Cellular Telecommunications Research Articles

IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODS OF COACHING FOR SUCCESS, PARTICIPATIVE, AFFILIATIVE, VISIONARY AND SITUATIONAL (COPAVISIT) AT OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF CELLULAR TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES IN DIGITAL ERA

The development of the telecommunications industry in Indonesia is determined by the company's ability to manage operational with using methods of coaching for success, participative, affiliative, visionary and situational. The meaning of coaching for success are with treating people as they want to be treated, that is by indirectly giving punishment, participative by taking part in the problems faced by company management, affiliative by maintaining good relationships with employees and company partners, visionary support progress company, situational is done by looking at the condition of the company that is required to be able to implement the marketing industry 4.0. This research method uses a quantitative approach, the type of quantitative descriptive research with the nature of research that is explanatory. The data used are secondary data, namely employees of cellular telecommunication in Area of Regional I of Medan City as many as 800 people. The sampling technique used in this study using the Slovin formula so that the number of samples used in this study was 89 people. Sampling uses a simple random sampling approach. The results obtained in this study are coaching for success methods have a negative and significant influence, participative and affiliative, have a positive and significant influence, while visionary and situational have no influence on the operational management of cellular telecommunications companies in Medan City.

Arsitektur Jaringan telekomunikasi

The development of technology in this world is increasingly growing rapidly, one of which is in the development of cellular telecommunications. 5G technology is the name of the 5th generation of mobile communication development, whose standards exceed those of the 4G generation. The literature review in this journal includes network architecture, LAN, CPU, UE, and MCC. The research method used by the author is descriptive research method. The results are that the use of cloud computing at the edge of the network will make the signal from 5G faster than 4G, because the data has been stored and the more users who use it will increase the speed even more and shortening the signaling delay is used to avoid signal transmission from SCeNBces to centralized SCM.

Measuring rainfall using microwave links: the influence of temporal sampling

Abstract. Terrestrial microwave links are increasingly being used to estimate path-averaged precipitation by determining the attenuation caused by rainfall along the link path, mostly with commercial microwave links from cellular telecommunication networks. However, the temporal resolution of these rainfall estimates and the method to derive them are often determined by the temporal sampling strategy that is employed by the mobile network operators. Currently, the links are most often sampled at a temporal resolution of 15 min with a recording of the minimum and maximum values, while more recently, a form of instantaneous sampling with possible intervals up to 1 s has also been set up. For rainfall research purposes, often high temporal resolutions in combination with averaged values are preferred. However, it is uncertain how these various temporal sampling strategies affect the estimated rainfall intensity. Here we aim to understand how temporal sampling strategies affect the measured rainfall intensities using microwave links. To do so, we use data from three collocated microwave links, two 38 GHz and one 26 GHz, sampled at 20 Hz and covering a 2.2 km path over the city of Wageningen, the Netherlands. We aggregate the microwave link power levels to multiple time intervals (1 s to 60 min) and use a mean, instantaneous, and minimum and maximum value to characterize the signal. Based on the aggregated data, we compute rainfall intensities and compare these with 20 Hz rainfall estimates, such that we isolate errors and uncertainties caused by the sampling strategies from instrumental effects, such as different biases between instruments and representativeness errors. In general, our results show that for all sampling strategies, an increase in sampling time interval reduces the performance of the rainfall estimates, which especially holds for the instantaneous sampling strategy. Even the mean sampling strategy, which generally performs best of all strategies, is sensitive to this reduction in temporal resolution and could lead to significant underestimations. This sensitivity of the mean sampling to the temporal resolution seems to be largely affected by the non-linear relation between attenuation and rainfall. The min–max sampling strategy is mostly prone to minor underestimations or large overestimations of the path-averaged rainfall intensities. Moreover, our results, including a comparison with theoretical events, show that the attenuation due to wet antennas not only affects the comparison between the rainfall estimates obtained with a microwave link and another reference instrument but also has a significant influence on the performance of the rainfall retrieval algorithm, especially for devices with relatively long duration of the wet-antenna attenuation combined with the longer sampling time intervals. Overall, this study demonstrates the effect a selected sampling strategy can have on rainfall intensity estimates using (commercial) microwave links.

ANALYSIS FF FACTORS AFFECTING PROFIT GROWTH OF CELLULAR TELECOMMNUNICATION OPERATOR COMPANIES ON THE INDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

A comparison will be made between the Current Ratio (CR), Net Profit Margin (NPM), and Return on Assets (ROA) in connection to the increase of profits in infrastructure-related cellular telecommunications operator enterprises (XL, Telkomsel, Smartfren, and Indosat) between the years 2016 and 2022. A number of tests are included in the research protocol. These tests are as follows: the Chi-Square test (CoW) for selecting a common effect model, the likelihood ratio test (LM) for selecting a random effect model, the Breusch-Pagan test for detecting heteroscedasticity, the Multicollinearity test for identifying multicollinearity, the regression test with the common effect model (CEM) for determining the effect of independent variables on earnings growth, and the coefficient of determination test for determining the ability of CR, NPM, and ROA to explain earnings growth variability. The data indicates that the activities of mobile telecom operator enterprises operating within the infrastructure sector had a positive influence on the increase of profits derived from CR, NPM, and ROA. In accordance with the results of the LM test, the Common Effect Model is more appropriate than the Random Effect Model. In addition, the Breusch-Pagan test shows the absence of heteroscedasticity in the model. Multicol test also confirmed the absence of multicollinearity problem in the analysis. This study provides important insights into the factors that influence earnings growth in the mobile telecommunications industry in the infrastructure sector. These results can assist company management in designing more effective financial strategies to achieve better earnings growth.

Novel data encryption scheme and its application to secure multi-party communication

Recent advances in cellular mobile telecommunication field have dramatically facilitated the multi-party collaborative work in social networks. However, the privacy issues exposed by insecure network channels and semi-trusted service providers, such as underlying data analysis and mining, have gradually aroused public concerns. In this context, a novel Multi-Party Privacy Data Encryption (MP-PDE) scheme built upon the deep learning framework is proposed. In this scheme, a four-dimensional autonomous chaotic system is initially leveraged to configurate the key-controlled cipher streams. Under the guidance of a multi-objective optimization function, the proposed encryption network manipulates the multi-party private data into a cipher image with the statistical pseudo-randomness. At the recipient side, distinct participants can decrypt the corresponding data availing their own licensing key from the identical cipher image. Furthermore, the encryption and decryption networks are equivalent except for their trainable network parameters. Finally, numerous experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness and security of the proposed scheme.

Implementation of 5G Telecommunication Network Services in Indonesia based on Techno-economic Analysis

The 2300 MHz spectrum is a medium band that telco operators will not pay much attention to when they deploy 5G. They are more comfortable at 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 26 GHz, and 28 GHz, in addition to 700 MHz for the breadth of coverage. The performance of cellular telecommunications services based on 5G technology is possible for new operators, although it will be carried out as stand-alone services. This opportunity will be taken by looking at internet subscriber data/data communication from existing operators as active internet users, which is quite large and has a potential of over 250 million users. There has been no previous study regarding the feasibility of deploying this 5G technology-based Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Network. Based on the experience of implementing previous generations of telecommunication service technology, the government and operators need to be careful in determining the right moment to deploy this 5G technology service, which is predicted to be able to provide broadband services with streaming capabilities of 10 to 100 times the streaming speed of 4G technology. It should be noted that the lack of success of 3G performances in 2006 from 2G, 2.5G, and 2.75 G. Almost all operators who were expected to be very lucky turned out to be not optimal; even now, only 4 operators are playing on 3G. where they have not been able to force users of the 2G generation to switch to 3G, including in big cities where the performance of the 3G network is not yet optimal and evenly distributed. Still, many areas are blank spots from 3G networks and services. From this experience, scientific studies are needed to ensure the feasibility of the upcoming 5G BWA business and identify business opportunities that can be implemented. The feasibility analysis must be viewed from various aspects, namely aspects of technical readiness, market aspects, and financial aspects in terms of the techno-economics of the operators who will provide 5G telecommunications services by calculating several essential parameters as a measure of business feasibility, namely Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PBP).

Implementation of 5G Telecommunication Network Services in Indonesia based on Techno-economic Analysis

The 2300 MHz spectrum is a medium band that telco operators will not pay much attention to when they deploy 5G. They are more comfortable at 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 26 GHz, and 28 GHz, in addition to 700 MHz for the breadth of coverage. The performance of cellular telecommunications services based on 5G technology is possible for new operators, although it will be carried out as stand-alone services. This opportunity will be taken by looking at internet subscriber data/data communication from existing operators as active internet users, which is quite large and has a potential of over 250 million users. There has been no previous study regarding the feasibility of deploying this 5G technology-based Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Network. Based on the experience of implementing previous generations of telecommunication service technology, the government and operators need to be careful in determining the right moment to deploy this 5G technology service, which is predicted to be able to provide broadband services with streaming capabilities of 10 to 100 times the streaming speed of 4G technology. It should be noted that the lack of success of 3G performances in 2006 from 2G, 2.5G, and 2.75 G. Almost all operators who were expected to be very lucky turned out to be not optimal; even now, only 4 operators are playing on 3G. where they have not been able to force users of the 2G generation to switch to 3G, including in big cities where the performance of the 3G network is not yet optimal and evenly distributed. Still, many areas are blank spots from 3G networks and services. From this experience, scientific studies are needed to ensure the feasibility of the upcoming 5G BWA business and identify business opportunities that can be implemented. The feasibility analysis must be viewed from various aspects, namely aspects of technical readiness, market aspects, and financial aspects in terms of the techno-economics of the operators who will provide 5G telecommunications services by calculating several essential parameters as a measure of business feasibility, namely Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PBP).

Implementation of 5G Telecommunication Network Services in Indonesia based on Techno-economic Analysis

The 2300 MHz spectrum is a medium band that telco operators will not pay much attention to when they deploy 5G. They are more comfortable at 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 26 GHz, and 28 GHz, in addition to 700 MHz for the breadth of coverage. The performance of cellular telecommunications services based on 5G technology is possible for new operators, although it will be carried out as stand-alone services. This opportunity will be taken by looking at internet subscriber data/data communication from existing operators as active internet users, which is quite large and has a potential of over 250 million users. There has been no previous study regarding the feasibility of deploying this 5G technology-based Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Network. Based on the experience of implementing previous generations of telecommunication service technology, the government and operators need to be careful in determining the right moment to deploy this 5G technology service, which is predicted to be able to provide broadband services with streaming capabilities of 10 to 100 times the streaming speed of 4G technology. It should be noted that the lack of success of 3G performances in 2006 from 2G, 2.5G, and 2.75 G. Almost all operators who were expected to be very lucky turned out to be not optimal; even now, only 4 operators are playing on 3G. where they have not been able to force users of the 2G generation to switch to 3G, including in big cities where the performance of the 3G network is not yet optimal and evenly distributed. Still, many areas are blank spots from 3G networks and services. From this experience, scientific studies are needed to ensure the feasibility of the upcoming 5G BWA business and identify business opportunities that can be implemented. The feasibility analysis must be viewed from various aspects, namely aspects of technical readiness, market aspects, and financial aspects in terms of the techno-economics of the operators who will provide 5G telecommunications services by calculating several essential parameters as a measure of business feasibility, namely Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PBP).

Changes in consumer behavior PT. Telkomsel during the COVID-19 pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted consumer behavior in Indonesia, leading to competition between service providers for internet services during work from home policies. Wifi network providers have emerged as an alternative, offering more affordable options, shifting cellular telecommunications shopping activities. This study aims to provide an overview of the transformation of consumer behavior in Malang Raya, focusing on the relationship between consumer knowledge and purchasing decisions. The research used a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection and data sources use in-depth interview techniques and field observations to produce primary data. Secondary data are obtained using documentation techniques. Results showed that large-scale restrictions by the government affected internet use activities at home, with consumers using more WiFi connections than cellular/mobile connections. The study used case studies, interviews, participatory observation, and secondary data collection to analyze the composition of usage between cellular data and WiFi.

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF TRUST ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN THE TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY

This study explores the impact of brand experience, service quality, customer satisfaction, and trust on customer loyalty within the mobile telecommunications sector in Batam City. The participants of this research were residents of Batam who utilized cellular telecommunications services. Data was collected through an online questionnaire via Google Forms, targeting 300 respondents who were customers of mobile telecommunications services. The data analysis revealed several key findings: 1. A significant positive relationship exists between brand experience and customer loyalty. 2. Service quality is strongly linked to customer satisfaction. 3. There is a notable connection between brand experience and customer trust. 4. Customer satisfaction significantly influences customer loyalty.5. Service quality indirectly affects customer loyalty through customer satisfaction. 6. Interestingly, the study found no direct significant relationship between trust and loyalty, nor between brand experience and loyalty when mediated by trust. These results suggest that while brand experience, trust, and customer satisfaction are important factors influencing loyalty, trust does not directly contribute to building customer loyalty, nor does brand experience impact loyalty through trust. Moreover, maintaining high service quality is emphasized as a fundamental requirement for telecommunications service providers. This research provides valuable insights into the dynamics of customer loyalty in the mobile telecommunications context, offering practical implications for businesses in this industry aiming to enhance their customer retention strategies.

4G LTE Network Quality and TCP/IP Performance of Telkomsel Provider in the Lolong Belanti Area

Lolong Belanti is one of the sub-districts in North Padang District, Padang City, West Sumatra Province. In Lolong Belanti cellular telecommunications is growing very rapidly and has become an important need for the community. Therefore, research needs to be done so that it can be a reference for providers to improve the quality and quantity of 4G LTE networks in Lolong Belanti. The measurement results on weekdays obtained the percentage of good to excellent 4G network categories have a percentage value of RSRP 99.04%, SINR 12.14% and Throughput 98.51% and the average value of download bandwidth 28.26 Mbps, upload bandwidth 23.92 Mbps, throughput 1,282,003 kbps, packet loss 0.103%, delay 5.92 ms and jitter 5.97%. While on holidays, the percentage of 4G network categories is good to very good having a percentage value of 97.91% RSRP, 12.28 SINR and 98.51% Throughput and has an average value of 13.68 Mbps download bandwidth, 17.94 Mbps upload bandwidth, 647.688 kbps Throughput, 0.26% packet loss, 17.428 ms dellay and 17.566 ms jitter. The quality of Telkomsel's 4G LTE network provider in Lolong Belanti Village on holidays is better than on weekdays. And the comparison of TCP/IP performance for Bandwidth Download, Bandwidth Upload, Throughput and Packet Loss is superior on weekdays compared to holidays, and for Delay and Jitter is better on holidays than on weekdays.

The Concept of Designing Moscow Cellular Telecommunication Network of B5G Generation

The paper presents a general analysis of global trends in the development of the 5th generation cellular telecommunication network. Concrete ways of their implementation on the scale of a megapolis city are proposed. As an example, a draft design of the Moscow cellular network of the B5G generation was carried out with the distribution of radio signals in pico cells in the 37—43.5 GHz band. Comparison with the key parameter "peak data rate in a cell", achieved in 4G LTE cellular networks and expected in B5G networks, showed a multiple increase, which indicates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Holistic Resilience and Reliability Measures for Cellular Telecommunication Networks

Nowadays, our lives have become increasingly inseparable from the services facilitated by telecommunication networks. Disruption of this service may result in a significant detrimental effect, especially in smart manufacturing, remote surgery, and harbor logistic. With the development and deployment of the new generation of telecommunication, i.e., 5G mobile networks, reliability has been repeatedly emphasized as a critical issue. Contemporary telecommunication networks often have a large scale. Evaluating network reliability is a challenging issue related to the spatiotemporal characteristics of the network and of the connection principles. In this paper, we bring together concepts from computational geometry and reliability engineering to forge a new approach to address the challenging issue. We first formulate a Voronoi-based Graphic network (VGN) model with a novel built-in dependence, coverage dependence, that manifests the resilience of the network. Based on the VGN model, we propose two new measures for holistically assessing the resilience and reliability of telecommunication networks in a large region. Ultimately, we employ the designed approach to telecommunication networks. The result indicates that coverage dependence and resilience are important factors for delivering ultra-reliable service to users promised by the 5G.

New site Power Transmitter Analysis of 4G LTE FDD 1800 MHz Using Cell Splitting Method

The advancement of cellular telecommunications is growing day by day. Some theories, including 4G LTE FDD 1800 MHz, are becoming irrelevant to the current technology. The theory of power reduction by the cell splitting method is unsuitable for the actual condi-tions in the field. Theoretically, the cell splitting method is carried out on a new site with half of the main site's coverage, in which the transmitter power at the split site is reduced by 12 dB from the main site. This results in the power generated from the calculation be-ing small so that service coverage is limited. This study aimed to test the theory of trans-mitter power reduction in the cell splitting method (scenario 1) and compare it with other power reduction scenarios (Scenario 1: reduced by 15 dB, and Scenario 2: reduced by half from the main site power). The analysis is done by conducting simulations using Atoll RF Planning software. The study results revealed that in Scenario 3, the value of Key Perfor-mance Indicators is better than in other scenarios. The average throughput is 11045 kbps, the RSRP value is -108.58dBm, the range is 1.045 Km, and the average SINR is reduced to 8.52 dB. In addition, the data revealed that the coverage and signal quality of the site cell splitting is better when the transmitter power is 43 dBm (scenario 3). In conclusion, a site with higher transmitter power tends to have better signal strength, quality, and speed, as well as a wider coverage area. Reducing the transmitter cell splitting power will be more effective by reducing the new power site to half of the main site.

The Effect of Customer Value and Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction and the Implications for Telkomsel Prepaid Card Purchasing Decisions

The Indonesian telecommunications industry has been heavily affected by the rapid advances in telecommunications technology. Mobile telecommunications are an advancement in the field of communication technology. One of the cellular telephone service providers in Indonesia is PT Telkomsel. In Indonesia, Telkomsel, which launched its postpaid service on May 26, 1995, is the second GSM (Global System Mobile) cellular telephone provider. With 169.2 million users as of June 2021, PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) Tbk has increased its customer base by 5.7% from the same period last year. Telkomsel has a total of 162.48 million cellular subscribers. The remaining 6.72 million people are postpaid subscribers. The cellphone provider in Indonesia with the most customers as of June 2021 is PT. Cellular Telecommunications (Telkomsel). Customer satisfaction is very important for the survival of a company, so it is very important for companies to be able to leverage consumer preferences to offer consumer value, provide excellent customer service, and ultimately drive repeat business. In connection with the above, the authors need to conduct a study on customer satisfaction and decision making to buy Telkomsel prepaid card cellular users. This study aims to examine the phenomenon of making a decision to buy both in terms of customer satisfaction, customer value and service quality. It is hoped that Indonesia will be able to use the findings from this mobile research as a guide to further improve the functionality of Telkomsel's prepaid card. Research with a conclusive design, or a type of inference research that seeks to test certain hypotheses, is what is used. This can be descriptive, exploring a problem, or correlative, looking for relationships between variables between the independent and dependent variables. Customer value has a direct and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Customer value has a direct and not significant effect on purchasing decisions. Service quality has a direct and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Service quality has a direct and not significant effect on purchasing decisions. Customer satisfaction has a direct and significant effect on purchasing decisions. Customer value has an indirect and is not significant effect on purchasing decisions through customer satisfaction. Service quality has an indirect and significant effect on purchasing decisions through customer satisfaction. The practical implication is that Telkomsel prepaid cards must manage customer value as an important factor influencing customer satisfaction as well as service quality as the most important factor influencing purchasing decisions and managing customer satisfaction as the most important factor influencing purchasing decisions. Keywords: Customer Value, Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Purchase Decision.

RADIO KOMUNITAS SEBAGAI TEKNOLOGI TEPAT GUNA UNTUK KOMUNIKASI MASYARAKAT

At this time there are various types of equipment for electronic communication or often called telecommunications equipment that can be used by the public. Difficulties for students who do not have or master the use of the latest telecommunications equipment, and live in areas that are not covered by telecommunications networks. Of course there must be an appropriate alternative technology that can be used. Where one of them uses broadcast technology through "community radio". Community radio is a radio broadcasting station that is owned, managed, earmarked, initiated, and established by a community. Community radio to disseminate or broadcast information in the form of sound (audio) such as talk, news, or music, through radio waves at a certain frequency. Community radio is useful for distance learning activities, both in situations where there is a pandemic that limits face-to-face activities, or situations without a pandemic, such as overcoming technological limitations in areas that are not covered by cable or cellular telecommunications networks for internet applications.

Service Quality and Attitudinal Loyalty Preference towards Mobile Phone Service Providers

An examination of the contributing aspects that influence Indian customers' selection of the mobile cellular telecommunications service providers they would contract with was the subject of a research study. There is a wide range of variations in the customers' impressions of the transmission links, call service, facilities, pricing, customer service, and characteristics of the service providers. Research opportunities abound in the mobile phone industry. On the other hand, there have been very few studies with findings that have been published that have focused on the influence that the bundle of advantages included in mobile phone contracts has on customer choice. It would be of added value for this paper to investigate why and how mobile phone service providers design their offerings. Additionally, gaining an understanding of how customers choose the most advantageous combination of benefits available in a single mobile contract purchase would be of interest. To add more, it is essential to investigate how mobile phone service providers build mobile phone services and choose a set of advantages to target various market categories, paying careful attention to the relative relevance of each contract perk from the point of view of the clients. The main intentions of the Study are i) to investigate the use patterns of the subscribers in the research area, and to determine the variables that influence the choice of mobile phone service providers. The study has been conducted in Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu. The service quality of the mobile phone service providers among the mobile phone users in Krishnagiri district is studied during May 2022. The smartphone users are considered as sample respondents. The size of the sample population is unpredictable. Hence, the convenience sampling method is used to select the sample respondents. 300 sample respondents have been selected from the Krishnagiri district. The primary data were collected using an interview schedule. The data were analysed using SPSS and AMOS software. Chi-Square test, Friedman ranking technique and SEM were used.

THE EFFECT OF PERCEIVED EASE OF USE ON INTENTION TO USE ON BANK SYARIAH INDONESIA MOBILE BANKING USERS IS MEDIATED BY E-TRUST AND RELIGIOSITY AS MODERATORS

The increase in smartphone users has driven customer demand for mobile banking services, so that many banks have offered innovative banking services to expand the reach of their customers who have accounts or those who do not have bank accounts. Banking is developing the use of mobile banking as a demand to meet the increasing transaction needs of individuals and companies. This is supported by advances in technology, especially cellular telecommunication. Research on "The Influence of Perceived Ease of Use on Behavioral Intention is mediated by E-Trust and Religiosity as moderators of Bank Syariah Indonesia mobile banking users" using a quantitative approach. This study explains the influence between Perceived ease of use on behavioral intention with religiosity and trust as mediating variables. This study uses the PLS analysis technique. Based on the findings of this study, it has been found that religiosity as measured by belief, experiential, considering the benefit of using a product, and carrying out activities in accordance with Islamic teachings is confirmed not to affect customer confidence in the intention to use BSI Mobile. The results of this study also show that perceived ease of use has a significant or important impact on behavioral intention through e-trust. The impact of e-trust mediation is complete mediation. When the perceived ease of use offered by BSI is assessed as lacking by the user, the user will not use the application. Therefore it is bridged by the mediating effect of the e-trust variable. In this case BSI must be able to guarantee all the security and personal data of customers, maintain the credibility of the company and reach and realize the positive expectations of its users for BSI Mobile. Perceived Ease of Use on Behavioral Intention through E-Trust. E-Trust has a partial mediation role on the effect of Perceived ease of use on behavioral intention. It means, perceived ease of use can influence behavioral intention directly or indirectly through trust. Banking mobile banking application providers need to improve strategies in increasing customer trust in BSI Mobile so that there will be continuous use of the application system.

RF Health Safety Limits and Recommendations [Health Matters

The rapid proliferation of cellular mobile telecommunication devices and systems is raising public health concerns about the biological effects and safety of RF radiation exposure. There is also concern about the efficacy of promulgated health safety limits, rules, and recommendations for the RF radiation used by these devices and systems. This article reviews and discusses the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) notices and rules, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines, and International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (EMFs). The recently revised RF exposure limits are adjusted only for heating with RF radiation. These limits are largely intended to restrict short-term heating by RF radiation that raises tissue temperatures. They are narrow in scope and are not applicable to long-term exposure at low levels. This review discusses the assumptions underlying the standards and the outdated exposure metrics employed, and concludes that the revised guidelines do not adequately protect children, workers, or the public from exposure to RF radiation or people with sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation from wireless devices and systems. Furthermore, the review discusses important animal data that the standards do not appear to take into account. Moreover, for millimeter-wave radiation from 5G mobile communications, there are no adequate human health effects studies in the published literature. The conclusions by scientific organizations, such as the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), that diverge from these standards are also discussed. The review concludes that many of the recommended limits are debatable and require more scientific justification from the standpoint of safety and public health protection.

The Role of Customer Satisfaction and Brand Image on Customer Loyalty of Cellular Telecommunication Operator Company

This study intends to examine the impact of brand image and customer satisfaction variables on Telkomsel Sim Card customers' customer loyalty (Y). Analysis is conducted using multiple linear regression. 60 participants made up the sample for this study, who were chosen from Telkomsel SIM Card users using a purposive sampling technique. The findings of this study suggest that brand image and customer satisfaction variables have an impact on customer loyalty at the same time. The findings of this study also demonstrate that customer happiness and brand image have a limited impact on customer loyalty. According to the adjusted R square analysis, brand image and customer happiness account for 60.1% of the relationship between customer loyalty and explanations, with other factors not included in the research model accounting for the remaining 39.9%.