Census Research Articles

Cervical cancer incidence rates considering migration status in mainland China using Bayesian model-Estimation based on 2016 cancer registry data.

In mainland China, cancer registration relies on household-registered populations, overlooking migrant populations. Estimating cervical cancer incidence among permanent residents, including migrants, offers a more accurate representation of the true burden. The data from 487 cancer registries across China in 2016 were analyzed using a Bayesian spatial regression model with the integrated nested Laplace approximation-stochastic partial differential equation method. The study estimated cervical cancer incidence among household-registered populations and adjusted for migrant populations using a weighting method based on interprovincial distribution and age stratification to derive the incidence of cervical cancer in the permanent residents. Data from the China Population Census, the China Migrants Dynamic Survey, and the Urban Statistical Yearbook were incorporated. The estimated crude incidence rate of cervical cancer among permanent residents was 17.4/100,000 in mainland China, with an age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 17.2/100,000. The largest disparities in cervical cancer crude incidence rate between permanent residents and household-registered populations were observed in Guizhou (2.4/100,000, 95% CI 1.9-2.9/100,000), Zhejiang (-1.2/100,000, 95% CI -1.8 to -0.6/100,000) and Tianjin (-1.1/100,000, 95% CI -1.5 to -0.7/100,000). The number of the estimated cervical cancer incident cases was 8948. Guangdong saw an increase of 887 cases, while Henan had a decrease of 1430 cases. Guizhou had the highest ASIR (28.1/100,000), and Beijing had the lowest ASIR (11.0/100,000). The significance of this study is that it improves the accuracy of cervical cancer data in China. These findings provide evidence for developing cervical cancer prevention and control strategies, and offer insights for other countries and regions facing migration challenges.

Distribution and Contribution of Ethnic Groups on Fertility in Indonesia: Population Census Long Form and National Socio-economy Survey

Distribution and Contribution of Ethnic Groups on Fertility in Indonesia: Population Census Long Form and National Socio-economy Survey

Disparities in Patient Demographics at a Student-Run Free Clinic: Comparing Clinic Utilization to City, State, and National Trends.

With 8.4% of Americans uninsured, free clinics serve as essential safety nets for underserved populations. This study compared the demographics of the patients of a student-run free to Toledo, Ohio, and national census data to evaluate health needs, barriers to care, and the characteristics of the underserved population. A retrospective review of 1,338 visits across five clinic sites was conducted from February 2023 to February 2024. Demographic variables, including race, insurance, education, sex, and primary language, were analyzed and compared to 2020 Census data from Toledo, Ohio, and the United States. Compared to Toledo, the clinic served 22.63% fewer White patients, 17.27% more Hispanic/Latino patients, and 5.62% fewer African American patients. Among clinic patients under 65 years, 61.91% were uninsured, compared to 8.3% in Toledo and 10.2% nationally. Non-English speakers were overrepresented (33.4% vs. 6.8% in Toledo and 9.5% nationally), with Spanish speakers making up 21.72% of clinic patients compared to 3.2% in Toledo. Educational attainment differed slightly, with fewer high school graduates (82.97% vs. 87.10% in Toledo) but more individuals with higher education degrees (27.10% vs. 19.6% in Toledo and 25.6% nationally). This study underscores the demographic differences between CCC patients and city, state, and national populations, offering insight into the populations most reliant on free clinics. Policymakers and public health agencies must consider these disparities to tailor interventions addressing healthcare access and social determinants of health.

Glycemic and Blood Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Disability Costs Covered by Social Security, Evidence From Mexico.

To analyze the difference in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) disability costs subsidized by the Mexican Social Security Institute for employees with normoglycemia and normotension (n= 547 488) from the 2016 to 2018 National Census of Workers with T2DM registered with the Mexican Social Security Institute. We tested whether the control of these indicators reduced disability payments at work, the costs of subsidy distribution in different salary groups, and their associated diseases. Differences (P < .001) emerged in disability leave costs for employees who did not control their blood pressure. Highest-earning employees had the highest costs compared with lower-earning workers. The most frequent subsidized diseases included gastric problems, lower-back disorders, and respiratory infections. Based on data from all the insured employees with T2DM registered in the National Census, this study enjoyed strong internal validity, indicating that failure to control blood pressure levels correlated with higher costs. The highest costs resulted from noncomplicated diseases. Employees earning higher incomes accounted for the highest costs, suggesting the existence of unequal subsidy conditions.

Prevalence of osteoporosis and associated factors among Chinese adults: a systematic review and modelling study.

Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease of bone metabolism. The epidemiology of osteoporosis varies by age, sex, and geography. There is a lack of information on the prevalence of osteoporosis among Chinese adults. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of osteoporosis among Chinese adults by age, sex, and skeletal sites and explore the main associated factors. We searched six bibliographic databases to identify epidemiological studies that reported the prevalence of osteoporosis among Chinese adults published between January 1990 and February 2022. We applied a multilevel mixed-effects meta-regression to estimate the age-specific prevalence of osteoporosis. We presented the age-specific prevalence of osteoporosis by sex, diagnostic criteria (World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese (CHN) diagnostic criteria), and specific skeletal site (the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and ward's triangle). We used the population data from the seventh National Census of Mainland China to estimate the number of Chinese adults with osteoporosis in 2020. Major associated factors for osteoporosis were pooled by a random-effects meta-analysis. We also estimated the regional prevalence and cases of osteoporosis among 31 provinces in mainland China in 2020 using an 'associated factor-based model.' We included 129 articles in this systematic review and modelling study. 32 were based on the WHO diagnostic criteria and 17 on the CHN diagnostic criteria. Additionally, we included 83 articles in the associated factor analysis. The prevalence of osteoporosis increased with age and was consistently higher in females than males, regardless of diagnostic criteria and skeletal sites. Whether based on the WHO criteria (13.54%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.25, 18.11) or the CHN criteria (29.49%, 95% CI = 18.29, 43.5), the prevalence of osteoporosis among Chinese adults aged 20-89 years in 2020 was highest when measuring the ward's triangle, which translated to 145.86 million (95% CI = 110.41, 195.03) and 317.54 million (95% CI = 196.95, 468.47) affected adults, respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis was the highest in Northeast China under both the WHO criteria (15.50%, 95% CI = 11.78, 20.59) and the CHN criteria (32.36%, 95% CI = 20.33, 46.8), with the ward being the measured skeletal site. Marital status, current smoking, underweight, hypertension, fracture history, longer menopause years and menopause were positively associated with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis remains a significant public health concern in China, particularly among females and the elderly. Meanwhile, the prevalence of osteoporosis varies considerably by region, skeletal site and diagnostic criteria. It is essential to establish clear and unified diagnostic criteria and implement high-quality epidemiological studies for osteoporosis in China. Additionally, targeted preventive strategies that focus on individuals with characteristics associated with osteoporosis are required to mitigate the impact of this condition. PROSPERO: CRD42024564441.

The environmental health literacy level was effectively improved of residents in Shaanxi Province, China, 2022

BackgroundEnvironmental health literacy (EHL) aims to enable individuals to make informed choices to reduce health risks and protect the environment.ObjectivesTo assess the EHL of residents in Shaanxi Province, China in 2022 and analyze the influencing factors.MethodsThis study was a 2022 cross-sectional survey in Shaanxi Province, China, involving 2,237 residents aged 15 to 69. Participants were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method and surveyed through questionnaires in six cities. The weighted rate was calculated using the seventh National Census data, and influential factors were analyzed using multifactor logistic regression.ResultsAccording to the survey, the overall EHL level of Shaanxi residents in 2022 was 15.47%. The first-level classification literacy level of EHL was ranked in descending order: basic skills (21.64%), basic concepts (17.93%), and basic knowledge (14.44%). The EHL level was influenced by age, education level, and occupation. People with higher education and certain occupations were more likely to possess EHL, while older individuals and those with lower education levels, especially in rural areas, were less likely to possess it.ConclusionThe level of EHL among residents in Shaanxi Province in 2022 was higher than in 2020. The findings showed that targeted health education for low EHL groups effectively reduced urban–rural disparities and improved adolescents’ EHL levels.

The impact of perceived insecurity on attracting foreign direct investment in Mexico

There are different aspects that foreign investors take into account when deciding where to invest their money, among them are location, natural resources, stability, and security. Mexico has been a country that has received large flows due to its important location and thanks to the natural resources it has, but unfortunately, insecurity has been a determining factor for these flows to decrease and move to new places. It should be noted that in the last two decades, insecurity has become a serious problem for the federal government since the presidency of Vicente Fox, until the current administration. The purpose of this research is to find out if the perception of insecurity causes less investment attraction. With data obtained from the Ministry of Economy, we constructed a database that includes the flows of new investments divided by the 8 regions established by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), an institutional body in charge of conducting national censuses per year. Once the percentages of the public safety perception index and investment flows were related, we calculated the correlation coefficient between the two variables. This research was constructed based on the public safety perception index developed by the INEGI. This institution has conducted this survey since 2011 of the population aged 18 years and older by state between March and April of each year. The years used for the research were from 2019 to 2023, due to the change of government from that year. We obtained that the regions with a positive coefficient were the Northeast (0.022753824), West (0.176961292), North Central (0.348370972), East (0.62473457), Southwest (0.02064411), and Southeast (0.470923432), so it can be proved that the perception of insecurity influences the reduction of foreign direct investment flows.

Mieszkańcy Ostrołęki w latach 1950-1960 i ich warunki mieszkaniowe

The purpose of the article is to characterize the residents of peripheral town in the initial stage of industrialization, i.e. in 1960 against the background of 1950. The characterization of the residents was made possible thanks to the statistical database derived from population censuses. Research results: between 1946 and 1960, Ostrołęka's population increased from 10409 to 15206. During this period, employment grew faster than the number of residents, particularly in industry, contributing to an increase in professional activity from 35.9% in 1950 to 37.7% in 1960. There was also a decrease in the burden on 100 working individuals by those they supported. During these 10 years, there was a change in the structure of employment. In 1950, only 9.8% of those professionally active worked in the “industry” sector, whereas in 1960 it was 33,4%. The living conditions of residents improved. While in 1950 only 56% of homes had electricity, in 1960 it was 91.9%. There was also an increase in the percentage of residents with access to water supply systems from 4.2% to 25%, and those with sanitary facilities from 2.8% to 20%. The development of housing construction contributed to a change in the structure of housing resources and a decrease of in their density from 1.85 in 1950 to 1.46 persons per room in 1960. Conclusions: 1.The initiated process of the industrialization of the city contributed to an increase in jobs, an increase in population, the development of infrastructure and housing, and a marked improvement in the living conditions of the population. 2. The society of Ostrołęka in 1960 was young, as a result of nationwide demographic processes. The high proportion of children in the total population contributed to relatively low professional activity among women and, at the same time, to a high burden on working individuals by their dependents, which in turn delayed the improvement of the population’s living conditions.

A Bayesian Approach to Produce Subnational Population Estimates Using a Population Base Statistical Register

Subnational Population Estimates (SPE) in Latin America are useful to implement new public policies in subnational areas with internal armed conflicts or difficult to access. In this work, we propose to combine a Population Base Statistical Register (PBSR) and the Official Population Projections (OPP) using a Bayesian approach to produce SPE. Our proposed procedures are useful for computing SPE of the population size or the SPE of the population size in percentage SPE (%). However, we focused on SPE (%) due to some data restrictions and to ensure data confidentiality. In this article, the PBSR is constructed using multiple administrative sources with registers from the health, education, vital statistics systems, tax registration, and, more importantly, the registers of the victims of the current internal armed conflict in Colombia. We also propose new fast Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms to produce SPE (%) using data augmentation procedures to address the complications caused by the resulting joint posterior containing gamma functions. We implement our proposal to compute SPE (%) by age and sex groups in the municipality of Jamundí in Colombia which is currently affected by poverty, forced displacement, and the internal armed conflict and evaluate the accuracy with a Population Census.

Disruption, adaptation, and maintenance of domestic violence services during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT COVID-19 disrupted many aspects of domestic violence services including sheltering, in-person advocacy, and access to mental health, visitation, and legal services. Increased demand for services occurred concurrent with the highest levels of pandemic disruptions. Adaptations to many systems and services were made to address survivor’s changing needs. To understand how various aspects of service provision were disrupted during the pandemic, we surveyed a national census of U.S. based domestic violence direct service agencies. Email addresses were collected from online directories and each agency received a link to complete a survey using the online platform Qualtrics. The survey included five sections: services provided; work environment during COVID-19; disruptions caused by COVID-19; personal and organizational disaster preparedness; and demographics. Twenty-two percent of 1,341 agencies responded to the survey. At the start of the pandemic, the most disrupted services were legal and court, sheltering, and mental health/counselling services. Hazard pay, flexible scheduling, and additional information technology support were most frequently mentioned supports provided to mitigate disruptions and support providers and advocates. Disruptions and supports changed over the course of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the provision of services and advocacy to victims and survivors of domestic violence. Adaptations were made as new control measures were available (e.g. vaccines) and lessons learned were identified (e.g. successful implementation of virtual legal and court services). Maintaining supportive measures post-pandemic will require continued investment in this chronically underfunded, yet critical, sector and applying lessons learned from COVID-19 related disruptions and adaptations.

Demographic Situation in the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics

Determining the exact population size of Donbass is a complex task due to the ongoing armed conflict in the region and a significant time interval that has passed since the last All-Ukrainian Population Census conducted in 2001. As of 2024, relevant and reliable sources of information on the demographic situation in Donbass are extremely limited. In turn, the statistical bodies of the people's republics are limited to counting the population exclusively in the territories controlled by Russia. These circumstances necessitate the use of alternative methodological approaches to obtain reliable estimates of the population of the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics. The article considers the demographic dynamics and problems of estimating the permanent population of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Lugansk People's Republic (hereinafter referred to as the DPR and LPR), which are part of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the topic is due to the lack of reliable statistical data and the complexity of population accounting in the context of the ongoing conflict in the republics. The objective of the study is to analyze the available data on the population of the DPR and LPR and to assess the demographic situation in the region. The work uses official data from the statistical services of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, as well as materials from foreign statistical organizations. The results of the study show that since the beginning of the conflict in 2014, the population of the DPR and LPR has significantly decreased due to migration outflow and increased mortality. According to the authors' estimates, at the beginning of 2023, the permanent population of the Donetsk People's Republic was about 4.2 million people, and that of the Luhansk People's Republic was 2.2 million people. In addition, the article shows the population dynamics of the DPR and LPR from 1939 to 2020 based on all-Union population censuses and modern current accounting data. This scientific work emphasizes the need to conduct full-scale population censuses in the republics to obtain accurate information on its size and structure. The problem to which the article is devoted is not only of academic interest, but also has an obvious practical component. The study of the most probable number of the actual population of modern Donbass is directly related to the assessment of its systemic potential and the ability of two regional societies to achieve sustainable socio-economic development.

Demographic Indicators of the Far Eastern Regions in the Mirror of the 2021 All-Russian Population Census

Historically, migration is both a cause and a consequence of the processes taking place in the Russian Far East. The objective of this study is to assess changes in migration indicators in the Far East based on the adjustment of statistical data based on the results of the 2020–2021 All-Russian Population Census. The calculations were made using data from the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System. The period from 1993 to 2023 is considered with a detailed analysis of the period from 2011 to 2023. An assessment of migration processes is given within five-year periods at the regional level. The period from 2011 to 2021 is considered based on data before and after the change in data, considering the results of the 2020–2021 All-Russian Population Census. It is shown that the change in data based on the census affected both the total population of the Far East and the values of migration rates. In the regional context, a higher migration intensity is typical for the northern regions. The maximum difference in absolute indicators was recorded in the Zabaikalsky Krai, the minimum– in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. When considering relative indicators, the leading position is held by the Kamchatka Krai. It is shown that the adjustment of data considering the results of the 2020 All-Russian Population Census "accelerated" the aging of the population in the Far East. Two groups were identified among the regions. One of them is characterized by a decrease, and the other by an increase in the average age of the population. The study showed that the adjusted data based on the results of the population census differ by region in the Far East and are characterized by positive and negative values.

Spatial and temporal analysis of West Nile virus infection in mosquito and human populations based on arboviral detection testing data

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus which often causes asymptomatic infection in humans but may develop into a deadly neuroinvasive disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate variables potentially associated with human WNV infection using human and mosquito WNV surveillance and monitoring datasets, established over 20 years, from 2003 to 2022, across the province of Ontario, Canada. We combined climatic and geographic data, mosquito surveillance data (n = 3010 sites), blood donation arboviral detection testing data in the human population, and demographic and socio-economic data from Canadian population censuses. We hypothesized that spatio-temporal indices related to mosquito vector habitat and phenology, in addition to human demographic and socio-economic factors, were associated with WNV infection in the human population. Our results show that high habitat suitability of the main WNV vector in southerly locations of this region, Cx. pipiens/restuans (IRR = 2.0), and variables related to lower income (IRR = 2.8), and shelter infrastructure spending (IRR = 0.7), were key risk factors associated with WNV infection among blood donors from 2003 to 2022 across Ontario (R2 = 0.67). These results may inform points of entry for practical intervention aimed at reducing risk of mosquito-borne pathogens in Canada.

Education Attainment of the Working-Age Population of Moscow According to the Population Census

Background. As a separate constituent entity of the Russian Federation, Moscow is characterized by significant heterogeneity of the population and its determinants of health, largely due to socioeconomic factors, the most important of which is the educational status of the population. Considering that the main contribution to the trends in life expectancy is made by the workingage population, the purpose of the study is to analyze the difference in the level of education of certain age groups in the districts and municipalities of Moscow. The data was obtained from the Population Census 2021. The highest educational qualification is observed in the Central and Western parts of Moscow, including the recently incorporated Novomoskovskiy Administrative Okrug (administrative district), while the residents of the Southern, Zelenogradskiy, and Troitskiy Administrative Okrugs have the lowest educational qualification. At the same time, there is a mixed education trend: on the one hand, the centripetal force in educational qualification is prevalent (the closer the center, the higher the educational qualification); on the other hand, dispersed settlement is being formed. As a result, the highest qualification levels are observed in remote areas of the capital, while the lowest are shifting to the center. From a social point of view, special attention should be paid to territories with the maximum share of both highly and poorly educated populations, especially considering the similar situation in the Central Administrative Okrug.

The Impact of the Pandemic on Life Expectancy and Related Causes Based on Population Census Data in Moscow

During the coronavirus pandemic, there was a noticeable increase in mortality and a decline in life expectancy. Precise estimates of mortality depend, among other things, on the reliability of data on population size and the number of deaths. The goal was to identify changes in the level and trends of mortality of the Moscow population during the pandemic associated with changes in the estimate of the number and age composition of the Moscow population based on the results of the census. Between 2019 and 2021, life expectancy decreased by 0.8 years for men and 0.45 years for women compared to current estimates. Additionally, the age distribution shifted; there was a greater increase in mortality among men aged 30–60 and women aged 45–59. While the contribution of children remained relatively unchanged, the estimates of young adults (aged 15–29) and the elderly (aged 60–74) have decreased. As expected, higher mortality levels were mainly related to the coronavirus infection. However, excess mortality, especially in men, was associated with substance abuse. It was revealed that an extremely high contribution to the decline in life expectancy was related to the diseases of the nervous system. The estimates were comparable to the indicators of coronavirus infection in men and exceeded those in women.

Selected Health Characteristics are Associated with Urban Canadians' Acceptability of Policies Promoting Healthier Restaurant Food Environments.

Adoption of policies promoting healthier restaurant food environments (RFEs) is contingent on their acceptability. Limited evidence exists regarding individual characteristics associated with RFE policy acceptability, especially health-related characteristics. This study examined associations between health characteristics and RFE policy acceptability among urban Canadians. Links between health characteristics and complete agreement levels with selected policies were examined using data in the cross-sectional Targeting Healthy Eating and Physical Activity (THEPA) survey study, i.e., a large pan-Canadian study on policy acceptability. For each policy, several logistic multilevel regression analyses were conducted. Canada's 17 most populated census metropolitan areas (CMAs). Urban Canadian adults responded to the survey (N=27,162). Body mass index (BMI) was not associated with acceptability after adjustments for other health and sociodemographic characteristics were made. Across all policies and analyses, those reporting excellent or very good health statuses were more likely to be in complete agreement with targeted policies than those with good health statuses. For selected policies and analyses, those reporting poor health statuses were also more likely to be in complete agreement than those describing their health status as good. For all policies and analyses, both those consuming restaurant prepared foods daily and those never consuming these foods were more likely to be in complete agreement than those consuming these foods once per week. More research is needed to explain discrepancies in acceptability according to health characteristics. Bringing this study's findings to the attention of policy makers may help build momentum for policy enactment.

A POPULATION CENSUS AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE ON DATA ON POPULATION DYNAMICS IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION (2002–2021)

The population census is an important historical source, a statistical tool that enables to obtain objective and comprehensive data on the number and composition of the population in a country or region, which is crucial for forming the national policy, planning economic and social programs. Population censuses are conducted at regular intervals and help government agencies to assess the dynamics of demographic changes, including migration, birth rate, mortality, changes in the educational level and the earning capacity of the population. The information obtained is the basis for the strategic development of educational, health and social infrastructure and affects economic planning and the development of industry and the agricultural sector. The purpose of the undertaken research is to study the data of population censuses in 2002–2021, their statistical processing and elucidation of the dynamics in various aspects of the socio-economic development of Nizhny Novgorod region. The results of the population census make it possible to assess the socio-economic status of different population groups, their age and gender composition, educational level, language and nationality, necessary to formulate an effective state policy aimed at improving the lives of citizens and meeting their needs. Materials and methods. This article is based on studying the complex of All-Russian censuses for the period 2002–2021. When writing this article, data on the state of the population in Nizhny Novgorod region were of particular importance. When preparing the article, first of all, concrete-historical and statistical methods of research were used, mathematical processing of quantitative data was carried out. In the historiographical aspect, the article is notable for its novelty and has practically no predecessors. Research results. The analysis of the data from the population censuses of Nizhny Novgorod region for 2002, 2010 and 2021 revealed a steady decline in the population size, which decreased from 3.524 million to 3.119 million people. The main factors were negative natural increase due to high mortality and low birth rate, as well as intensive migration outflow, especially among young people. At the same time, demographic aging was recorded, expressed in an increase in the proportion of the elderly population. Changes in the educational structure show an increase in the number of people with higher and secondary specialized education, which does not compensate for the loss of the able-bodied population. Conclusions. The study demonstrates that Nizhny Novgorod region is facing serious demographic problems, deepening due to natural decline and migration outflow. Aging of the population and disproportions in its age structure are increasing, despite the increase in the educational level. To stabilize the demographic situation and ensure the economic development of the region, comprehensive measures are needed for labour power intake, for improving the quality of life and supporting socio-economic activity.

Демографическая динамика в региональных центрах Восточной Сибири в конце XIX – первой четверти ХХ вв.

Based on the data of the general population censuses of 1897 and 1926, the article focuses on the place of the residents of regional capitals (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Verkhneudinsk and Yakutsk) in the structure of the population of Eastern Siberia. The authors analyze the dynamics of growth of the total urban population of Eastern Siberia, changes in its gender composition, the ratio of the urban and rural population of the region, and also compare the rates of development of the regional centers of Eastern Siberia with each other.

Python көмегімен этникалық топтар арасындағы қарым-қатынасты зерттеу: талдау әдістері мен нәтижелері

Ethnic group relations are examined using Python-based data analysis techniques. Political, economic and sociological factors influencing ethnic relations are studied, and a comprehensive analysis is carried out using correlation, regression and cluster analysis. Primary data was collected through population censuses, public opinion surveys and statistical reports. The results show that economic instability and low levels of education contribute to increased ethnic tensions, while political stability and progressive legislation reduce the level of conflict. Cluster analysis revealed three main groups of people with different income, education and ethnic views. The study highlights the need to use an integrated approach and analytical methods to develop effective political and economic strategies aimed at improving inter-ethnic relations.

Mongolia and 14th Dalai Lama in Late 20th and 21st Centuries

This study explores the role of the Dalai Lama institution in the political processes of Mongolia, both from a historical perspective and in the context of contemporary events. The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the presence of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political life. Conceptually and methodologically, the research relies on the theory of post-secular society. The sources for this study include legal documents from Mongolia, data from national censuses, results from sociological surveys, and publications from Mongolian, Russian, and Western media that address the relationships between state, society, and religion. The authors argue that modern Mongolia exemplifies a post-secular society. It is noted that the abandonment of state atheism and the phenomenon of “Buddhist revival” have led to a significant intertwining of religious and secular institutions. The figure of the 14th Dalai Lama is regarded as a crucial participant in these processes. The study establishes that the main factors contributing to the involvement of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political processes include his high religious authority among believers, the legitimization of Mongolian reincarnations, and his image as a “democratic leader.” Factors that restrain the influence of the Dalai Lama include a significant segment of non-religious citizens in Mongolia, risks of deteriorating relations with the People’s Republic of China, and trends toward the nationalization of Mongolia’s Buddhist sangha.