI systems. Each participant made treatment recommendations for each prelearning case from registration to June 30, 2021; participated in the learning program on July 18, 2021; and made treatment recommendations for each postlearning case from August 3 to September 30, 2021. Data were analyzed from September 2 to December 10, 2021. The learning program shared the methodology of making appropriate treatment recommendations, especially for biomarkers with low evidence levels. The primary end point was the proportion of MTBs that met prespecified accreditation criteria for postlearning evaluations (approximately 90% concordance with high evidence levels and approximately 40% with low evidence levels). Key secondary end points were chronological enhancements in the concordance of treatment recommendations on postlearning evaluations from prelearning evaluations. Concordance of treatment recommendations by an AI system was an exploratory end point. Of the 47 participants who applied, 42 were eligible. The accreditation rate of the MTBs was 55.6% (95% CI, 35.3%-74.5%; P < .001). Concordance in MTBs increased from 58.7% (95% CI, 52.8%-64.4%) to 67.9% (95% CI, 61.0%-74.1%) (odds ratio, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.06-1.86]; P = .02). In postlearning evaluations, the concordance of treatment recommendations by the AI system was significantly higher than that of MTBs (88.0% [95% CI, 68.7%-96.1%]; P = .03). The findings of this quality improvement study suggest that use of a learning program improved the concordance of treatment recommendations provided by MTBs to central ones. Treatment recommendations made by an AI system showed higher concordance than that for MTBs, indicating the potential clinical utility of the AI system.

몽골의 체제전환기 정치 엘리트 연구

The Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party has maintained its political status as the ruling party in Mongolia for 70 years of socialism and 30 years of democracy. Therefore, in this paper, the political elites who were in power at the time of regime transformation of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party, their formation background, characteristics, and policy decision factors were examined.&#x0D; Prior to the transition to democracy, Mongolia was a country with a one-party system in which the party and the state were integrated. As the party dominated all areas of the country and society, the political elite had overwhelming influence. At the time of system transition, the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party formed factions into reformers, conservatives opposed to reform, and centrists. Among them, the reformist faction led by General Secretary J. Batmunkh, who had the most powerful influence, listened to the positions of those who demanded democratization and led a compromise.&#x0D; In addition, he took the position of ‘absolutely no’ as to whether or not to use force against the democratization forces, which was decided at the party convention. The reformers included most of the members of the Politburo and the Secretary General, including the Secretary General of the Party Central Committee. At the request of the democratization forces, they gave up all the power they had as high-ranking elites and prioritized the safety of the people and the country. With this, the reformist forces within the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party demonstrated a great practice of compromise and peaceful democratization.&#x0D; Following the resignation of reformers, the next generation of political elites emerge. These are the elite members of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party, who are in charge of working on the first democratic election pledges. Those with a relatively high level of education and strong reform tendencies drew up pledges to meet the domestic situation and the people’s needs at the time. This is one of the reasons why the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party won a landslide victory in the first democratic election in history held after regime transformation. The Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party also had such a high level of popular support that it has been positioned as the ruling party of Mongolia even after the regime transformation.

On the Revision of Russian Harvest Statistics of the Late 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Century

The article scrutinizes the reliability of harvest statistics of the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The author shows that a crop accounting reform conducted in 1893 led to a formal increase in crop yields in 50 provinces of European Russia by at least 19 %. In some chernozem and Volga provinces, the jump in productivity in 1893–1896 compared to 1887–1890 exceeded 40 %. In the Ekaterinoslav province, the jump was 42 %, in Kherson – 43 %, Kazan – 51 %, Ufa – 54 %, Vyatka – 55 %, Samara – 78 %. Climatic fluctuations cannot explain such a sharp increase in the average yield. Thus, the comparison of data on grain production in the 1880s with data from the beginning of the 20th century, carried out in the works of some historians, turns out to be incorrect. As is known, two trends in historiography assess the dynamics of the level of consumption in Russia in the late 19th – early 20th century in different ways. “Pessimists” talk about the growth of agrarian overpopulation and peasant shortage of land, which led to a decrease in per capita consumption and an increase in discontent among the masses. “Optimists” take the opposite position and argue that the production growth outpaced the population growth. Accounting for the proposed adjustment of 19 % leads to the opposite conclusion. Grain production per capita was declining, and the population’s standard of living was falling. From this perspective, the ideas about Russia’s economic development in the second half of the 19th century that existed until now require revision, considering new circumstances. In this case, the “pessimistic” point of view receives an additional argument.

Medical Association’s Central Committee president before the court in Turkey

Medical Association’s Central Committee president before the court in Turkey

CCCР – Колумбия: межпартийное измерение отношений

The author analyzes the history of the development and evo-lution of inter-party relations between the CPSU and the Co-lombian Communist Party in the post-Comintern period. Par-ticular attention is paid to the role of the International De-partment of the CPSU Central Committee in conducting the foreign policy of the USSR in Latin America. The author con-cludes that inter-party relations between the CPS and the CPC were built primarily around global issues on the agenda of the world communist movement, with the issues of Soviet-Chinese and Soviet-Chinese-Cuban rivalry and the topic of armed struggle in the Latin American region especially high-lighted.

Using coercion in mental disorders or risking the patient’s death? An analysis of the protocols of a clinical ethics committee and a derived decision algorithm

While principle-based ethics is well known and widely accepted in psychiatry, much less is known about how decisions are made in clinical practice, which case scenarios exist, and which challenges...

В.Т. Суслин: последний первый секретарь ростовского обкома КПСС

The article presents the first scientific biographical essay about the last first secretary of the Rostov regional Committee of the CPSU Vitaly Timofeyevich Suslin (1937). His work history began at a metallurgical plant in Taganrog, and the heyday of his party career fell on the late Brezhnev period and the Perestroika period of the Soviet era. For ten years (late 1970s – late 1980s) V.T. Suslin was one of the leaders of the Rostov regional Committee of the CPSU. And after working in the Central Committee of the CPSU (1988–1990) on an alterna-tive basis, he was elected first secretary of the Rostov regional party committee during the rapid collapse of its authority (1990–1991) and the reduction of power resources. The “tug-of-war” with the new regional Council of People’s Deputies headed by L.A. Ivanchenko, a fellow party member and recent competitor of the hero of the article for the position of the regional party leader, became a characteristic of the time. After the ban of the CPSU and the collapse of the USSR, V.T. Suslin took an active part in the restoration of the party structures of the Communist Party, but did not aspire to become a public political figure. V.T. Suslin died in Taganrog at the age of 60 (1997).