Cellulose Binder Research Articles

Building a High-Performance Zn–I2 Battery with a Green and Affordable Cationic Cellulose Binder

Building a High-Performance Zn–I₂ Battery with a Green and Affordable Cationic Cellulose Binder

Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose binder on physical, thermal, and rheological properties of milk protein isolate/guar gum mixture powder

This study examined the effect of fluidized-bed agglomeration with a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder on the physical, thermal, and rheological properties of agglomerated milk protein isolate (MPI)-guar gum (GG) mixtures (AMGs). The agglomeration process produced larger and more porous particles, improving solubility and powder flowability. An exothermic event followed by an endothermic event was observed in DSC thermograms. These thermal events tended to occur at a higher temperature with lower enthalpy values as the binder concentration increased. All samples exhibited shear-thinning behavior, with apparent viscosity at 100 s−1 values (0.27–0.29 Pa s) for AMGs being lower than for non-agglomerated MPI-GG mixture (NAMG; 0.34 Pa s). Viscoelastic moduli values showed similar trends. Additionally, compared to NAMG, larger and more guar gum lumps occurred in the AMGs. These findings suggest that the agglomeration process with CMC promoted depletion interactions between the protein and polysaccharide components in the mixture system.

1, 3, 6, 8-pyrene sulfonic acid tetrasodium fluorescent pigment synthesis and security ink production

Colorants used in security inks are special pigments that radiate in the UV region or IR region. Obtained pigments can be from valuable rare earth elements or they can be organic based. Organic-based pigments are generally insoluble in water, which limits their use. For this purpose, an organic-based UV-radiating pigment was synthesized and made water-soluble by forming its salt. With the obtained salt-formed pigment, inkjet ink that can be used in counterfeiting was applied and its printability and resistance properties were determined. In this study, 1, 3, 6, 8-pyrene sulfonic acid tetrasodium salt was synthesized and water-based inkjet inks with hydroxy ethyl cellulose binder were produced. The prepared inks were printed on the paper surface. The color and gloss of the prints obtained were measured both in the visible region and in the UV region. Its optical properties were detected by UV spectroscopy. Strength properties such as light fastness, nitro resistance, alkali resistance, acid resistance, rub resistance, drying time, adhesion and dry film weight of the prints were determined. As a result; Inkjet ink with 1, 3, 6, 8-pyrene sulfonic acid tetrasodium salt was produced and it was concluded that it has good resistance properties.

Enhancing micro-scale SiOx anode durability: Electro-mechanical strengthening of binder networks via anchoring carbon nanotubes with carboxymethyl cellulose

With the increasing prevalence of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) applications, the demand for high-capacity next-generation materials has also increased. SiOx is currently considered a promising anode material due to its exceptionally high capacity for LIBs. However, the significant volumetric changes of SiOx during cycling and its initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) complicate its use, whether alone or in combination with graphite materials. In this study, a three-dimensional conductive binder network with high electronic conductivity and robust elasticity for graphite/SiOx blended anodes was proposed by chemically anchoring carbon nanotubes and carboxymethyl cellulose binders using tannic acid as a chemical cross-linker. In addition, a dehydrogenation-based prelithiation strategy employing lithium hydride was utilized to enhance the ICE of SiOx. The combination of these two strategies increased the CE of SiOx from 74% to 87% and effectively mitigated its volume expansion in the graphite/SiOx blended electrode, resulting in an efficient electron-conductive binder network. This led to a remarkable capacity retention of 94% after 30 cycles, even under challenging conditions, with a high capacity of 550 mA h g−1 and a current density of 4 mA cm−2. Furthermore, to validate the feasibility of utilizing prelithiated SiOx anode materials and the conductive binder network in LIBs, a full cell incorporating these materials and a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode was used. This cell demonstrated a ∼27.3% increase in discharge capacity of the first cycle (∼185.7 mA h g−1) and exhibited a cycling stability of 300 cycles. Thus, this study reports a simple, feasible, and insightful method for designing high-performance LIB electrodes.

Binder-dependent electrochemical properties of high entropy oxide anodes for lithium-ion batteries

High entropy oxide (HEO) materials have recently emerged as promising anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, we conduct the first comparative analysis to investigate the influence of various electrode binders on electrochemical properties of (CrMnFeNiCu)3O4 HEO anodes. The organic-solvent-soluble polyvinylidene fluoride and water-soluble polyvinyl formamide, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA) binders are examined. Notably, the NaPAA binder leads to a significant enhancement in the HEO performance. The NaPAA coating on (CrMnFeNiCu)3O4 effectively improves the electrode charge-discharge Coulombic efficiency and mitigates the electrode deterioration. Binder adhesion strength and stability toward electrolyte are assessed. The charge-transfer resistance and apparent Li+ diffusion of the HEO electrodes with various binders, accompanied by the post-cycling analyses, are examined. By employing the NaPAA binder, exceptional electrode capacities of 800 and 495 mAh g–1 are attained at charge-discharge rates of 50 and 2000 mA g–1, respectively, without noticeable capacity degradation after 300 cycles. The thermal reactivity of the lithiated electrodes is investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, and the impact of binders on the electrode exothermic onset temperature and total heat released is studied. Our findings provide valuable insights for enhancing the performance and safety of HEO anodes for LIBs.

High‐strength, water‐resistant, formaldehyde‐free cellulose‐based thermosetting resin for wood bonding

AbstractDespite the continued dominance of detrimental formaldehyde‐based binders in the wood reconstituted products, there is a growing push to develop more environmentally friendly alternatives. Cellulose‐based biomass adhesives have been extensively researched and documented. However, their industrial application is limited due to inadequate water resistance and suboptimal coating ability. In this study, a cellulose‐derived wood binder with a hyperbranched entangling structure was synthesized by covalently cross‐linking branched polyethylenimine and oxycellulose through Schiff base formation. The dry/wet bonding strength of the prepared plywood was 2.07 and 1.52 MPa, respectively, exhibiting a remarkable increase and breakthrough compared to that of pure oxidized cellulose binder. This can be attributed to the formation of a water‐resistant Schiff base tangle network, which enhances the toughness of the adhesive. Notably, the pure cellulose adhesive tends to agglomerate on the wood surface, whereas the hyperbranched modified cellulose adhesive exhibits a more uniform coating ability. This study further demonstrates the reliable potential of tangle structures based on Schiff base reactions in the development of biomass‐based adhesives.Highlights A high bonding strength cellulose‐based wood adhesive was prepared. The Schiff base reactions have been used to construct cross‐linked structures. The cross‐linked network structure provides excellent water resistance. The cured cellulose‐based adhesive has excellent dry/wet bonding strength.

Direct synthesis of a lithium carboxymethyl cellulose binder using wood dissolving pulp for high-performance LiFePO4 cathodes in lithium-ion batteries

Lithium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Li) is a promising novel water-based binder for lithium-ion batteries. The direct synthesis of CMC-Li was innovatively developed using abundant wood dissolving pulp materials from hardwood (HW) and softwood (SW). The resulting CMC-Li-HW and CMC-Li-SW binders possessed a suitable degree of substitutions and excellent molecular weight distributions with an appropriate quantity of long- and short-chain celluloses, which facilitated the construction of a reinforced concrete-like bonding system. When used as cathode binders in LiFePO4 batteries, they uniformly coated and dispersed the electrode materials, formed a compact and stable conductive network with high mechanical strength and showed sufficient lithium replenishment. The prepared LiFePO4 batteries exhibited good mechanical stability, low charge transfer impedance, high initial discharge capacity (∼180 mAh/g), high initial Coulombic efficiency (99 %), excellent cycling performance (<3% loss over 200 cycles) and good rate capability, thereby outperforming CMC-Na and the widely used cathode binder polyvinylidene fluoride.

Black titania coated glass fiber as a photo absorber in interfacial solar steam generation under harsh condition

Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) is one of the promising solutions in the field of water filtration, desalination, and solvent recovery. For the industrial applications of the technology, there is a need for developing highly durable, thermally stable, and inert light absorbers. Therefore, this work addresses this issue by synthesizing black Titania (B–TiO2) via vacuum annealing and depositing it on glass fiber (GF) via vacuum filtration with an ethyl cellulose binder. According to the characterization techniques analyses, the change of colour is attributed to the occurrence of oxygen vacancies in the surface layers of TiO2 nanoparticles during vacuum annealing. The deposition parameters were optimized for achieving a maximum solar-weighted light absorptance of 95.7%. The optimized B–TiO2 GF was applied for the steam generation experiments and achieved the evaporation rate of 1.53 kg m−2 h−1, which corresponds to solar-steam conversion efficiency of 97.7 % under standard measurements condition of AM 1.5 G sun and ambient temperature and relative humidity of 20 °C and 40% respectively. Thanks to the high durability and chemical inertness of B–TiO2 GF it was applied for water filtration in extreme conditions of acidic/alkaline water and high-sun illumination (up to 35-sun). Worth noting that for high-sun experimentation there is a need to use a binder to improve particle attachment to the glass fibers.

Eco-friendly aqueous binder derived from waste ramie for high-performance Li-S battery

Even the sulfur cathode in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery has the advantages of high theoretical energy density, wide source of raw materials, no pollution to the environment, and so on. It still suffers the sore points of easy electrode collapse due to large volume expansion during charge and discharge and low active materials utilization caused by the severe shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Therefore, in this work, ramie gum (RG) was extracted from ramie fiber degumming liquid and used as the functional binder to address the above problems and improve the Li-S battery's performance for the first time. Surprisingly, the sulfur cathode using RG binder illustrates a high initial capacity of 1152.2 mAh/g, and a reversible capacity of 644.6 mAh/g after 500 cycles at 0.5 C, far better than the sulfur cathode using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder. More importantly, even if the active materials loading increased to as high as 4.30 mg/cm2, the area capacity is still around 3.1 mAh/cm2 after 200 cycles. Such excellent performances could be attributed to the abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups of RG that can effectively inhibit the shuttle effect of LiPSs, as well as the excellent viscosity and mechanical properties that can maintain electrode integrity during long-term charging/discharging. This work verifies the feasibility of RG as an eco-friendly and high-performance Li-S battery binder and provides a new idea for the utilization of agricultural biomass resources.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of Bi2O3 via facile synthesis as anode material for ultra-long cycle lifespan lithium-ion batteries

The urgent demand for stable electrode materials, especially for the anode, arises in the pursuit of high-energy Li-ion batteries. This research focuses on bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and uncovers its performance through a straightforward, commercially viable synthesis route, along with the optimization of binders and electrolytes. By employing a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose binder and fluoroethylene carbonate additives, the Bi2O3 anode demonstrates significantly enhanced performance compared to prior studies. It attains an impressive initial capacity of approximately 750 mA h g−1, exhibits excellent rate capability at 1000 mA g−1 and maintains stable cycling performance over 6000 cycles.

Understanding Electrochemical Properties for a Bio-Based Silicon Anode Electrode Enhanced with Carbon Nanostructure Conductive Additives and Water-Based Binders

Lithium Ion batteries (LIB) demand has shown an exciting increase lately, particularly looking for light-weight solution for portable devices [1], [2]. Recently, The development and implementation of electrode material production techniques pushed the LIB's current state performance to further improvement. Silicon (Si) anode-based electrodes are considered an attractvie alternative to conventional graphite electrodes due to their high specific capacity [3]. Theoretically, Si could alloy with Li up to Li4.4Si and result in a specific capacity of 4200 mAh/g, where the mechanical stress within the electrode material causes loss in the conductivity and breaking of the cell. To overcome this issue, different methodologies have been tested for further improvement of Si implementation with different nanostructures [4]. On the other hand, the production rate of LIB is very important to meet the high demand for different technologies. and, a commercial Si grade is highly recommended along with the conventional tape-casting production method. Furthermore, water-based binders, such as Polyacrylic Acid and Carboxy methyl Cellulose (cellulose-based binders) plays an important role in electrode preparation, where it is supporting the volume expansion of Si and preserveing electrode morphology [5]. Herein, we focus on producing a high-quality Si electrode with cellulose binder, enhanced by conductive carbon allotrope additives. In this study, different Si grades will be tested with different concentrations along with conductive and binder [6]. Electrochemical characterization of the Si anode half cell , such as cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and Impedance spectroscopy vs Li+ metal shows extended and stabilized cycling performance, inferring a reduced anode pulverization.

Preliminary Research on Moss-Based Biocomposites as an Alternative Substrate in Moss Walls

Addressing urban air pollution is a pressing challenge, prompting the exploration of mitigation strategies such as urban greening. However, certain innovative greening approaches, while promising, may inadvertently incorporate unsustainable elements that undermine their eco-friendly philosophy. In this context, our research focuses on addressing the replacement of a petroleum-based filter substrate in an existing ‘green’ outdoor air purification system that utilizes ‘moss filters’, known as a ‘moss wall’. This initiative is driven by concerns about microplastic leakage from the substrate and the need to optimize the moss wall system in terms of circularity. This preliminary study presents a crucial first step, aiming to assess the feasibility of developing a circular, bio-based plate as a replacement for the existing microfiber filter substrate. The focus is on the potential of this plate to recycle moss from the system itself as raw material, ensuring structural integrity and the ability to support its own weight. To achieve this goal, a series of controlled experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting using cellulose, corn starch, and metakaolin binders. Our findings indicated that cellulose was crucial for the structural integrity, starch significantly enhanced the sample strength, and metakaolin improved the water resistance. These insights culminated in the creation of a laboratory-scale moss-based composite prototype, with moss constituting more than half of the total mass. This prototype demonstrated promising results as a starting point for a more environmentally friendly and bio-based moss wall substrate. Subsequent research efforts will concentrate on optimizing the binder and fiber composition, evaluating and improving the bioreceptivity and filter properties, conducting outdoor testing, and scaling up the prototype for practical implementation.

Cross‐Linked Binary Polymeric Binder of Polyacrylic Acid–Carboxymethyl Cellulose for Improving Phosphorus Anode

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is a promising anode material with high capacity (2596 mAh g−1 and 6075–6924 mAh cm−3), low lithium‐ion diffusion barrier (0.08 eV), and appropriate lithiation potential (≈0.7 V vs Li+/Li). However, the problems of huge volume expansion (≈300%), low electronic conductivity (10−14–102 S cm−1), and soluble intermediates (lithium polyphosphides, LixpPs) restrict its performance. In this work, a robust, cross‐linked binary polymeric binder polyacrylic acid–carboxymethyl cellulose (PAA/CMC) binder is designed, which has good Li+ conductivity and is not reactive with lithium polyphpsphode (LixpPs). The resulting composite P/CNT‐PAA/CMC displays a high reversible capacity of 1230.2 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1300 mA g−1, achieving 10 times as much as the control sample P/CNT‐PVDF. The volume expansion after lithiation of P/CNT‐PAA/CMC is only 6%, far less than that of the control sample (83%).

Carbonization of Corn Leaf Waste for Na-Ion Storage Application Using Water-Soluble Carboxymethyl Cellulose Binder.

Hard carbon materials are considered to be the most practical anode materials for sodium ion batteries because of the rich availability of their resources and potentially low cost. Here, the conversion of corn leaf biomass, a largely available agricultural waste, into carbonaceous materials for Na-ion storage application is reported. Thermal analysis investigation determines the presence of exothermic events occurring during the thermal treatment of the biomass. Accordingly, various temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 °C are selected to perform carbonization treatment trials, leading to the formation of various biocarbons. The materials obtained are characterized by a combination of methods, including X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, surface evaluation, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical characterizations. The Na-ion storage performances of these materials are investigated using water-soluble carboxymethyl cellulose binder, highlighting the influence of the carbonization temperature on the electrochemical performance of biocarbons. Moreover, the influence of post-mechanochemical treatment on the Na-ion storage performance of biocarbons is studied through kinetic evaluations. It is confirmed that reducing the particle sizes and increasing the carbon purity of biocarbons and the formation of gel polymeric networks would improve the Na-ion storage capacity, as well as the pseudocapacitive contribution to the total current. At a high-current density of 500 mA g-1, a specific Na-ion storage capacity of 134 mAh g-1 is recorded on the biocarbon prepared at 600 °C, followed by ball-milling and washing treatment, exhibiting a reduced charge transfer resistance of 49 Ω and an improved Na-ion diffusion coefficient of 4.8 × 10-19 cm2 s-1. This article proposes a simple and effective technique for the preparation of low-cost biocarbons to be used as the anode of Na-ion batteries.

Pad printing inks based on reduced graphene oxide and various cellulose binders: Rheological properties, printability and application in electrochemical sensors

AbstractPad printing is not a widely used printing technique, but it offers the possibility of a simple, fast, and low‐cost production of various high‐resolution electrode structures. Here, the pad‐printed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrodes are prepared from pad‐printable inks containing rGO powder and different concentrations of two cellulose‐based polymers: ethylcellulose and cellulose acetate butyrate. The applicability of rGO inks for pad printing is analyzed according to their rheological parameters and printability. Based on viscosity, storage (G′) and loss modulus (G″) values, 10 wt% of ethylcellulose and 15 wt% of cellulose acetate butyrate appear to be most suitable for pad printing. The effect of polymer concentration on rGO electrodes homogeneity and mechanical stability is also evaluated. Cyclic voltammetry measurements for [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox system are performed with rGO/cellulose inks pad‐printed onto transparent conductive oxide substrates with the best results when using ethylcellulose as a binder. Finally, the square‐wave voltammetric method assesses the viability of rGO electrodes for the fast detection of ascorbic acid (detection limit of 15 μM) coupled with satisfactory precision (4.5%, n = 5) and long‐term stability during electrochemical measurements.

Conversion-type Ni2.5Co0.5(PO4)2 phosphate as negative electrode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries

The production of clean energy requires efficient energy storage systems, such as Lithium-ion batteries, to store wind and solar energy. To meet this demand, suitable electrode materials must be chosen. Conversion-type negative electrode materials are considered promising candidates due to their high reversible capacity. In this study, pure Ni2.5Co0.5(PO4)2 (NCP) orthophosphate was synthesized using a solid-state reaction at 900 °C in air and its electrochemical behavior was studied for the first time as a negative electrode material. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binders were used and the obtained performances were compared. The electrochemical properties were explored over a voltage range of 0.5 – 3.0 V and 0.01 – 3.0 V. The results showed that NCP exhibits the best electrochemical properties, delivering a high reversible discharge capacity of 200 mAh g−1 after 30 cycles at a C/5 current rate over 0.01 – 3.0 V voltage range, using a water-based CMC binder. Additionally, NCP@C delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 211 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at a 2 C rate with a coulombic efficiency of 100 %

Design of Sodium Titanate Nanowires as Anodes for Dual Li,Na Ion Batteries

The bottleneck in the implementation of hybrid lithium-sodium-ion batteries is the lack of anode materials with a desired rate capability. Herein, we provide an in-depth examination of the Li-storage performance of sodium titanate nanowires as negative electrodes in hybrid Li,Na-ion batteries. Titanate nanowires were prepared by a simple and reproducible hydrothermal method. At a low reaction pressure, the well-isolated nanowires are formed, while by increasing the reaction pressure from 2 to 30 bar, the isolated nanowires tend to bundle. In nanowires, the local coordinations of Na and Ti atoms deviate from those in Na2Ti3O7 and Na2Ti6O13 and slightly depend on the reaction pressure. During the annealing at 350 °C, both Na and Ti coordinations undergo further changes. The nanowires are highly defective, and they easily crystallize into Na2Ti6O13 and Na2Ti3O7 phases. The lithium storage properties are evaluated in lithium-ion cells vs. lithium metal anode and titanate electrodes fabricated with PVDF and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binders. The Li-storage by nanowires proceeds by a hybrid capacitive-diffusive mechanism between 0.1 and 2.5 V, which enables to achieve a high specific capacity. Sodium titanates accommodate Li+ by formation of mixed lithium-sodium-phase Na2−xLixTi6O13, which is decomposed to the distinct lithium phases Li0.54Ti2.86O6 and Li0.5TiO2. Contrary to lithium, the sodium storage is accomplished mainly by the capacitive reactions, and thus the phase composition is preserved during cycling in sodium ion cells. The isolated nanowires outperform bundled nanowires with respect to rate capability.

Water-Soluble Binders That Improve Electrochemical Sodium-Ion Storage Properties in a NaTi2(PO4)3 Anode

Water-soluble binders are demonstrated to provide significantly better capacity, cycle life stability and rate response for NASICON-type NaTi2(PO4)3 Na-ion battery anodes during reversible sodiation compared to electrodes made using polyvinylidene difluoride-containing slurries. The role of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binders on the physical structure and chemical interfacial reactions with sodium-poor NaTi2(PO4)3 are uncovered using electron microscopy and spectroscopy data and we show that a more stable NASICON NaTi2(PO4)3 structure is found from the desodiation process from compensation of sodium deficiencies in the NaTi2(PO4)3 by extra sodium from the CMC binder. When the binder comprises CMC and a styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) additive, the electrode delivers significantly better voltammetric and galvanostatic electrochemical response with a specific capacity of ∼120 mAh g−1 with capacity retention of 90.5% for 500 cycles at 0.2 C (1 C = 133 mAh g−1), and ∼54 mAh g−1 at 20 C. The durability of the electrode during cycling and the stability of the redox processes ensures a higher capacity, longer cycle life electrode which is important for sustainable materials development for Na-ion technologies.

Improved lithium ion storage performance of Ti3C2Tx MXene@S composite with carboxymethyl cellulose binder

MXenes are regarded as promising electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries owing to their high electrical conductivity and two-dimensional structure but suffer from low intrinsic specific capacities. In this study, we fabricate sulphur-doped multilayer Ti3C2Tx MXenes via calcination and annealing using sublimed sulphur as the sulphur source. After sulphur doping, the interlayer spacing of Ti3C2Tx increases, which is favourable for Li-ion insertion. The Ti3C2Tx MXene@S composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. A high reversible specific capacity of 393.8 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles is obtained. Additionally, a negative fading phenomenon is observed when the specific capacity increases to 858.9 mAh g−1 after 2550 cycles at 1 A g−1 and to 322.2 mA h g−1 after 3600 cycles at 5 A g−1 from the initial 267.3 mAh g−1. We systematically investigate the effects of two different binders (polyvinylidene difluoride and carboxymethyl cellulose, hereinafter abbreviated as PVDF and CMC, respectively) on the electrochemical performance of the Ti3C2Tx MXene@S composite and discovered that the electrode using the CMC binder exhibits better lithium-ion storage performance than that using the PVDF binder, which is attributed to the lower charge transfer resistance, higher ion diffusivity, and enhanced adhesion force.

Structural conductive carbon nanotube nanocomposites for stretchable electronics

Carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites have been widely used for electronic devices because of their high conductivity and ease of processing. However, these nanocomposites have limited functionality because of their rigid intrinsic mechanical properties. In this study, we fabricated a stretchable serpentine structure using a CNT nanocomposite with a carboxymethyl cellulose binder. For a flexible mold, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was cast by the stretchable serpentine structure fabricated by a 3D printer. The CNT nanocomposite slurry was squeegeed into the serpentine-patterned PDMS mold. Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the material properties of the nanocomposites with 15–45 wt% CNTs. We analyzed the serpentine grid structure using current-voltage curves, strain resistance values, and the Joule heating effect. Next, we developed the structural CNT nanocomposite electrode (SCNE) that was insulated by PDMS, and induced a skin-warming effect by Joule heating. Furthermore, light emitting diodes (LEDs) were implanted in series into a T-shaped linear SCNE, which had greater stretchability. The nine LEDs embedded in the SCNE were successfully operated by applying 20 V during the bending of the structure. Finally, the serpentine-shaped linear SCNEs with serially-implanted LEDs were programmed to light the LEDs in unison with the beat of a song.