Cellular Mobile Communication Networks Research Articles

Accurate Base Station Placement in 4G LTE Networks Using Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm Optimization

Cellular mobile communication network planning and optimization involve a complex engineering process that deals with network fundamentals, radio resource elements, and critical decision variables. The continuous evolution of radio access technologies provides new challenges that necessitate efficient radio planning and optimization. Therefore, the planning and optimization algorithms should be highly efficient, advanced, and robust. An important component of 4G LTE network planning is the proper placement of evolved node base stations (eNodeBs) and the configuration of their antenna elements. This contribution proposes a multiobjective genetic algorithm that integrates network coverage, capacity, and power consumption for optimal eNodeB placement in an operational 4G LTE network. The multi-objective-based genetic algorithm optimization has been achieved using the optimization toolbox in MATLAB. By leveraging the proposed method, the effect of different population sizes on the cost of placing the eNodeBs and the percentage coverage of the eNodeBs in a given cell is determined. As a result, the optimal selection technique that minimizes the total network cost without compromising the desired coverage and capacity benchmarks is achieved. The proposed automatic eNodeB antenna placement method can be explored to optimize 4G LTE cellular network planning in related wireless propagation environments.

Перспективные инфокоммуникационные технологии и сетевые услуги

The essence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is not only the emergence of new technologies, but also the integration of existing ones in a single system available for widespread use. The technological revolution penetrates in all spheres of public life, automates production processes, and adjusts the connection between physical and computing resources. Such innovations as cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, robotics, cloud technologies, space technologies, virtual reality and some others supported these transformations. New digital technologies can have both a positive and a negative impact on various spheres of society, for example: unemployment, inequality, economic development, security and others. The aim of the work is to obtain a minimum level of understanding of digital breakthrough technologies, to reveal their potential and their connection with the systemic changes caused by the industrial revolution. When considering the impact of breakthrough technologies on the implementation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, a systematic methodology should be used. Promising technologies are considered that significantly affect the implementation of the industrial revolution. Discussion: graphical dependences of the speed of fixed communication networks in the implementation of their development concepts for the period 1960&2030 and graphical dependences of the speed of cellular mobile networks of generations 1G&6G for the period 1970&2030 are given. It is noted that the change of concepts for the development of fixed communication networks and generations of cellular mobile communication networks since 2000 are consistent in time in accordance with the "10&year rule". The evolution of technologies and services of cellular mobile and fixed-line networks is presented. In future networks, basic and composite network services are predicted. The paper briefly discusses basic network services with a list of necessary functions for the implementation of communications. Similarly, a brief analysis of composite network services and applications is presented, listing the network requirements for their implementation. In order to fully unlock the potential of innovative technologies and services of the industrial revolution, significant reforms are needed in the economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society.

Cellular Base Station Imaging for UAV Detection

As the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is greatly increasing, there is an emerging threat of using UAVs in infrastructure/cyber-attacks and data-eavesdropping. From the safety and security perspective, it is a timely need to build an air surveillance system that enables a seamless detection function for low-and-middle altitude flying targets. However, it is unrealistic to widely deploy classical radar stations due to the astronomical cost. Rethinking the role of cellular mobile communication networks, we desire to add a “vision-like” capability to the widely deployed outdoor cellular base stations (BSs) to realize joint imaging and communication (JIAC) simultaneously through sharing the existing cellular communication infrastructure and spectrum. In this work, it is for the first time to systematically study and demonstrate the concept of cellular base station imaging for UAV detection, which allows a cellular BS to work like an inverse synthetic-aperture radar (ISAR) besides communication. Firstly, we provide the JIAC transmission signalling and systematic operation mechanism. Secondly, the feasibility of JIAC is investigated and analysed to support the idea of cellular base station imaging. Finally, numerical simulation evaluates the imaging performance of three typical types of cellular BSs operating at 900 MHz, 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz, respectively, which implies that cellular BS imaging works for UAV detection! Furthermore, the radar imaging function, as a new by-product, requires only a very little change to the current orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signalling and has nearly no influence on the current communication operation and performance.

An evaluation of Quasi-Moment-Method calibrated pathloss models for Benin City Nigeria


 
 
 This paper introduces the Quasi-Moment-Method (QMM) as a novel radiowave propagation pathloss model calibration tool, and evaluates its performance, using field measurement data from different cellular mobile communication network sites in Benin City, Nigeria. The QMM recognizes the suitability of component parameters of existing basic models for the definition of ‘expansion’ and ‘testing functions’ in a Galerkin approach, and simulations were carried out with the use of a FORTRAN program developed by the authors, supported by matrix inversion in the MATLAB environment. Computational results reveal that in terms of both Root Mean Square (RMS) and Mean Prediction (MP) errors, QMM-calibrated models performed much better than an ‘optimum’ model reported for the NIFOR (Benin City), by a recent publication. As a matter of fact, the QMM-calibrated COST231 (rural area) model recorded reductions in RMS error of between 31.5% and 71% compared with corresponding metrics due to the aforementioned ‘optimum’ model. The simulation results also revealed that of the five basic models (COST231-rural area and suburban city, ECC33 (medium and large sized cities), and Ericsson models) utilized as candidates, the two ECC33 models, whose performances were consistently comparable, represented the best models for QMM-model calibration in the Benin City environments investigated.
 
 

Semi‐distributed resource allocation and power quantization control algorithm for device‐to‐device network

SummaryThe cellular mobile communication network has been widely deployed in large regions to provide connectivity between billions of people. The population of cellular mobile users has been growing since the past decade. Therefore, we need a high capacity cellular system with extraordinary performance to meet the demand of the cellular users. To minimize the traffic load from the evolved Node Base (eNB) station, device‐to‐device (D2D) network must be deployed along with the commercial cellular network. D2D provides the direct connectivity between the proximal users without associating with eNB. This reduces the traffic load from the eNB. In other words, it enhances the capacity of the system. But D2D communication suffers a severe interference by the cellular user. In this paper, we have proposed a solution for the cross‐tier interference faced by the D2D users and eNB under uplink reuse transmission. We have proposed a semi‐distributed resource allocation and power quantization control (SRA–PQC) scheme. The simulation result shows that a better sum rate can be achieved using the proposed scheme.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Wireless Communications: Adaptive Beamforming and Experimental Validations

Recently, the fifth generation of cellular mobile communications (5G) network has been deployed and become pervasive. 5G offers a significant increase in terms of bandwidth and data rate compared to the previous generations. In addition, new technologies such as millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology and massive MIMO (mMIMO), have been proposed to meet the demand. However, some inevitable challenges still exist. In mmWave frequency, path loss and shadowing become more severe due to the radio electromagnetic (EM) wave characteristics. In this paper, we propose the utilization of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to aid wireless communications to overcome path loss and shadowing issues, by using a compressive sensing-based adaptive beamforming algorithm. To validate the theory, hypothesis, and simulation results, we have designed, fabricated, and conducted experiments with a 1-bit RIS testbed. The results show that the bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal are significantly improved when the proposed RIS is employed. Further, we have also demonstrated a video streaming application aided by the proposed RIS as one of the potential RIS deployment scenarios.

A universal data transfer technique over voice channels of cellular mobile communication networks

A universal data transfer technique over voice channels of cellular mobile communication networks

Interference Minimization Resource Allocation for V2X Communication Underlaying 5G Cellular Networks

In this paper, the resource allocation for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) underlaying 5G cellular mobile communication networks is considered. The optimization problem is modeled as a mixed binary integer nonlinear programming (MBINP), which minimizes the interference to 5G cellular users (CUs) subject to the quality of service (QoS), the total available power, the interference threshold, and the minimal transmission rate. To achieve that, the original MBINP is decomposed into three steps: transmission power initialization, subchannel assignment, and power allocation. Firstly, the minimum transmission power required by the V2X users (VUs) is set as the initial power value. Secondly, the Hungarian algorithm is used to obtain the appropriate subchannel. Finally, an optimization mechanism is proposed to the power allocation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can not only ensure the minimal transmission rate of VUs but also further improve the CUs’ channel capacity under the premise of guaranteeing the QoS of the CUs.

Maximum-Throughput Sidelink Resource Allocation for NR-V2X Networks With the Energy-Efficient CSI Transmission

New radio vehicle-to-everything (NR-V2X) is an emerging technology based on the 5G cellular mobile communication networks. In this paper, the sidelink (SL) resource allocation for NR-V2X in Mode 1 is considered, where 5G base station (gNB) schedules SL resources to be used by V2X users (VUs) based on the periodically reported channel state information (CSI). To reduce the overhead, an energy efficient power allocation scheme of CSI transmission is proposed using hybrid spectrum access technology. With the knowledge of CSI, SL resource allocation is modeled as a mixed binary integer nonlinear programming (MBINP). It is designed to maximize the sum throughput of NR-V2X networks among different subcarriers subject to the total available power and the minimal transmission rate. To achieve that, the original MBINP is decomposed into two sub-problems, namely, subcarrier assignment and power allocation. Firstly, the appropriate subcarriers are quickly obtained by averaging the power allocation. Secondly, an alternative optimization mechanism is proposed to the power allocation. Simulation results show that the proposed power allocation scheme of CSI transmission can obviously save the energy consumption, and the proposed suboptimal SL resource allocation algorithm achieves better performance than the compared methods with relatively low complexity.

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY OF RES ON RAILWAY

This work reviews the main related problems of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the locomotive radio system GSM-R in modern railway transport. The typical internal electromagnetic interference (EMI), caused by the high density of the equipment layout in the rolling stock, and external electromagnetic interference generated by public cellular mobile communication networks and other radio systems are considered. The results of experiments to determine the parameters of public cellular mobile communication networks along the selected railway section show a rather high level of signals that are EMI for GSM-R and affecting on EMC.

Analysis of standards and norms of electromagnetic irradiation levels in wireless communication systems on railway transport

This paper analyzes information on standards and norms for electromagnetic radiation in wireless communication systems, including cellular mobile communication networks. It is shown that in the CENELEC, ANSI / IEEE, FCC standards, the accepted levels of safe EMR for the population in the 900-1900 MHz range are from 400 to 1000 μW/cm2, which is much higher than the levels of a safe electromagnetic background - 10 μW/cm2. In this regard, from the viewpoint of environmental safety, it is concluded that it is necessary to revise the standards and reduce the values of safe levels to the values close to electromagnetic background levels.

Railway heterogeneous communication network model investigations

The paper examines designing of a heterogeneous telecommunication network model, suitable for demands of transportation industry. The considered network simulation model comprises different transfer environments of modern voice and data systems, channel-forming elements and interfaces largely used in road and rail transport. The proposed heterogeneous network was built upon the SDH network (on the STM-1 level) with SDH/PDH switching equipment, radio-modems for cellular mobile communication networks, digital VoIP phones, utilizing IP/Ethernet connections to local computer networks. Heterogeneous network reflects the possibilities of modern telecommunication technologies and is used for experimental researches as a simulation model for automatic, telemechanics and communication systems in railway transport.

Analysis of Packet Throughput in Small Cell Networks Under Clustered Dynamic TDD

Small cell networks under dynamic time-division duplex (D-TDD) transmission have emerged as a promising solution to accommodate the varied uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) traffic in next generation cellular mobile communication networks. By allowing each cell to individually configure its communication direction, D-TDD allocates resources to accommodate whichever transmission direction needs it most. However, with unaligned transmissions, the interference increases and limits the performance of mean packet throughput (MPT). In this paper, we study the small cell networks under D-TDD with cell clustering being the interference mitigation technique (clustered D-TDD). By leveraging stochastic geometry and queuing theory, we develop an analytical framework that captures both spatial and temporal randomness. We study the MPT whose analytical expression is verified via simulation, and based on the analysis, we explore the impact from different network and service parameters. In particular, numerical results show that there is an optimal cluster size for DL MPT, while UL MPT always benefits from increasing cluster size. By grouping cells into clusters, the clustered D-TDD can provide the flexible service compared with static time-division duplex (S-TDD), and provide significant improvement over a traditional D-TDD in terms of UL MPT at a small cost of DL MPT.

Integrated System Conception of Low-altitude Air Defense and Air Traffic Control Based on Cellular Mobile Communication Network

Low-altitude airspace as a national valuable strategic resource, because of the lack of effective monitoring method, and can not be fully utilized. Integration of air defense and air traffic control is an important problem in air traffic control establishment and this Paper has discussed a kind of integrated system of low-altitude air defense and air traffic control based on cellular mobile communication network, which can effectively meet demand of early warning detection in low altitude air defense and at the same time can meet demand of air traffic control to air surveillance, communication and navigation. The proposed method can effectively solve the low-altitude airspace detection, monitoring and communication problems, and give full play to the economic value of low-altitude airspace.

Professional Live Audio Production: A Highly Synchronized Use Case for 5G URLLC Systems

The fifth generation of cellular mobile communication networks is on the horizon and aims to integrate new vertical markets. In this article, we discuss professional wireless audio systems used for live productions as a future use case for 5G. Wireless live audio productions require high communication reliability as well as ultra-low signal delay. Furthermore, these services demand strict synchronization of devices to function properly. The need for low latency and for precise time and phase synchronization goes beyond what is currently under discussion in the context of URLLC. We seize on this aspect, discuss how isochronous data transmission can be implemented and integrated into 5G networks, and show similarities with other 5G verticals such as industrial automation.

Locally and Temporary Shared Spectrum as Opportunity for Vertical Sectors in 5G

The fifth generation of cellular mobile communication networks is on the horizon and aims to integrate use cases of vertical sectors in its holistic ecosystem of technologies, frameworks, and paradigms. To integrate vertical sectors successfully, their key requirements should be communicated, properly discussed, and finally reflected within the design and standardization process of 5G technologies. In this contribution, we analyze the needs and communication requirements of selected vertical sectors - industrial automation, utilities, and program making and special events (PMSE) - which can be covered by a mixed use of massive machine-type communication (mMTC) and mission-critical communications (MCC), including ultra-reliable low latency communications. Based on this analysis, we discuss local high-quality wireless networks aiming at local, self-sustaining, private, and temporary deployment. Considering the current discussion on radio spectrum scarcity and exclusive radio spectrum rights, we suggest license-based spectrum sharing as the enabling spectrum access technology for such networks. In this respect, we propose three functional extensions of licensed shared access (LSA) architectures that may allow for locally confined and temporally flexible licensed shared spectrum arrangements. Furthermore, the adoption of our proposed architectures would enable vertical sectors to roll out private networks by themselves and meet their local demands.

셀룰러 네트워크에서 언더레이 기반의 단말간 직접통신을 위한 스케쥴링 방법

Recently, device-to-device (D2D) direct communication is attracting much interest and many researches have been conducted. In this paper, we investigated an algorithm to support the D2D direct communication in cellular mobile communication networks. We investigated the optimal D2D scheduling algorithm which can achieve the maximal sum-rate in cellular uplink frequency. We also proposed a simple scheduling algorithm which can considerably reduce the computational complexity, compared to the optimal scheme. Finally, we analyzed the performance of the proposed scheme based on computer simulations.

Cellular architecture enhancement for supporting the european licensed shared access concept

As the demand for mobile traffic continues to grow rapidly, finding exclusive bands for mobile network operators in a harmonized manner becomes increasingly challenging. New European spectrum regulatory development aims at allowing future cellular networks to access shared spectrum bands under the licensed shared access regime as a complementary approach to current exclusive licensed and license-exempt bands. The introduction of additional spectrum by new spectrum access methods seems a necessary evolution path for cellular mobile communication networks to respond to the growing traffic in the next decade. The inclusion of the shared bands will require modifications to the existing network management as their availability and access conditions may vary locally and temporarily according to the agreed licensing conditions. Self-organizing network features will undoubtedly become an important enabler to handle the increased complexity brought by licensed shared access methods. In this article, self-organizing networking features to support the licensed shared bands are introduced. In particular, automated load balancing decisions by traffic steering are examined in detail with the purpose of matching the mobile network operators' available radio access technologies, cells, and spectrum resources to the fluctuating traffic demand.

Application Analysis of IOT Based on Beidou Navigation System

With the governments strongly support and promotion, IOT (Internet of Things) has become popular in our life nowadays. In order to build China national IOT application technology, in this paper, IOT application architecture based on Beidou navigation system is presented and analyzed in detail. And the IOT network layer, which consists of wireless sensor network, cellular mobile communication network and Beidou navigation system, is mainly expounded. This architecture not only expands coverage area of IOT, but also enhances reliability and economical efficiency of the whole IOT system. Thereby, it can bring more new applications in IOT field.

Design and Implementation of Simulation Testing System for GPRS and UMTS 3G Core Network

In order to improve the efficiency of maintaining packet core network and test the network elements, a simulation testing system for GPRS and UMTS 3G packet core network is proposed. The system can simultaneously simulate several network elements to connect with SGSN, GGSN, WAP gateway respectively for testing. In the system, multiple UEs can be simulated, and multiple applications can run on each UE. Protocol Stack Pool is developed to accommodate several protocol stacks at Gb, Iu-PS, Gn, Gi interfaces. Simulated UEs can communicate with the network side equipments through the Protocol Stack Pool. The system was implemented in Linux operating system and a web-based management subsystem was provided. The system was tested by Tektronix K1297 testing equipment and by accessing the current cellular mobile communications network. We also emulate the main network elements and set up an emulated core network to test in laboratory. The testing results show that applications can run on the system to test the network elements.