Cement Production Process Research Articles

Design of a multigenerational energy system with hydrogen production for clean cement plants

The article aims to provide the design and analysis of a new and unique multigeneration system. This multigeneration system primarily produces methane/natural gas by extracting carbon dioxide from the cement production processes through calcium looping. The hydrogen gas generated in the system was synthesized through polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, supported by hydroelectric power. After this, a portion of the hydrogen produced from the system is reacted with carbon dioxide to produce methane. The other useful outputs of the system include electricity, space heating, and domestic hot water. The implemented system design also harnesses other renewable resources, such as solar energy, to enhance other aspects of the design. The system achieved hydrogen and methane production rates of 0.01028 kgs-1 and 0.02045 kgs-1, respectively. Additionally, the system's exergy and energy efficiencies are obtained to be 44.5% and 77.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the energy and exergy heating coefficient of performance values are found to be 1 and 0.5624, respectively.

Experimental analysis on calcination and carbonation process in calcium looping for CO2 capture: study case of cement plants in Indonesia

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) is the main contributor to greenhouse gases that affect global warming. The industrial sector is the third largest producer of CO2 and the cement industry is one of the industries that consistently produces the most significant CO2 emissions. The cement industry produces 5–8% of global CO2 emissions. Several methods for reducing specific CO2 emissions have been reported in the cement industry, including calcium looping, which uses the reversible reaction between calcination [calcium carbonate (CaCO3) decomposition] and carbonation [CO2 capture by calcium oxide (CaO)]. This work investigates calcium looping employing limestone obtained directly from several cement factories in Indonesia to observe the carbon-absorption characteristics of limestone from different mining locations. The experiment was carried out using a tube furnace equipped with a controlled atmospheric condition that functions as a calciner and a carbonator. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy characterization were conducted to analyse the changes in the experimental samples. The results demonstrated that the reactor configuration was capable of performing the calcination process, which converted CaCO3 to calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], as well as the carbonation process, which captured carbon and converted it back to CaCO3. Parametric analysis was performed on both reactions, including pressure, temperature, duration, particle size and reaction atmosphere. The results show that the limestone obtained from all sites can be used as the sorbents for the calcium-looping process with an average reactivity of 59.01%. Limestone from cement plants in various parts of Indonesia has the potential to be used as carbon sorbents in calcium-looping technology. With a similar CO2 concentration as the flue gas of 16.67%, the experimental results show that Bayah limestone has the maximum reactivity, as shown by the highest carbon-content addition of 12.15 wt% and has the highest CO2-capture capability up to >75% per mole of Ca(OH)2 as a sorbent. Similar levels of the ability to capture CO2 per mole of Ca(OH)2 can be found in other limestones, ranging from 14.85% to 34.07%. The results show a promising performance of raw limestones from different mining sites, allowing further study and observation of the possibility of CO2 emission reduction in the sustainable cement-production process.

Evaluation of the Quality of the Cement Production Process in Terms of Increasing the Company’s Performance

This article summarizes the arguments surrounding the scientific discussion of the cement production process at a selected company in Slovakia. (1) The main goal of this article is to evaluate the quality of the cement production process with the intention of increasing the performance and quality of the process and the quality of the cement in various assortments. The object of this research was a selected company in Slovakia which focuses on cement production. (2) The methods of research were focused on using statistical, economic, and financial analyses and instruments of quality management, such as the Ishikawa diagram, regression diagram, correlation, and box plot diagram. The relevance of the decision of this scientific research relating to the innovation of the cement production process focused on Industry 4.0 requirements. (3) This paper presents the results of the clinker CaOF content and LS and their quality. These components are used for cement products and are responsible for the quality of cement. This paper obtained a view of barriers in the cement production process, the most important of which are the people involved and their qualifications. (4) These barriers were minimalized and indicated significant improvements in the quality of entry components in the clinker. We suggest reducing CEM III and replacing CEM I-R, which brings higher profit to the company. These results can be instruments or recommendations for other companies utilizing the cement production process.

Waste heat recovery and utilization of cement rotary kiln based on biomass energy

A rotary kiln is a central piece of equipment for the calcination of clinker in the production of cement. Biomass energy has been applied to rotary kilns, and solar energy has been introduced to assist the energy supply. Coupled optimization results for biomass energy and solar energy applications are compared to the single fossil energy used in the base period. A field survey and statistical analysis and integration of cement clinker production sites in China’s Central Plains Economic Zone revealed a negative linear correlation between the consumption of raw coal in the cement production process and the environmental temperature and humidity parameters of the production lines. The energy consumption is large and the energy utilization of the system is low, with goodness of fit of R=0.962. Coupled solar and biomass energy use in the audit period and single energy use in the base period comparison revealed a 19.5% reduction in electricity consumption, a 25.4% reduction in coal consumption and a 4.39% increase in heavy oil consumption. From 2017 to 2020, the average annual consumption cost of electricity and raw coal decreased, while the average annual consumption cost of heavy fuel oil slowly increased. After verification during the audit period, compared with the base period, the total production cost of the case enterprise can be reduced approximately 5.17%, in which the energy cost decreased 0.9%.

Portland Cement Treated Soil: Evaluation and Conflict Results

In spite of soil treatment using Portland cement being well documented, it is hard to find all of the contents related to this topic in one document. This paper aims to provide information inventory about chemical and mechanical changes that take place in soil properties, and the alteration in engineering characteristics which occur in soil - cement mixtures. The mechanism of treatment over time is documented as well. Some conflicted results were detected in literature such as moisture – dry density relationship and dynamic properties of soil treated by cement. The suitability of cement as an additive for different soil types is discussed based on the results which were obtained by different authors. Based on the methodologies followed by laboratory and field studies, the mixture process involves deep and shallow mixing using cement as powder or slurry (grout). Finally, the paper discusses the sustainability of Portland cement as a manufacturing product. Generally, using cement as soil stabilizer induces a significant increase in soil strength, workability, and durability. Permeability and swelling potential are significantly decreased. In addition, a considerable improvement in soil compressibility is achieved for the soil – cement mixture. Negative environment impact is one of the major inherent disadvantages in cement production, where the cement production process is responsible for 5 – 8% of the total anthropogenic CO₂ emission. Furthermore, high energy consumption, depletion of resources and weakness against sulfate attack, carbonation and organic materials effects are significant inherent disadvantages in cement-treated soil. So, partial or full replacement of cement by more sustainable materials is recommended.

Modern Kiln Burner Technology in the Current Energy Climate: Pushing the Limits of Alternative Fuel Substitution

The current manuscript presents a review on existing kiln burner technologies for the cement production process, in the context of the current climate of energy transition and environmental remediation. Environmental legislation has become ever stricter in response to global climate change, and cement plants need to adapt to this new reality in order to remain competitive in the market and ensure their longevity. The cement production process is a well-established technology with more than a century of existence. There are several plants in operation whose process is outdated by modern standards, particularly considering the current industry decarbonization needs. The cement process requires tremendous amounts of energy, mainly recovered from the combustion of solid, liquid or gaseous fuels, which yields massive emissions of greenhouse gases. Thus, an important onus is placed upon the minimization of pollutant emission in the combustion system, as well as a substitution of fossil fuels with more sustainable alternatives. One of the sustainable alternative fuels comes in the form of refuse derived fuels (RDF). These high caloric fractions of municipal solid waste present a double advantage by reducing the amount of fossil fuels used and reducing the landfilling fraction of waste. However, their use in rotary kiln burners comes with important limitations for burner operation, namely that a high degree of control over primary air supply is needed to ensure complete combustion with minimal pollutant emission.

Pilot testing and numerical simulations of the multifuel burner for the cement kiln

Rotatory kilns fed with fossil fuels, which are widely used in cement industry, are responsible for significant CO2 emissions to atmosphere, increasing the stress on the environment. Substantial energy consumption, associated with the cement production process, leads to significant environmental and economical footprint in Europe and beyond, thus measures for reducing fossil fuel usage and decreasing an environmental impact are sought. One of the implemented measures is the substitution of the typical fossil fuels used in the kilns (coal or petcoke) by alternative fuels, such as biomass, RDF (refuse-derived fuel), sewage sludge or MSW (municipal solid waste). The objective is to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, achieve the circular economy goals and decrease the production costs.This study presents the results of the pilot-scale tests (conducted in the 1 MW combustion facility at the Institute of Power Engineering), CFD simulations of both pilot-scale and full-scale burner for the cement rotary kiln. On the basis of the experimental data, a numerical investigations of the 1 MW pilot facility was made and validated. The numerical modelling, in a pilot-scale burner, was also intended to check the possibility to co-fire petcoke (as a base fuel) with alternative fuels such as MSW, biomass and hydrogen. Finally, the combustion in the industrial scale 75 MW cement rotary kiln burner was numerically analysed to analyse the conditions inside the reference cement installation and to propose a possible solutions to allow substitution of fossil fuels with RDF.The results showed that it is possible to co-fire a high shares of the alternative fuels in the rotary kiln without the negative effects on the combustion performance. It was also found, that the base fuel (petcoke) can be almost completely replaced with the alternative fuels such as RDF or biomass, while addition of the hydrogen to the fuel mixture can even improve the combustion characteristics.

Investigating the ternary cement containing Portland cement, ceramic waste powder, and limestone

The cement production process produces enormous amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). Hence, using new types of cement, like ternary cement, which contains calcined clay, limestone, and cement clinker, can significantly reduce the CO2 emissions of the cement industry and even increase the mechanical properties and durability of samples. This paper investigates the cement mortar's mechanical and durability characteristics, containing ceramic waste powder (CWP) and limestone powder (LSP) as partial cement substitution. Samples with 5, 10, and 15 % LSP and 10, 20, and 30 % (by weight of cement) CWP as cement substitutes were produced. The mortar specimen tests were performed after 7, 28, and 90 days of curing in the water pool, then compressive strength and alkali-silica reaction (ASR) tests were evaluated. Furthermore, setting time test, thermogravimetric analyses, X-ray diffraction analyses, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cement paste were carried out. The ternary cement mortar containing 10 % CWP and 15 % LSP has the highest compressive strength. Also, the ternary cement mortar containing 30 % CWP and 15 % LSP shows the lowest compressive strength (decreased by 8.5 % compared to the reference sample). In addition, the mix containing 20 % CWP and 15 % LSP has a lower ASR value than the control sample (52 % less). Eventually, SEM images showed the reference sample and the specimen containing 30 % CWP and 15 % LSP have the lowest and highest pores and cavities, respectively.

Solar Hybridization Paths for Cement Production Processes

Cement industry is responsible for a significant portion of global carbon dioxide emissions leading to global warming and climate change. A substantial part of these emissions is due to burning fossil fuels to supply heat to the kiln at a high temperature. Concentrating solar collectors can be used for preheating the air supplied to the kiln or directly preheating the ingredients in the pre-calciner before feeding them into the kiln. Based on an existing cement plant’s available energy audit, a MATLAB model of the plant with its sub-processes has been developed. After verifying the model results by checking against the available energy audit’s mass and energy balances, the model is used to identify the possible solar hybridization paths and other energy-saving approaches. Considering the year-round solar resources in the region where the plant is located and other possible locations, it is shown that there are hybridization paths leading to significant carbon dioxide emission savings.

Solar-driven calcium looping system for carbon capture in cement plants: Process modelling and energy analysis

The cement industry produces around 6–7% of the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This sector, therefore, needs to be decarbonized to meet the international goals on greenhouse gas emissions. In a cement plant, however, around 60% of the CO2 emissions are hard-to-abate because they come from the calcination of the raw materials. Carbon capture is thus needed to perform deep decarbonization of the cement production process. Among all the carbon capture technologies proposed in the literature, Calcium looping (CaL) is one of the most promising ones. This work analyses on novel solar-driven CaL process for carbon capture in a cement plant. In the system proposed, the energy required for the CO2 sorbent regeneration is fully supplied by a heliostat field. The performances of the overall system were evaluated through detailed process modelling and energy analyses. Primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions (sum of both direct process emissions and indirect emissions due to electricity consumption) were assessed considering different grid electricity mixes and integration levels (IL) between the carbon capture system and the clinker kiln. We estimate that the integration of a solar-driven CaL in a cement plant could be able to reduce over 90% of the plant CO2 emissions. Furthermore, this solution could potentially decrease the plant fuel consumption thanks to the reuse of the exhausted sorbent in the production process. On the other hand, a large heliostat field will be required to feed energy to the CaL process. Both the carbon intensity of the grid electricity mix and the IL impact on the system energy and carbon balance, as shown by the obtained values for the specific primary energy consumption for CO2 avoided (SPECCA) index. Obtained SPECCA indexes vary between a maximum of 2.17 MJ/kgCO2, obtained for an IL of 20% and grid electricity produced entirely from renewables, and a minimum of 0.57 MJ/kgCO2, estimated for an IL of 80% and grid electricity produced from state-of-the-art pulverized coal.

A new basic burning raw material for simultaneous stabilization/solidification of PO43−-P and F− in phosphogypsum

Phosphogypsum (PG) contains a lot of soluble phosphate (PO43--P) and fluorine ion (F-), which seriously has hindered the sustainable development of the phosphorous chemical industry. In this study, a new burning raw material (BRM) as an intermediate product in the cement production process was used for PO43--P and F- stabilize in PG. The stabilizing mechanism of PO43--P and F- were investigated by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray spectroscopy system (XPS). The effect of PG and BRM weight ratio, solid-to-liquid ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the concentrations of PO43--P and F- were studied. The results showed that the concentration of F- in the PG leaching solution was 8.65 mg/L and the stabilizing efficiency of PO43--P was 99.78%, as well as the pH of the PG leaching solution was 8.12 when the weight ratio of PG and BRM was 100:2, and the solid to liquid ratio was 4:1, reacting for 24 h at the temperature of 30 ℃. PO43--P and F- were mostly solidified as Ca5(PO4)3F, CaPO3(OH), Ca5(PO4)3(OH), Ca2P2O7·2H2O, CaSO4PO3(OH)·4H2O, CaF2, and CaFPO3·2H2O. Leaching test results indicated that the concentrations of PO43--P, F- and heavy metals were less than the integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978–1996). This study provides a new harmless treatment method for PG.

Electrochemical transformation of limestone into calcium hydroxide and valuable carbonaceous products for decarbonizing cement production

The cement industry is one of the largest contributors to global CO2 emissions, which has been paid more attention to the research on converting the CO2 released by the cement production process. It is extremely challenging to decarbonize the cement industry, as most CO2 emissions result from the calcination of limestone (CaCO3) into CaO and CO2. In this work, we demonstrate an in situ electrochemical process that transforms CaCO3 into portlandite (Ca(OH)2, a key Portland cement precursor) and valuable carbonaceous products, which integrates electrochemical water splitting and CO2 reduction reaction with the chemical decomposition of CaCO3. With different metal catalyst electrodes (like Au, Ag, In, Cu, and Cu nanowires electrodes), we have achieved various valuable carbonaceous products, such as CO, formate, methane, ethylene, and ethane during the electrochemical CO2 process. Our work demonstrates a proof of concept for green and sustainable cement production.

Control of Precalciner Temperature in the Cement Industry: A Novel Method of Hammerstein Model Predictive Control with ISSA

As the most critical equipment in the pre-calcination process of dry cement production, the temperature of the precalciner is an essential factor affecting the quality of cement. However, the cement calcination system is time-delayed, nonlinear, and multi-disturbance, which makes it difficult to predict and control the precalciner temperature. In this study, a deep learning-based Hammerstein model is proposed, and a model predictive control system is built to predict and control the precalciner temperature. In the prediction model, the CNN-GRU network architecture is used to extract the operating states of the precalciner, and an attention mechanism is employed to find and emphasize the important historical information in the extracted states. Then, an ARX model is built to predict the temperature of the precalciner using the extracted operating state information. The complex nonlinear model solution in the control system is formed into a linear control problem and an inverse solution problem. The generalized predictive control (GPC) is used for linear control, and the improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) is used for the problem of an inverse solution. Tested with data from a cement plant in Hebei, China, the prediction accuracy of the model proposed in this paper is 99%, and the established control algorithm has less overshoot compared to PID and better stability in anti-disturbance tests. It is demonstrated that the prediction model developed in this study has better accuracy and the control strategy based on this model has good robustness.

Properties and Hydration Mechanism of Cementitious Materials Prepared from Calcined Coal Gangue

The preparation of cementitious materials by replacing part of the cement with activated coal gangue is of great significance to the cement industry in terms of carbon reduction and coal-based solid waste utilization. For this paper, cementitious material was prepared by firing activated coal gangue under suspension conditions and batching it with limestone powder using Inner Mongolia coal gangue as raw material. The optimal ratio was determined by testing the strength changes of the cementitious material at 3, 7, and 28 days of hydration, and the hydration process and mechanism were explored by combining the pore structure, heat of hydration, chemical composition, phase composition, and microscopic morphological characteristics of the hydration products. The results showed that the active materials formulated from activated gangue and limestone powder can be used to prepare cementitious materials with good performance at the level of 30%–50% replacement of cement. The optimal ratio was 30% replacement of cement, and the mass ratio of calcined gangue to limestone powder was 2:1. The 3 days compressive strength of this ratio was 28.8 MPa, which was only slightly lower than that of cement. However, the 28 days compressive strength of samples reached 67.5 MPa, which was much higher than that of the reference cement. In the hydration of this cementitious material, not only does the activated coal gangue react with the Ca(OH)2 formed by hydration to form C–S–H gel, but CaCO3 also participates in the reaction to form a new phase of carbon aluminate, and the two effects together promote the development of the later strength of the samples. This paper can provide a reference for carbon reduction in the cement production process and comprehensive utilization of coal gangue.

The strength and economic benefit of soil stabilization with Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as agro-waste

Soil stabilization is most effective method to increasing the strength of poorly soil. In generally, adding cement is preference that other but it is not environmentally friendly. Due to the production process of cement more released the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Alternative stabilization method can use agro-waste from palm oil milling is called POFA, which having pozzolanic properties such as cement. The purpose of this study to find how much the increasing soil strength when add 20% treated POFA and how the economic benefits in replacing cement. Soil strength testing utilize an unconfined compression test (UCT) and economic benefits by reviewing previous research on soil-cement stabilization. Based on compaction standard that added 20% treated POFA was decrease the maximum dry density (MDD) and increase the optimum water content (OMC). The Soil-treated POFA stabilization gained the maximum compressive strength after curing for 28 days. Exhibit the increasing of compressive strength from 0.55 MPa to 1.04 MPa. The economic advantage with add of 20% treated POFA was able to replace the cement between 5% - 7.5%. Thus, treated POFA is feasible to be used as a soil stabilization material by considering the curing times.

PROSES CRUSHING MATERIAL LIMESTONE UNTUK BAHAN BAKU DALAM PROSES PRODUKSI SEMEN DI PT SEMEN BATURAJA (PERSERO) TBK

Cement is the main raw material in infrastructure development. Good infrastructure is supported by a good cement production process, so competent engineers are needed in the cement production process. This activity aims to understand the workings of the limestone crusher used in the cement manufacturing process at PT Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk. The data collection methodology in this activity, namely taking references from journals and books about the cement production process (secondary data), as well as interviews and direct observation with field supervisors and equipment operators in the cement production process (primary data). The data that has been obtained is then showed so that it is known that in the process of crushing the limestone material at PT Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk, the crusher used is a hammer crusher type hydraulic unit with 2 hammers flanking each other to crush the material. Limestone is the most important raw material in the process of making cement.

Industrial Application of Rice Husk as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Production for CO2 Reduction

The cement industry generally spends about 30-40% of production costs to provide energy for production. It forces the cement industry to look for cheaper and widely available alternative energy sources to increase its competitiveness. The dominance of fossil fuels poses another problem for the cement industry in the form of high CO2 emissions. To overcome this, PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa (ITP) Tbk, Palimanan Unit, is committed to continuously looking for alternative energy sources by utilizing rice husks in the suspension preheater unit. This study aims to evaluate the performance, especially the reduction of CO2 emissions and the economic benefits of energy substitution applications using rice husks. Based on the calculation in 2020, there will be an increase of 37% in 2021, and the total energy of rice husks will reach around 1,996,671 GJ. It is equivalent to using fossil fuel coal of approximately 106,450 tonnes. The contribution of rice husks to primary energy consumption seems to continue to increase yearly. A significant increase occurred between 2020 - 2021, and the contribution of rice husks reached 23%. Rice husks usage has reduced CO2 emissions by almost 220,000 tons of CO2e and brought production cost benefits to around 40 billion by 2021. Therefore, the substitution of coal fuel using rice husk has proven to be effective in reducing CO2 emissions in the cement production process. By still paying attention to the reliability of the process and the quality of the cement products produced, these efforts can be continuously encouraged to realize cement products that are more environmentally friendly.

Menentukan Penjadwalan Maintenance Mesin Finish Mill Dengan Metode FMEA Di PT Semen Indonesia (PERSERO) Tbk

PT Semen Indonesia (PERSERO) Tbk is a cement producing company in Tuban, so problems often occur in theproduction system including damage to the finish mill machine components. The machine components that are oftendamaged are Grinding tables, Tires, Reducer separators, Rockerarms, Bucket Chains, Seals, Shafts. The finish millmachine is the last area in the cement production process. The result of the final grinding in the form of cement isstored in cement storage silos. If maintenance is carried out on a scheduled basis, damage and production failurescan be minimized. The purpose of this industrial practical work is to schedule maintenance for finish mill machinesusing the FMEA method. The data collection method used was direct observation and interviews with theresponsible department in the finish mill machine area. From the results of industrial practical work carried out, itis known that machine maintenance is carried out with an overhaul system every few years. It is recommended toschedule maintenance for finish mill machines such as cleaning, replacement, lubrication so that components do notoften fail and damage during the production process.

Early Age of Volume Weight, Indirect Tensile Strength and Tensile Elastic Modulus of Foam Concrete Containing Blended Cement

Portland composite cement is a type of blended cement produced by the Indonesian cement factories where fly ash as one of the ingredient and the production is based on efforts to reduce CO2 emissions in the cement production process. This research is part of the sustainability infrastructure development which is carried out through the use of Portland composite cement as a cementitious material in the manufacture of foam concrete. The purpose of this paper was to contribute to the understanding of the early age volume weight, indirect tensile strength and tensile elastic modulus of the hardened foam concrete. In this study, two mix designs of foam to mortar ratio of 32.53%: 67.47% and 55.41%: 44.59%, by volume were used to produce foam concrete. The test results showed a good compatibility of Portland composite cement-superplasticizer based mortar in combination with foam can be achieved to determine the foam concrete slurry stability and can thus form hardened foam concrete. By using foam to mortar ratio of 32.53%: 67.47%, volume weight, indirect tensile strength and tensile elastic modulus achieved were 1508.3 kg/m3, 0.83 MPa and 207.5 MPa at three days, and 1476.9 kg/m3, 0.89 MPa and 254.3 MPa at 7 days, respectively. Tensile strength of foam concrete with foam content of 55.41%: 44.59% at 3 days and 7 days were 0.37 MPa and 0.46 MPa, respectively. The foam to mortar rasio of 55.41%: 44.59% produced foam concrete with tensile elastic modulus of 137 MPa and 200 MPa, at 3 days and 7 days respectively.

SSP-WGAN-Based Data Enhancement and Prediction Method for Cement Clinker f-CaO

Aiming at the problem of low prediction accuracy of traditional prediction models due to the limited labeled sample data and the imbalance of multitimescale sample data in the cement production process, a cement clinker-free calcium oxide (f-CaO) data enhancement and prediction model based on semisupervised prediction Wasserstein generative adversarial networks (SSP-WGANs) is proposed in this article. The model is constructed by WGAN and a prediction model. In the generator of WGAN, the traditional noise input is replaced by time-series matrices composed of related variables affecting the f-CaO content of cement clinker. The generator maps the input high-dimensional time-series data into low-dimensional labeled values through its internal convolutional layer, which can fill in the missing labeled values of the input unlabeled samples. The generated labels are spliced with the related variables affecting the f-CaO content of clinker according to the timescale relationship and are uniformly sent to the discriminator with the real sample pairs for discrimination, thus eliminating the influence of multiple timescales. The generated labeled data are matched with the unlabeled data and used to expand the training set of the prediction model composed of CNN-GRU, which significantly improves the prediction accuracy of the model. The results show that the SSP-WGAN model with data enhancement has higher accuracy and stronger robustness.