Cellular Telecommunications Research Articles

Optimum Sizing of Photovoltaic-Battery Power Supply for Drone-Based Cellular Networks

In order to provide Internet access to rural areas and places without a reliable economic electricity grid, self-sustainable drone-based cellular networks have recently been presented. However, the difficulties of power consumption and mission planning lead to the challenge of optimal sizing of the power supply for future cellular telecommunication networks. In order to deal with this challenge, this paper presents an optimal approach for sizing the photovoltaic (PV)-battery power supply for drone-based cellular networks in remote areas. The main objective of the suggested approach is to minimize the total cost, including the capital and operational expenditures. The suggested framework is applied to an off-grid cellular telecommunication network with drone-based base stations that are powered by PV-battery systems-based recharging sites in a rural location. The PV-battery system is optimally designed for three recharging sites with three different power consumption profiles with different peak and cumulative loads. Results show that the optimal design of the PV-battery system is dependent on geographical data, solar irradiation, and ambient temperature, which affect the output power of the PV system, as well as the power consumption profile, which affects the required number of PV panels and battery capacity.

Factors That Influence Behavior Intention of Z Generation in Choosing Products of Cellular Telecommunication Services

Factors That Influence Behavior Intention of Z Generation in Choosing Products of Cellular Telecommunication Services

Predicting Over-the-Air Performance Using a Hand Phantom With Large Dielectric Flexibility

This article developed a hand phantom with a large dielectric deviation from the target values, which can be used to estimate over-the-air (OTA) performance just like the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association hand phantom. In this article, the dielectric properties were adjusted by varying the graphite composition in the carbon-loaded silicone. Numerical simulations were used to determine the appropriate material recipe with the aid of the numerical models of four mobile devices operating from 870 to 2700 MHz, using both top and bottom antenna configurations. The results estimated that the material with a difference of 44.65% ± 20.15% (mean ± standard deviation, the maximum value is 77.97%) and 6.79% ± 3.35% (mean ± standard deviation, the maximum value is 9.43%) from the target conductivity and relative permittivity, respectively, provided the maximum deviation of 1.82 dB in the case of total radiated power (TRP) and 1.98 dB for total isotropic sensitivity (TIS). Accordingly, the molded hand phantom was validated with mechanical and OTA tests (maximum error below 1.30 and 1.80 dB for TRP and TIS, respectively). The results demonstrated that using the material with a larger dielectric deviation than the prescribed standard can be used to fabricate hand phantom for predicting the OTA performance. The findings shed light on designing and manufacturing of the hand phantom for in-house research and development purposes.

Analisa Efektifitas Perbaikan Perangkat BTS Telkomsel Karawang dengan iManager u2000 software

Recently, the need for cellular telecommunication services in Indonesia being a very large number. The customer growth rate must be supported with the infrastructure development. PT. Telkomsel (one of the provider) has its own way of balancing customer needs with infrastructure development, namely building BTS or Base Transceiver Station. This solution has a negative impact, which affected the PT. Telkomsel loses revenue or loss profit if the BTS experiences damage or interference as a result of continuous use. To reduce this profit loss value, PT. Telkomsel carries out scheduled maintenance or maintenance activities on BTS devices. Based on these problems, the practical work carried out by the author aims to find out and understand the repair or repair procedures on computerized BTS devices at PT. Telkomsel, Karawang. The result of practical work activities is that it is known that the application of a computerized system at PT. Telekomunikasi Selular GraPaRi Karawang helps the process of repairing BTS devices in meeting information needs. To monitor damage to BTS equipment, it is done by means of an alarm monitoring system using the iManager u2000 software.

Analysis of Raft Foundation Plan on BTS Tower Based on Cone Petrometer Test (CPT) in South Sulawesi Region (Case Study: Lautang Belawa Site)

Cellular telecommunications tower/BTS tower is a building structure consisting of a main structure in the form of a series of steel structures and a lower structure in the form of a foundation. Foundation work in construction is one of the main jobs. Very careful planning for the selection of the use of the foundation is very important. To know the right foundation to use is to know the load that will affect the foundation itself. Here is the tower load. Tower load to be calculated is obtained from analysis data on the MS Tower, which will then be calculated for determining the type, dimensions and reinforcement of the foundation based on the soil data from the Cone Petrometer Test (CPT). In planning the foundation using the help of the SPmats computer program with the aim of making it easier. The results of the study are based on the results of soil CPT data obtained in the field, which is about 12 – 20 kg/cm2 with a depth of 1 – 2m in terms of 2 points, with a qc of about 20 kg/cm2 suitable for raft foundations.

Tropical rainfall monitoring with commercial microwave links in Sri Lanka

Commercial microwave links (CMLs) from cellular telecommunication networks can provide a valuable ‘opportunistic’ source of high-resolution space-time rainfall information, complementing traditional in-situ measurement devices (rain gauges, disdrometers) and remote sensors (weather radars, satellites). Their greatest potential lies in areas with low gauge densities and lack of weather radars, often in developing countries with a subtropical or tropical climate and generally large spatial rainfall variability. Here, the open-source R package RAINLINK is employed to retrieve CML rainfall maps covering the majority of Sri Lanka for a 3.5 month period based on CML data from on average 1140 link paths. These are compared locally to hourly and daily rain gauge data, as well as to rainfall maps from the dual-frequency precipitation radar on board the global precipitation measurement core observatory satellite. The potential of CMLs for real-time tropical rainfall monitoring is demonstrated.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Use of the 64QAM Modulation on the Long-Term Evolution Network by Using Random Forest Method

Nowadays internet traffic using cellular telecommunication network is increasing very rapidly. Good LTE (Long-Term Evolution) cellular network performance is very important for any telecommunication operator to maintain customer satisfaction. Poor network performance can also cause customers to switch to other operators. One of the indicator variables in observing the radio quality of the LTE cellular network is Penetration using 64QAM Modulation. 64QAM modulation can transmit higher bitrates with lower power usage. 64QAM modulation will be used if the Channel Quality Index (CQI) condition is very good. Network quality improvement can be done by adding new BTS or optimizing existing BTS. The addition of new BTS will increase coverage, quality, and capacity but cost is high, and the time required to build BTS is also long, while improving network quality by optimizing BTS can be done by purchasing LTE features and costs incurred still relatively low. In increasing the penetration of using 64QAM modulation, it is necessary to analyze the other variables. The traditional method to improve this Key Performance Indicator (KPI) requires an expert and professional but is often inaccurate and spends a lot of time finding the factors that cause it. To solve this problem, Random forest method is proposed. By knowing the variables that have a significant effect on network quality, the capital costs incurred by cellular operators for improving network quality will be more effective and efficient because the capital costs invested only focus on influencing variables such as purchasing LTE network features only done for those related to these variables. The results of this study, we make CQI improvement flow based on the classification of the random forest method that produces feature/variable importance.

Analisa Efektifitas Perbaikan Perangkat BTS Telkomsel Karawang dengan iManager u2000 software

Recently, the need for cellular telecommunication services in Indonesia refers to a very large number. This customer growth rate must be balanced with infrastructure development. PT. Telkomsel carries out scheduled maintenance or maintenance activities on BTS devices. Based on these problems, the research carried out by the author aims to find out and understand the repair or repair procedures on computerized BTS devices at PT. Telkomsel, Karawang. The result of the research is that it is known that the application of a computerized system at PT. Telekomunikasi Selular GraPaRi Karawang helps the process of repairing BTS devices in meeting information needs. To monitor damage to BTS equipment, it is done by means of an alarm monitoring system using the iManager u2000 software.

Analisis Rekomendasi Penggunaan Provider Telekomunikasi Seluler Berdasarkan Pengukuran Bandwdith pada Masa Pandemi

This study aims to provide recommendations for the use of cellular telecommunications providers for use in online learning during a pandemic. This study used an experimental study in which the researcher collected data manually by comparing the download and upload bandwidth usage of each available cellular telecommunications provider in the Mamuju district. This research was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic to impact the teaching and learning process, which must do online or remotely, which certainly requires good internet connectivity. This research uses quantitative methods and comparative analysis by collecting data download bandwidth and upload bandwidth using NetLimiter from three cellular telecommunications providers, namely Telkomsel, XL, and Indosat in Mamuju district. Then the data is processed by calculating the bandwidth. The results of data analysis obtained are Telkomsel with a download bandwidth of 0.0136 MBps, upload 0.0147 MBps, XL download bandwidth 0.0116 MBps, upload 0.0129 MBps, Indosat download bandwidth 0.0066 MBps, upload 0.0162 MBps. The results of this study show that among the three providers, Telkomsel is superior in the use of download bandwidth with a size of 0.0136 MBps. In contrast, for upload bandwidth usage, it is recommended to use Indosat with a size of 0.0162 MBps. Still, an overall analysis of the provider, Telkomsel is a recommended provider for using video conferencing applications due to gaps Between the download bandwidth usage with a size of 0.0136 MBps and upload with a size of 0.0147 MBps is not too significant and more stable than other providers. Suggestions for further research are re-measurement by looking at the distribution factor or the number of BTS in the area

Analysis of Beam Forming Antenna using Soft-Computing Techniques

Antenna Beam forming is a technology or a technique that is finding increasing use in systems of cellular telecommunication, especially 5G, as well as many other wireless systems. Beam forming refers to the formation of a beam of energy from a set of phased arrays. With the use of phased arrays, it is possible to control the direction and shape of the beam from multiple antennas, based on the spacing between antennas and the phase of signal from each antenna element in the array. Beam forming focuses a wireless signal towards a specific receiving device, rather than having the signal spread in all directions from the broadcast antenna. By focusing signal in specific direction, the beam forming technique allows delivery of higher signal quality to the receiver, which would result in faster information transfer with fewer errors and without the need to boost the broadcast power. Beam forming technique is also used to reduce the interference of signals. Beam forming is majorly involved with computing resources which requires high time and power resources. Parameters that would be analyzed during this project are Half Power Beam width (HPBW), First Null Beam width (FNBW), Gain, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Front to Back Power Ratio, Side Lobe Levels.

Sustainable Value Co-Creation in Mobile Advertising in Cellular Telecommunication Industry: A Conceptual Framework

The growth of Mobile Internet services has changed the paradigm of telecommunication consumers from information- oriented toward social to communication- oriented. This change makes customers as part of the digital society, especially in Mobile Advertising services. Along with this change and the requirement for the company to win the competition, telecommunication providers must develop a business model of Mobile Advertising as a 'stage' that is easily accessible to all interested customers to this facility. In the concept of Service Dominant Logic, the company has no longer as a full control of value creation, but it must involve the customer in the process of value co-creation. The purpose of this research is to understandnding the landscape of Mobile Advertising services in telecommunication industry, understanding the existing model that can be build a model of Mobile Advertising services in the telecommunication industry, and understanding Mobile Advertising will influence on the value co-creation of the brand and corporate image. The research method using survey, exploratory, and systematic review. The research develops a model from the model of attributes and benefits of online community, model Consumer Engagement, model Attitude Toward Online Ads and model of Click Through Rate (CTR). Keywords: value co-creation, mobile advertising, consumer engagement, attitude toward online ads, click through rate (CTR)

Customer performance and non-financial organizational performance of the Nepalese cellular telecommunications industry

The study assessed a product or service by customers that met their needs and aspirations. It sought to examine the influence of non-financial customer performance (CP) measures on non-financial organizational performance (NFOP) in the Nepalese cellular telecommunications industry (NCTI). Using a structured questionnaire survey instrument, it employed a descriptive research approach. This study’s population included all the global system for mobile (GSM) customers of Nepal Telecom (NT) and Ncell. The sample comprised 385 customers delineated through non-probability sampling techniques. The study’s targeted respondents were postgraduate understudies, service holders, business people, and self-employed individuals. The survey instrument was composed of three sections comprising 28 data collection questions. A statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) and analysis of moment structures (AMOS) programming were used to analyze the collected data. The study applied confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), path analysis (PA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the significance of the hypothesized paths. It was found that CP had a positive and significant relationship with NFOP in NCTI, with customer retention (CR) being a better predictor, followed by customer loyalty (CL), customer satisfaction (CS), and customer acquisition (CA). This was a cited representative study, not exhaustive, and would help to understand the key drivers of CP in the NCTI.

Removing Phase Misalignment in the Validation of a Compact Antenna Test Range for 5G mm-Wave UE OTA Testing

Over-the-air (OTA) measurement is mandatory for 5G mm-wave wireless devices. The compact antenna test range (CATR) is the baseline method in the current version of TR 38.810 in 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) and cellular telecommunications industry association (CTIA) millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) test plan. For CATR, both amplitude and phase variations inside the quiet zone (QZ) could affect the final OTA results significantly and hence need to be characterized carefully. Especially in the phase validation of QZ, even slight misalignments between sampling plane and incident plane wavefront due to the limited precision of the positioner or tolerance in antenna fixture could result in large phase variations, which is not the true phase property of QZ. This letter presents a method to remove the effect of the angular error due to misalignment when measuring the phase variation inside QZ. By adopting the proposed method to the measured phase data, any angular error due to misalignment with respect to the incident plane wavefront will be eliminated mathematically, leaving the true phase variations of QZ only. In the meanwhile, the proposed method can alleviate the requirements of fixture manufacture and alignment precision and reduce the test cost.

Solving optimization problems in the fifth generation of cellular networks by using meta-heuristics approaches

Meta-heuristics are a set of intelligent algorithms and techniques that have been used to solve various complex problems in several domains in particular in cellular networks and telecommunications. The complex problem tackled by a meta-heuristic approach should be modeled mathematically as an optimization problem where the aim is to optimize a certain objective function. Then, an iterative process is launched to search for high quality solutions i.e. those optimizing the objective function. In this paper, we are interested in the fifth generation of cellular networks. We start with highlighting some main concepts of the 5G mobile networks. Then we discuss important problems in 5G and show how these problems can be solved by using meta-heuristics approaches.

Web Planning Tower Base Transceiver Station Collective Mobile Telecommunications in Merauke City Based On Geographic Information Systems Using Mapinfo For The Next 10 Years

The purpose of this study is to develop a master plan for mapping joint cellular telecommunication BTS towers in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Information Number : 02/Per/M.Kominfo/03/2008 regarding the use of towers together. The method used to collect and process data and analyze the distribution zone using MapInfo software. The data collection was an existing BTS towers and population which calculating and find the need of towers in the future by calculating the number of residents, users, traffic, then processed to calculate the number of BTS and shared towers and through coverage the possible distribution zones of the towers described through MapInfo are determined. The results obtained are a master plan containing predictions of the need for BTS towers in 2029 as many as 43 BTS with each tower occupied by a maximum of 3 providers so as to minimize the occurrence of tower forests and an overview of the pattern regarding the distribution of shared towers using the MapInfo software.

The Analysis of the Effect and Reduction of Carrier Frequency Offset in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Abstract— The development of cellular telecommunication provides users to experience fast and stable transmission. This standard of transmission is proportional to the needs of the devices and systems used. We are currently in the fourth generation (4G) of cellular technology. The key technologies used in 4G are Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) which uses the concept of orthogonality for bandwidth efficiency and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) which uses the concept of diversity to improve performance. But in implementation this system will have problems with the transmission channel. The problem that occurs is signal attenuation due to Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO). This CFO will cause the orthogonal character built from the OFDM system to experience a decline in performance. The decline in performance is due to the occurrence of Intercarrier Interference (ICI). To overcome this problem, the method used in this simulation are Improved Sinc Power Pulse (ISP) and Rectangular Pulse (REC). The results showed that ISP had a relatively better BER value than REC and without using the pulse shaping method. The minimum BER value obtained from the simulation is ISP with a value of 0.0001 while REC produces a value of 0.0006 and without pulse shaping produces a BER value of 0.0038.

Assessing Impacts of 5th Generation (5G) Cellular Telecommunications on Internet of Things (IoT) Deployments

The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as a primary enabler of the transformation to digital business services in today’s economy. At the same time, 5th Generation (5G) cellular transport technology is emerging as a viable means to support IoT data requirements. Although 5G is still in its infancy, DoD leaders need to understand the impacts that 5G will have on IoT projects as there are several challenges involved with integrating 5G into IoT. In order to achieve the maximum benefits of high bandwidth, low latency and superior performance, an entirely new grid of cell sites and access units must be installed. A second challenge is with malware and intrusion attacks. 5G is an IP-based network technology that will expose 5G connected devices to common IP-based malware and intrusion risks such as denial-of-service (DOS and DDOS) and intrusion attacks. A third challenge is with standardized security and encryption of data from end-devices. The larger challenge with standardization involves interoperability. In order for 5G to work seamlessly across carriers with device agnostic hardware and compatible software, a holistic approach should be considered. Hardware compatibility will determine interoperability between sensors, platforms and gateways. In addition, software compatibility will be governed by 5G standards as well as industry partnerships. 5G standards are currently still being developed. Organizations, including the DoD Chief Information Officer and Government Accountability Office should specifically address implications of 5G cellular technology for IoT-related studies and use cases in the DoD.

Determinants of Technological and Innovation Performance of the Nepalese Cellular Telecommunications Industry from the Customers’ Perspective

Determinants of Technological and Innovation Performance of the Nepalese Cellular Telecommunications Industry from the Customers’ Perspective

Theoretical and experimental investigations on optimization of the received power of a monopole antenna

Antenna is an essential component of telecommunication devices. Recently, the antenna has been used as a receiver in the rectenna solar cells as well as a vital component of cellular mobile telecommunications. The power of the received signal may depend on the physical shape of the monopole receiving antenna. The optimization of antenna’s geometry is essential to improve the antenna performance as a receiver. It is widely accepted that the physical length of the monopole antenna; with one fourth of the incident wavelength; possesses an optimal efficiency. In the current study, a power equation based on a recently modified electromagnetic (EM) wave theory has been derived. The proposed formula has been used to calculate the optimum length of the monopole antenna to optimize the received power by the antenna. The angle between the direction of the antenna’s plane corresponding to the direction of the propagation of the EM wave has been considered. some experimental investigations have been considered to confirm our theoretical investigations. In our experiment, the output voltage has been considered as a good indication of the harvested energy of the monopole antenna.

Inverse Matrix Autosearch Technique for the RTS MIMO OTA Test

An inverse matrix autosearch algorithm for radiated two-stage (RTS) multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) over-the-air (OTA) tests is proposed in this article. The RTS is one standard technique for the MIMO OTA test provided by the Cellular Telecommunication and Internet Association and the Third Generation Partnership Project. A basic step in the RTS test procedure is to solve the inverse matrix at a combination of measurement antennas and device orientation. The automatic solving algorithm proposed in this article is based on two parts: the technique for selecting an appropriate combination for inverse matrix solving and the method for solving the inverse matrix at a fixed combination. The technique proposed in this article makes the RTS test procedure automatic and fast, which improves the test user experience. In fact, only 2 min are required for the whole process of the appropriate combination calculation and the inverse matrix solving at the selected combination, while several hours might be needed using the traversal method.