Central Black Earth Research Articles

Monitoring of the Lead Content in Agroecosystems of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

Monitoring of the Lead Content in Agroecosystems of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

История, состояние и пути развития саратовской селекции подсолнечника (обзор)

The article presents information on the results of long-term effective work in the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region on sunflower breeding in the Saratov region. The main task facing breeders was to develop productive, precocious sunflower varieties resistant to local races of broomrape and sunflower moth. An invaluable contribution to the development of sunflower breeding was made by outstanding Russian breeders Plachek E.M., Zhdanov L.A., Morozov V.K., Pustovoit V.S., Pimakhin V.F., and others. They bred new highly productive sunflower varieties, being the main source for the production of edible oil that are widely distributed in the Volga region, Central Black Earth regions, Siberia and the Urals. For the first time, Saratov scientists conducted research in the field of heterosis breeding. They formed a large working collection of sunflowers, a genetic collection of marker traits, identified promising forms for subsequent stages of the breeding process, and developed a variety of initial material in the conditions of Saratov. The main focus is on developing almost isogenic lines, studying the genetic control of marker traits, determining the effects of the influence of genes on economically useful traits. Studies on the private genetics of sunflower have been carried out. Based on experimental data, ornamental sunflower varieties with flowers of various colors – Oreol, Raduga, and Solnechny salut were developed. For 2022, the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation includes the following varieties bred in the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region: Saratov 82, Saratov 85, Skoropely, Skoropely 87, Stepnoy 81, Lyubim-chik, Saratov 20, Slastena and hybrids: Agrotex, Continent, Yubileyny 75, Everest, YuVS 2, YuVS 3, YuVS 4, YuVS 5, YuVS 7.

Development of the Central Black Earth macroregion's economy in the context of spatial polarization of areas

Subject. This article considers the macroregion as an important economic unit. Objectives. The article aims to assess the investment potential of the Central Black Earth macroregion and analyze the changes in economic indicators reflecting the level of development of entrepreneurship. Methods. For the study, we used a comparative analysis and tabular and graphic visualization methods. Results. The article finds a relationship between the competitive advantages of the subjects of the macroregion and the level of spatial polarization. There is a high probability of localization of regional economies. Conclusions. It is necessary to develop programmes aimed at smoothing out disparities in the socio-economic development of areas.

Land policy in agricultural land use and its development in the Central Black Earth economic region

The long-term non-use of the most part of productive agricultural lands is connected with the organization of their use - the regulation of land relations and the administration of land resources. Lack of the unified federal information system on agricultural land and land suitable for agriculture but taking a part of other categories of land, the incomplete land cadastre with an inaccurate location of boundaries, excessive retention of agricultural land in state and municipal property used on short-term lease, undeveloped market for agricultural land, excessive concentration of agricultural land in some individuals and legal entities and lack of land in family peasant (farmer) households, favorable conditions for the growth of land rentiers, limited access to land for local rural residents and other numerous problems associated with the loss of development institutions (such as land management), inefficient administration of agricultural land (for example, land redistribution fund) and imperfection or non-implementation of land legislation (when the declarations are not supported by the implementation mechanisms). The article presents the strategy for development of the land policy for agricultural land use, shows the problems and their causes as well as the mechanisms and tools to overcome. The author proposed two scenarios - inertial and target (main), and also the plans and mechanisms of implementation.

On the impact of modern climate change on the increase of grain yields in Russia

In recent years, Russia has seen a steady increase in grain crop yields. A positive trend in meteorological conditions is often considered as the reason for this phenomenon, but there is almost no strong scientific evidence for it. The aim of investigation was to analyze changes in the potential (climatic) grain yields in the country for the period from 2000 to 2022. For this purpose, the simulation model of plant growth WOFOST was used, which allows assessing the impact of all meteorological parameters in a comprehensive manner. The assessment was carried out for a network of representative points (42 points) in different regions of the country for grain crops, taking into account daily meteorological parameters and soil type. Modeling was conducted at the level of potential yield, which takes into account the variation of meteorological parameters only, and it is believed that the limiting influence of other factors on the yield is absent. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the trends of potential yields have different direction in different regions of the country. The trend towards more favorable meteorological conditions for grain crops is observed for the North Caucasus, the lower Volga region, Western Siberia and the Far East, while in the Central and Central Black Earth districts, the upper Volga region, as well as in the south of Central Siberia in recent years there is a drop in the potential yields. The growth of grain yields in recent years agrees well with the trend of changes in agrometeorological conditions in most grain-producing regions of the country. Unidirectional trends in meteorological potential and statistical yields are absent only in the regions of central European Russia, where the role of the climatic factor in grain yield fluctuations is less significant, and where one can assume the effect of measures taken by the government of the country to support and develop agriculture.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Leached Chernozem under Different Soil Treatment and Fertilizer Application in Cropped Rotation Central Black Earth Region

In the zone of unstable humidification of the Central Black Earth Region in 1985–2021, in the steam link of the fruit-replaceable 9-pole crop rotation, the influence of dump, dumpless and combined soil treatments on non-ventilated and fertilized (N59P59K59 + manure 11 t/ha of crop rotation area) backgrounds was studied. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of basic tillage and fertilizer systems on the physico-chemical properties of the soil in 4 rotations. The soil is leached heavy loamy medium-sized chernozem with a humus content of 5.3–5.6% in the arable layer, with an average supply of nutrients and optimal physical properties. During the first 2 rotations, the pHKCl indicator decreased by 0.04–0.46 units relative to the initial one. In the 4th rotation, the actual acidity was 6.06–6.18 units. Minimal changes in acidity were noted during combined tillage. In the 4th rotation, with combined tillage, the amount of absorbed bases increased to the greatest extent (by 10–12%). Physico-chemical properties in winter wheat crops were more favorable than in sugar beet crops. Soil buffering in the 4th rotation tended to increase compared to the 2nd rotation. The multi-depth dump treatment increased the buffering of the chernozem.

ASSESSMENT OF THE DEPENDENCE OF WINTER WHEAT YIELD IN THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH ECONOMIC REGION ON THE NATURE OF LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION STRUCTURES OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

The relationship between the average values of winter wheat yields in five regions that are part of the Central Black Earth Economic Region and the nature of global atmospheric circulation was analyzed using the typification of elementary circulation mechanisms of the northern hemisphere of the Earth, compiled by B.L. Dzerdzeevsky. The assessment was made for the spring-summer vegetation period of the crop in question, based on data from 1961 to 2020. Also, based on the results obtained, a correlation and regression analysis of the dependence of winter wheat yield on the total repeatability of days with one or another type of global atmospheric circulation for the spring-summer and spring periods of vegetation was carried out. It is noted that the decrease in the yield of winter wheat in relation to the previous year in the regions under consideration is characteristic of the long-term predominance of one type of global atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth. The increase is observed when, in total, during the spring-summer and spring parts of the vegetation period, there is a predominance of two different types of atmospheric circulation.

New varieties of apple trees in the assortment Central Black Earth Region of Russia

In VNIISPK оver the past thirty years, 21 summer varieties of apple trees have been identified, of which 11 varieties are zoned in the Central Black Earth region of Russia: Orlinka, Augusta, Darena, Early Aloe, Maslovskoye, Yablochny Spas, Orlovim, Osipovskoye, Joy of Nadezhda, Zhelannoe, Yubilyar. Objective. To study the features of growth and fruiting of new summer varieties of apple trees on a medium-sized rootstock 54-118. The objects of research are summer varieties of apple trees bred at FGBNU VNIISPK (Orel city) - Avgusta, Daryona, Maslovskoye, Osipovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye, Yablochny Spas and the control variety of Canadian selection Melba on a medium-sized clonal rootstock 54-118. Garden planting - 2014, garden planting scheme 5?2 m. When studying the strength of the growth of trees, it was revealed that the tallest trees (age 6 years) were in the varieties Apple Spas - 3.0 m and Osipovskoe - 2.9 m on a medium-sized rootstock 54-118. In 2021, Spasskoye had the highest yield - 26.2 kg/tree, Yablochny Spas Spas - 25.0 kg/tree. The largest yields on average over four years were produced by apple varieties immune to scab on a medium-sized rootstock 54-118: Zhilinskoye - 10.7 t/kg, Maslovskoye - 12.5 t/kg, Yablochny Spas - 13.6 t/kg and Spasskoye - 16.3 t/kg. When calculating the load of the crop per unit area of the crown projection, crown volume and cross-sectional area of the bole, the Maslovskoye variety turned out to have high rates.

Study of the Chemical Composition of the Fruits of Sea Buckthorh Rockthroom, Growing in the Territory of the Central Black Earth Region

Introduction. The chemical composition of plants is a combination of all primary and secondary metabolites and can be considered as the result of the implementation of genetic information, a «link» between the genotype and phenotype. The complex of biologically active substances (BAS) of most medicinal plants and medicinal herbal preparations derived from them is a multicomponent system that is in interaction, the composition of which is not always fully known. Sea buckthorn is one of the valuable plants with a wide distribution area. Sea buckthorn fruits contain a large number of classes of various BAS. The study of the variability of the chemical composition depending on the climatic conditions of growth, harvesting and drying in order to accumulate and generalize information for the development of unified scientifically based standards for raw material quality indicators is an important area for study.Aim. The purpose of this work was to study the chemical composition of the fruits of sea buckthorn, which grows in the Central Chernozem region.Materials and methods. The raw materials for the analysis were whole fresh fruits of sea buckthorn, harvested in the territory of the Central black earth region of the Russian Federation (Voronezh region). In the work, the TLC method was used to study the composition of various groups of BAS and their identification in extracts from the studied raw materials. In the process of a comprehensive study of the chemical composition of fruits, the determination of carotenoids, flavonoids, tannins, amino acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, organic acids, sugars, some macroelements and vitamins was carried out.Results and discussion. The fruits of sea buckthorn, growing in the conditions of the Central black earth region, accumulate free amino acids, tannins, organic acids and polysaccharides in significant quantities. The composition of free water-soluble simple sugars, organic acids, B vitamins, as well as the complete amino acid composition was studied in the fruits of sea buckthorn using capillary electrophoresis. A significant content of riboflavin and choline, as well as malic and succinic acids has been established. The results of HPLC analysis showed that flavonoids in the fruits of sea buckthorn growing in the conditions of the Central black earth region are represented by flavonol glycosides – derivatives of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. Minor flavolglycosides 3-rutinoside-7-rhamnosides of isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol, 3-sophoroside-7-rhamnosides of quercetin and kaempferol, rutin, 3-glucoside and 3-rhamnoside of isorhamnetin can be used as chemomarkers.Conclusion. The obtained data on the component composition of the phenolic fraction of the fruits of the studied samples of sea buckthorn are similar to the literature data on sea buckthorn of the same species of various varieties harvested in the conditions of the Central zone of the Russian Federation (Moscow region).

Ecological study of alfalfa varieties of different geographical origin in the south of the Central Russian upland

The research was conducted to study the fodder and seed productivity of alfalfa varieties, alfalfa sowing and yellow alfalfa of different geographical origin in the potential range of harmful viral phytoplasma infections («witch’s broom alfalfa») in the southern Middle Russian uplands and to identify the most productive and resistant varieties for further breeding. Seventeen alfalfa varieties were studied in seed and fodder use. We evaluated varieties and breeding patterns of the Middle Urals (Sarga, Victoria, 193-95 d, 20-89 N, Vela x Sarga), Moscow suburbs breeding (Nakhodka, Vega 87), breeding of the Central Black Earth region (Belgorod 86, Krasnoyaruzhskaya 1, Krasnoyaruzhskaya 2, Pavlovskaya 7), Canada (Dakota), Germany (Verko, Plato), France (Luzelle, Galaxy), Saratov region (Artemida). Under the conditions of the southern Srednerusskaya Upland, varieties and variety samples of the Ural breeding have the most stable seed yield - on average over 3 years of research at the level of 76,3...84,2 g/m2. In terms of total dry matter yield over a three-year period they are not inferior to domestic and imported varieties, the most widely distributed in the Central Black Earth Region (CCR), and allow for an average three-year yield of 516,8 ... 537,9 g/m2 dry matter. Among the varieties of hybrid alfalfa and sowing alfalfa, varieties of European selection are most susceptible to virus-phytoplasma infections (VPL) - the prevalence of VPL on average for three years is 12,1...16,3 %. In this group of varieties, varieties of heterohybrid cultivars and breeding samples of Ural alfalfa variegated varieties are least affected - the incidence of VPL averaged over three years is 3,3...4,5 %. The lowest incidence of VPL was found in the alfalfa yellow variety Pavlovskaya 7, with an average incidence of 1,6 % over three years. In order to increase alfalfa seed production and its resistance to VPL in the south of the Srednerusskaya Upland, the Ural varieties and selection samples Sarga, Victoria, 193-95 d, 20-89 H, Vela x Sarga and the yellow alfalfa variety Pavlovskaya 7 should be used in breeding work.

AGROECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS AND ARSENIC CONTENT IN CHERNOZEM IN THE COMMON CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION OF RUSSIA

Agroecological assessment of the content of Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Co, As, Cd, Hg in the chernozems of common light-clay was carried out in the steppe zone of the Central Black Earth Region. As a result of studies, it was found that the content of the studied elements in virgin black soil was within the range of varying their concentrations in arable analogues or even lower. Only the gross content of Mn in virgin soil was above the upper limit of variation in the content of this element in arable soils. By average gross content in arable chernozems, common elements form the following descending series (mg/kg) Mn (397) Zn (42.9) Ni (33.1) Cr (23.7) Cu (15.8) Pb (11.2) Co (9.51) As (5.48) Cd (0.35) Hg (0.023), and in terms of the average content of mobile forms, the dependence is slightly different: Mn (4.14) Pb (0.75) Ni (0.59) Zn (0.36) Cr (0.31) Cu (0.1) Co (0.09) Cd (0.04) There was no excess of the established UEC and MAC standards for the studied elements in the studied soils, therefore there is no danger to obtain environmentally safe crop production. There was no excess of the established UEC and MAC standards for the studied elements in the studied soils, therefore there is no danger to obtain environmentally safe crop production. The content of mobile forms Mn, Zn, Cu, Co corresponds to a low level of availability, therefore, these elements must be introduced into agrocenoses with micro-fertilizers to increase the yield and quality of agricultural products.

Associations of Polymorphic Loci of Matrix Metalloproteinase Genes with Breast Cancer in Women of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

Associations of Polymorphic Loci of Matrix Metalloproteinase Genes with Breast Cancer in Women of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

Private ownership of land and rental agricultural land use

The article discusses issues of private property and rent of agricultural land use. Land policy in the field of agricultural land use in the post-reform period of the transition from the state and collective ownership of land to more individualized and sensitive structure of land ownership is not realized, the state "did not leave the land" and continues to rent unjustifiably large areas of productive agricultural land for short-term period of 3-5 years, provoking their depleting use, vicious practice of unwise consumption, encourages the excessive concentration of agricultural land for individuals to displace small and medium-sized agricultural business from agricultural production. It also attracts land speculators buying up agricultural land and creating the deficit in abundance; they are re-lease lands at a ten-fold rental payment, appropriating land rent owned by municipalities (rent in the regions of the Central Black Earth Economic Region exceeds the land tax calculated at an unreasonably underestimated tax rate of 0.3% by 60 times). The present-time land policy should focus on existing problems to ensure free access to land, protect the rights of land ownership, develop the land market, ensure environmental sustainability, and combat poverty. It is important to determine the current range of issues with which land policy must deal, highlight priority areas for improving it and organize the relevant activities of the state in the field of regulation of land relations.

The results of evaluation of adaptability of corn parental lines

Information about the adaptability of corn parental lines helps to optimize hybrid seed production. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the plasticity and stability parameters of nine corn inbreds that were used to produce new hybrids. We conducted the research in 2019-2021 in two areas which include the foothill of the North Caucasus (Pyatigorsk) and the forest-steppe of the Central Black Earth Region (Voronezh). There were diverse environments in the areas: nonlimiting conditions were in Voronezh in 2019 (Ij=1.75) and 2020 (Ij=0.02) and limiting conditions were in Voronezh in 2021 (Ij=-1.07) and in Pyatigorsk in 2019-2021 (Ij=-0.03…-0.38). The most prevailing factor which influenced corn grain yield was the environmental conditions (50.13%) but genotype (25.60%) and GEI (21.16%) were less influential. We found a significant variation in the inbred grain yield across the years (22.0–47.2%). The research shows that the KL 6, RGS 201, RG 218 and RG 266 lines had high coefficients of adaptability (Ka=1.04–1.40) in diverse environments. The KL 6 and RG 218 lines had high adaptable potential according to a ranking system (sum of ranks 6.4 and 6.7) and we recommended them for breeding programs to develop adaptable corn hybrids. It is better to grow the KL 6, RGS 201, RG 218 and RG 266 lines in a wide range of environments. The RS 201, DA 27-11 and AG 1712 lines are suitable for nonlimiting conditions and the RV 197 and RG 297 lines can be grown in unfavorable conditions.

A Highly Aggressive Invasive Race Group <i>Pst</i>S2 in Russian Populations of the Wheat Yellow Rust Pathogen

The expansion of the area of harmfulness of the wheat yellow rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis) (Pst) has be observed all over the world in the 2000s. This is due to the emergence of new highly aggressive invasive groups of races PstS1 and PstS2, adopted to the high temperatures, and also as a result of virulence mutations of regional pathogen populations. SCAR-markers were developed for identification of invasive races, and pathogen collections from many countries were studied. In these studies in first in Russia, the analysis of regional populations of P. striiformis for the presence of invasive races PstS1 and PstS2 was carried out. Single pustule isolates were obtained from urediosamples collected from common and durum wheat, triticale and wild grasses in seven regions of the Russian Federation (North Caucasian, Northwestern, Central Black Earth, Lower Volga, Middle Volga, Volga-Vyatka, West Siberian) in 2019–2020. In total 82 isolates were studied. Using SCAR markers, three genotypes were identified in the studied collection of P. striiformis, and one of which belongs to the invasive group PstS2. The other two genotypes had a different origin (other). Isolates of PstS2 group were received from pathogen population samples collected in the Russian Northwest in 2020. Virulence analysis revealed two phenotypes among them: PstS2_R1 (3 isolates) and PstS2_R2 (1 isolate). According to information from the Global Rust Reference Center (http://www.wheatrust.org/), the main characteristic of isolates from invasive PstS2 group is virulence to wheat lines with resistance genes Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9 and Yr25. The Russian R1 phenotype PstS2 was also characterized by virulence to these genes, as well as to Yr1, Yr32, and YrSp. The PstS2_R2 phenotype differed from PstS2_R1 for avirulence to Yr25 and virulence to Yr3 and Yr4. The main difference of Russian PstS2 isolates with detected in other countries is virulence to wheat lines with genes Yr4, Yr32, and YrSp. The first detection of invasive races in the Northwest of Russia indicates the relevance of annual monitoring of regional populations of P. striiformis.

Sorghum-Sudanese hybrid Dobrynya as a result of heterosis selection

Sorghum-Sudanese hybrids, due to the heterosis effect, have not only increased productivity, but also uniformity, increased vitality, as well as resistance to various diseases and stress factors in comparison with parental forms. The purpose of the work: to characterize the new hybrid Dobrynya, created as a result of heterosis selection, according to the main morphological, biological, economically valuable indicators. The studies were carried out at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Agrarian Research Center “Donskoy” (ARC “Donskoy”). The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary carbonate chernozem. The advantages of the hybrid include high foliage (13 leaves per plant) - 39-41% of the leaf mass of plants, good protrusion of the legs (30-35 cm), succulence, tillering, cold resistance. The duration of the period “sprouts-heading” on average for 2019-2022. was 55 days (mid-season), which is 5 days less than the standard. Sorghum-Sudanese hybrid Dobrynya is characterized by a high yield of green mass - 63 t/ha (in total for 2 cuttings) and dry matter - 13.0 t/ha, which is higher than the standard by 28.6 and 31.3%, respectively. -essentially. And in terms of the content of crude protein and the collection of digestible protein, it significantly exceeds it by 1.1% and 0.24 t/ha. According to the results of the assessment in natural conditions, Dobrynya is distinguished by high or practical resistance to loose smut and bacteriosis. The sorghum-Sudanese hybrid has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements since 2023 and is recommended for use for green fodder and silage in the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus and Lower Volga regions of Russia.

Неоднородность экономического развития российских макрорегионов

As macroregions play an ambiguous role in the Russian system of spatial transformation management, it becomes important to examine the specificity of their development. The study aims to characterise economic heterogeneity of macroregions defined in the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation. To this end, heterogeneity indices of the data array (coefficients of variation, asymmetry and kurtosis) were calculated. Territorial units were compared using such complex indicators, as gross regional product (GRP), amount of investment and population income. The calculation results indicate a significant unevenness of economic development of macroregions for the analysed period from 2000 to 2022 (or to 2021 in the case of assessing average GRP per capita). Due to differences in inter-territorial heterogeneity at the level of individual macroregions, these units can be divided into 3 groups. The Central, Northern, Ural-Siberian and Far Eastern macroregions are characterised by significant uneven development of their constituent entities and the absence of a reduction trend. In most observations, their coefficients of variation are up to 4 times higher than the threshold value of 0.33. On the contrary, the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus and Volga-Ural macroregions are quite homogeneous: the values of all examined coefficients are close to the threshold values or below them. A high degree of differentiation and the absence of a tendency to change are characteristic of economic development of other macroregions. The study presents a sceptical view at the prospects for achieving the goals set in the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation. Thus, the findings can be used in practice to improve spatial policy in Russia.

Влияние размещения экономических ресурсов на особенности пространственной организации России

Distribution of economic resources across Russian regions has attracted wide attention due to its significant impact on economic growth potential. Despite numerous approaches to the definition and classification of economic resources, there is no unified comprehensive methodology for assessing their spatial distribution and influence on spatial organisation of the national economy. Therefore, this article aims to study the organisation of the Russian economic space by identifying areas of resource concentration in regions, their spatial relationships and impact on socio-economic development. To this end, index and statistical methods, correlation and regression analysis, cartographic analysis are applied. In accordance with the modern strategic approach to the spatial development of Russia, the study examines the macro-regional level. Natural resources, human capital, and economic development indices were calculated in order to assess the distribution of economic resources and formation of layers (natural, social, productive) of the spatial framework of Russia. These indices are based on socio-economic indicators of Russian regions for 2010 and 2021. To determine areas of resource concentration, a correlation and regression analysis of the influence of indices as a numerical expression of layers of the spatial organisation was performed. A synthesis of the formed layers revealed the following Russian macro-regions of concentration of various economic resources and potential backbone regions of the spatial framework: Central (Moscow, Moscow and Kaluga oblasts), Ural-Siberian (Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous okrugs, Tyumen oblast), Central Black Earth (Voronezh and Belgorod oblasts), Northwestern (St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Murmansk oblasts). The findings can be used to identify ways to improve the organisation of the Russian economic space, increase the effectiveness of regional development policies and expand the methodology for assessing and forming other spatial layers of the economy.

Конфликты и тяжбы между однодворцами и помещиками Орловской губернии в конце XVIII - первой половине XIX вв.

Introduction. In the presented work, the author made an attempt to analyze the materials of court proceedings between odnodvortsy and landowners of the Livensky district of the Oryol province during the period under study as an example of the struggle of the corporate organization of a odnodvortsy community against large landowners. An important feature of this phenomenon was not only the related position of the odnodvortsy community, but the interrelation of individual clans within rural society and their defense of common interests before patrimonial owners and landowners from the general class of former service people. Materials and methods. This work is the result of a study of legal and judicial materials dating back to the last quarter of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries. The main sources for this study were court proceedings in the Livensky district and Yeletsk district courts. The main methodology is based on the use of general historical approaches in the study of the social model of behavior of the odnodvortsy social group in defending private and general corporate interests. Results. The materials of the trials between the odnodvortsy and landowners of the region under study provided very important and valuable information about the mentality of the odnodvortsy and their attitude towards large landowners who came from the general stratum of the service population of the Central Black Earth Region in the 17th century. Odnodvortsy initiated litigation with their neighboring landowners in cases where the latter came from the service population and once had common or adjacent properties with the ancestors of odnodvortsy. Land conflicts began to arise en masse only in the first half of the XIX century, which indicated the future depletion of the fund of free agricultural land. Conclusion. The study of land conflicts between odnodvortsy and landowners of the Livensky district of the Oryol province helped to reveal the mental attitudes of these class groups and determine the general social aspirations of the local population in resolving pressing issues. The majority of odnodvortsy felt common roots with local small landowners, who historically went back to the class of the service population of the 17th century. Thus, in most cases it was a showdown within the former one class group of the population, which over time significantly stratified, both in property terms and in the field of social status.

Уточнение параметров экстремальных летних осадков для проектирования и эксплуатации ГТС на малых водосборах Центрально-Черноземного района России

The main goal of the research is to clarify the parameters of extreme summer precipitation for the design and operation of hydraulic structures in small catchments. Having data on 12 meteorological stations of the Central Black Earth Zone of Russia, observations of phase-homogeneous values that were of genetically homogeneous origin were selected to assess the degree of variability of extreme precipitation. Statistical methods were used both in the presence and insufficiency of observational data. In the conditions of changing climatic factors and the lack of sufficiently accurate methods for determining the asymmetry coefficient, approaches to its determination using the method of year-points for the territory of the Central Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation were proposed. Existing regulations, in which extreme precipitation is the basis for determining maximum discharges, lose their initial reliability and have shortcomings in the methods for determining hydrometeorological characteristics. Accordingly, the need to update the existing regulatory documents in connection with the trend of increasing the values of summer extreme precipitation relative to the region under consideration is substantiated.