Cell Performance Research Articles

Enhancing dye-sensitized solar cell performance: Optimizing Cu2ZnSnS4/ZnCo2O4 nanocomposites as efficient and cost-effective counter electrodes

This study investigates the utilization of Cu2ZnSnS4/ZnCo2O4 (CZTS/ZCO) nanocomposites prepared through hydrothermal and combustion methods as counter electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). Different ratios of Cu2ZnSnS4 and ZnCo2O4 were explored, and comprehensive analyses were conducted using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), High-Resolution TEM (HRTEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Raman Spectroscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), Tafel analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Incident Photon-to-Electron Conversion Efficiency (IPCE), alongside long-term stability assessments. The CZTS:ZCO ratio of 2:1 exhibited the highest efficiency, reaching 8.81 %, with an open-circuit voltage of 729 mV, short-circuit current of 17.80 mAcm−2, and a fill factor of 67.9 %. This surpasses the efficiency of the reference Pt cell (8.42 %), which had an open-circuit voltage of 735 mV, short-circuit current of 17.16 mAcm−2, and a fill factor of 66.8 %. The average crystallite sizes for the main peaks of CZTS and ZCO samples were estimated to be 19.8 and 16.7 nm, respectively. The crystallite size can significantly affect the charge transfer and conductivity in the counter electrode during electrochemical processes; the presence of nanocrystals with these sizes can notably enhance the electrochemical properties and conductivity of the synthesized samples. Raman analysis results indicate that no additional phases or secondary phases such as ZnS and CuSnS3 have formed in the kesterite CZTS structure, and the crystal has formed as a single phase. Additionally, the F2g modes in the Raman spectrum of ZCO indicate tetrahedral units in the spinel ZCO structure, and the A1g modes represent octahedral structures in this phase, indicating the formation of suitable ZCO phase. The superior performance of the CZTS/ZCO nanocomposite can be attributed to its enhanced crystalline structure, superior charge transport characteristics, and improved electrocatalytic behaviours.

Device simulation and optimization of HTL-free perovskite solar cell with CH3NH3SnBr3 as the absorber layer using solar cell capacitance simulator software

Device simulation and optimization of HTL-free perovskite solar cell with CH3NH3SnBr3 as the absorber layer using solar cell capacitance simulator software

Improvement of Performance of CZTSSe Solar Cells by the Synergistic Effect of Back Contact Modification and Ag Doping.

To improve the performance of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells, a strategy is proposed to improve the quality of absorber and back interface simultaneously by substituting V-doped Mo (Mo:V) for a conventional Mo back electrode and incorporating Ag into the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (ACZTSSe) absorber in this work. Since p+-type V-doped MoSe2 (MoSe2:V) is formed in the site between the absorber and Mo:V during selenization, the conventional Mo/n-MoSe2 back contact is modified to Mo:V/p+-MoSe2:V, a back surface passivation field (BSPF) is established at the back interface, the band bending of MoSe2:V is downward and that of bottom of the absorber is upward. Further investigation reveals that the back contact modification and Ag doping have a synergistic effect on inhibiting carrier recombination, decreasing series resistance and increasing shunt resistance, thereby leading to the PCE of device without antireflection coating increased from 8.61 to 10.98%, which is larger than the sum of increase in PCE induced by Ag doping alone (8.61 to 9.66%) and back contact modification alone (8.61 to 9.63%). It is demonstrated that the synergistic effect stems mainly from the strengthened BSPF and the further reduced back contact barrier height. The former is due to the increased difference in work function (WF) between MoSe2:V and absorber induced by the reduced WF of the absorber after Ag doping and the raised WF of MoSe2:V after V doping. The latter is due to the downshifted valence band maximum of absorber after Ag doping. This work highlights the synergistic effect of back contact modification and Ag doping on improving the performance of CZTSSe solar cells and also provides an effective way to suppress carrier recombination.

Enhanced mechanical endurance and power conversion efficiency in flexible Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells using ZnO/Ag-Ag2O/ZnO film

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells occupy an important direction in the field of clean energy research due to their environmental friendliness, low cost, and industrial technology compatibility. The complex and variable usage environment also accelerates the development of flexible CZTS solar cells. However, the inferior flexibility of ITO films limited their development. ZnO/Ag/ZnO (ZAZ) films are potential choices for transparent conductive layers of CZTS solar cells due to their high transmittance, conductivity, and flexibility. To further enhance the photovoltaic performance and mechanical durability of ZAZ films and solar cells, Ag2O was introduced into ZAZ film by magnetron sputtering. An ultra-high average transmittance of 96.6% in 400–800 nm was achieved for ZnO/Ag-Ag2O/ZnO (ZAAZ) films at Ag2O sputtering power of 40 W, which was attributed to the fact that Ag2O effectively inhibited the growth of 3D islands of Ag film, and formed a more uniform Ag film. ZAAZ films offered a superior figure of merit value of 0.1041 Ω−1. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ZAAZ solar cells was 6.94%, higher than that of ZAZ solar cells (6.69%). Remarkably, the PCE of ZAAZ solar cells was 7.9% higher than that of ZAZ solar cells after 1000 bending cycles. Therefore, Therefore, this approach may provide a promising way to improve the photovoltaic performance and mechanical durability of flexible solar cells.

Enhanced performance of HTM-free perovskite solar cells with free-standing carbon electrode via surface treatment and conductive support

This study explores the optimization of hole transport material (HTM)-free perovskite solar cells featuring laminated free-standing carbon film as a back electrode. Surface treatment of perovskite film using different types of solvent (chlorobenzene, toluene, and ethyl acetate) was carried out to improve the electrical contact at the carbon/methylammonium lead iodide interface. Overall, the surface treatment improved mechanical adhesion between the perovskite and carbon film. The conductivity of the free-standing carbon electrode was further improved by attaching the carbon film to various types of conductive support. Our results show that the selection of both solvents used during surface treatment and the type of conductive substrate has a considerable impact on the resulting performance, wherein all modifications gave rise to substantial improvement over the benchmark unmodified carbon electrode. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.74% was achieved by the perovskite solar cell with laminated carbon electrode on Al foil combined with the application of chlorobenzene as surface treatment, demonstrating a tremendous increase in performance compared to that of untreated free-standing carbon electrode that produced PCE less than 1%. The main contributor to the improved performance is presumably due to the low carrier recombination rate and improved charge carrier extraction as implied by the electro-impedance spectroscopy and photoluminescence analysis. This work demonstrates a facile approach for resolving the challenges in developing low-cost HTM-free perovskite solar cells with a free-standing carbon film electrode.

Improving perovskite solar cell efficiency and prolonging durability via interface modification with guanidinium iodide by post treatment method

The performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be significantly compromised by the presence of halide vacancies on the perovskite surface, leading to defects and a decline in stability and efficiency. Effectively addressing this challenge, the application of Guanidinium iodide (GAI) as a post dopant treatment (POST) has demonstrated success. GAI (POST) not only reduces surface defects but also minimizes halide deficiencies and mitigates losses due to interfacial charge recombination. When incorporating a GAI additive at a solution concentration of 1.5 mg/ml in the modification layer with the perovskite composition Cs0.1FA0.8MA0.1PbI3, the PSC showed a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.7%, surpassing the 16.3% efficiency of the control device. Moreover, the adapted device demonstrated an impressive fill factor (FF) of 80.1%. Notably, the enhanced film of the modified device maintained over 80% of its initial efficiency for more than 312 h, highlighting the prospect of creating affordable, effective, and durable PSCs.

Engineering strategies for high‐voltage LiCoO2 based high‐energy Li‐ion batteries

AbstractTo drive electronic devices for a long range, the energy density of Li‐ion batteries must be further enhanced, and high‐energy cathode materials are required. Among the cathode materials, LiCoO2 (LCO) is one of the most promising candidates when charged to higher voltages over 4.3 V. However, high‐voltage LCO materials are confronted with severe surface and bulk issues inducing poor cyclic stability. To completely unleash the potential of LCO cathodes, a more comprehensive theoretical understanding of the underlying issues is necessary, along with active exploration of previous modifications. This paper mainly presents the degradation mechanisms of LCO under high voltage, the formation and evolution mechanisms of the cathode electrolyte interface, and the surface engineering strategies employed to enhance the cell performance. By organizing and summarizing these modifications, this work aims to establish associations among common research issues and to suggest future research priorities, thus facilitating the rapid development of high‐voltage LCO.

Investigation on the Possibility of Improving the Performance of a Silicon Cell Using Selected Dye Concentrator

There are many opportunities to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic cells. These include solutions such as tracking mechanisms, hybrid systems or dye concentrators. Importantly, their implementation can reduce the number of silicon cells in installations, leading to reduced environmental impact. The principle of a dye concentrator is to focus sunlight onto the surface of PV modules, increasing electricity production. In this study, the potential for increased PV cell efficiency is investigated using a selected dye concentrator—tinted and luminescent acrylic glass (polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA) in yellow and red colors. The experiment included multiple measurement calibrations, such as the temperature of the silicon cell under test and the irradiation, as well as different variants of PV systems consisting of a silicon cell and different types of PMMA. Overall, the results show an increase in PV cell performance and the dependence of the increase on the type of PMMA used. The most favorable of the PV systems tested appeared to be the combination of a PV cell with a red luminescent PV, for which an average efficiency improvement of 1.21% was obtained.

Pinhole Healing of Pristine FAPbI3 Films via Homogeneous Recrystallization with Mixed Vapor of Tetramethylene Sulfoxide and Anisole

AbstractThe preparation of pristine formamidinium lead tri‐iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite films for solar cells applications can be very challenging without methylammonium containing additives. The pinhole‐rich films prepared by methylammonium‐free approach limit the performance of the pristine FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This work proposes a recrystallization method employing mixed solvent annealing (MSA) to heal the pinholes in pristine FAPbI3 perovskite films. The tetramethylene sulfoxide vapor is demonstrated most effective in grains‐merging and pinhole healing, while the addition of a secondary solvent vapor of anisole significantly improved the uniformity of TMSO vapor distribution. The pristine FAPbI3 PSCs prepared with MSA recrystallized film achieved power conversion efficiencies up to 22.43% and 16.54% on small cells (0.105 cm2) and mini‐modules (12.6 cm2), respectively, showing great potential in upscaling fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics with pristine FAPbI3.

Numerical simulation and experimental study on the compression performance of a double layer cross-lattice-core sandwich structure

Lattice sandwich structures are widely used in many engineering fields for their excellent mechanical properties, such as aerospace, transportation, construction and so on. In this paper, a new type of double layer cross-lattice-core sandwich structure is proposed. Firstly, based on the nonlinear finite element software ABAQUS, a finite element numerical simulation analysis is processed to the sandwich structure unite cell under flat compression. The deflection pattern, load-displacement curve and internal energy-displacement curve are obtained to discuss the compression performance of the unite cell with some specific geometric parameters, such as arm length ratio, clamped angle and thickness of the cross-lattice-core. It is found that the compression performance of the lattice sandwich structure with an arm length ratio of 1 and an included angle of 90° is optimal. The energy absorption effect decreases slightly with the increases of the arm length ratio increases, which will be greatly reduced when the core angle is lower than 90°. Then the unite cell model of the structure is prepared using 3D printing technology, and its compression performance is investigated by flat compression tests and verified in comparison with the numerical analysis results. Finally, the load-bearing property of the structure is further verified by compression analysis of a plate structure consisting of several unite cells. The results provide a reference for the design and engineering application of the structure.

Design and Optimization of Accumulator Pack

For an electric scooter, a lithium-ion battery with a Acro Butyl-nitrate (ABS) temperature management system was developed. Without the use of active cooling components like a fan, a blower, or a pump used in air/liquid-cooling systems, passive thermal management systems employing ABS can regulate the temperature excursions and maintain temperature uniformity in Li-ion batteries. Therefore, this new type of thermal management system can provide the benefits of a small, light, and energy-efficient system. The simulation results for a Li-ion battery sub-module with twenty 18650 Li-ion cells encased in ABS and a melting point of 114 to 120 °C are displayed. There are many important advantages to using aluminium fins manufactured from 0.7mm thick aluminium sheet between the battery cells in an accumulator pack. The relevance of them is explained in the following ways: Accumulator packs, particularly those used in high-power applications like scooters, can produce large amount of heat when in use. The performance, longevity, and safety of battery cells are all significantly impacted by heat. Aluminium fins serve as heat sinks and enhance heat dissipation by boosting the amount of heat-transfer surface area. Heat can be effectively transferred from the cells to the fins thanks to the thin aluminium sheet. Temperature Control: Battery cell efficiency and longevity depend on maintaining their temperature within a favorable range. By releasing more heat, aluminium fins assist in controlling the temperature. The fins aid in preventing overheating and preserving a more constant operating temperature by efficiently draining heat from the cells. Thermal Uniformity: The accumulator pack's thermal uniformity is enhanced by the inclusion of aluminium fins between the battery cells. Variations in cell temperature can cause performance imbalances and lower pack efficiency because uneven heat distribution can cause temperature differences among the cells. The fins aid in the even distribution of heat throughout the cells, reducing temperature variations and fostering consistent performance. Reduced Hotspots: Hotspots are small, high-temperature regions inside a battery pack that can hasten degradation and pose safety issues. Aluminium fins aid in heat dissipation, which reduces the development of hotspots. The fins' increased surface area enables more effective heat transport, which lowers the possibility of localized temperature accumulation. Improved Safety: Effective heat dissipation with aluminium fins can aid in accumulator packs' increased safety. Battery cells may experience thermal runaway or other dangerous situations as a result of high temperatures. The risk of thermal incidents is decreased by maintaining lower cell temperatures, improving operational safety in general. It's crucial to remember that parameters like spacing, size, and overall pack should be taken into account while designing and using aluminium fins. Additionally, by lowering the amount of heat that is released into the environment, liquid cooled heatsinks can be utilised to lessen the environmental effect of electronic equipment. The following are some benefits of employing liquid-cooled heatsinks: ● more efficient at cooling than heatsinks that use air cooling ● can be used to enhance the functionality and dependability of electronic equipment ● can be used to lessen how harmful electrical devices are to the environment. The following are some drawbacks of employing liquid-cooled heatsinks: ● more expensive than heatsinks that are air-cooled. ● more difficult to install and keep up ● Tend to leak more frequently. Keywords — CFD, 18650,ABS ,ALUMINUM FINS ,DRIVE CYCLE MODELS,EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL.

Highly durable perfluorosulfonic acid proton exchange membrane by combining inorganic free radical scavengers and organic antioxidants

In this work, a new type of complex was constructed by coordinating quercetin (QC) with cerium (Ce) ions. This complex was introduced into perfluorosulfonic acid resin (PFSA) to fabricate a proton exchange membrane. The coordination process prevented the formation of ion cross-links between cerium and sulfonic acid groups in PFSA, thereby keeping proton conductivity and fuel cell performance of membrane samples at a high level. Due to the insolubility of quercetin in water, its coordination with cerium minimized cerium migration, providing long-lasting resistance to free radicals. The effects of additives on PFSA membrane properties were investigated by measuring IEC, water uptake, swelling ratio, and proton conductivity. Fenton degradation experiments and membrane electrode assembly performance tests was conducted simultaneously. The results demonstrated that compared to the addition of quercetin or cerium alone, the use of QC-Ce increased the proton conductivity by 23.70% after 24-h Fenton degradation and lowered fluoride release by 58.29%. Meanwhile, the PFSA/QC-Ce composite membrane samples maintained an open circuit voltage of 0.935 V and a maximum power density of 668.15 mW cm−2 after 96 h of open circuit voltage hold testing.

Influence of inverted pyramid texturization on front metallization and performance of crystalline silicon solar cells

The silicon surface texturing is an essential part for the fabrication of crystalline silicon solar cells to increase the conversion efficiency. By adjusting the etching texturing condition, inverted pyramid (IP) and upright pyramid (UP) texturization were prepared on crystalline silicon substrates for fabrication of PERC solar cells. The surface morphology not only affects the light trapping but also impacts electrode shading loss and front electrode contact interface. The IP texturization presents better anti-reflective performance due to more common light paths and narrower silver grids owing to less flow of Ag paste on concave blocked structure, both of which results in the higher short-circuit current density (Jsc). Yet in terms of front Ag/Si contact interface, the IP texturization causes more Ag crystallites and more surface recombination under the present condition suitable for UP texturization because of more edges on the upper part of IP, which leads to the lower open-circuit voltage (Voc). The final conversion efficiency of IP solar cells (23.61 %) is 0.06 % higher than that of UP solar cells (23.55 %). An improvement about 0.07 mA/cm2 of Jsc was achieved with IP samples and Voc has a decrease of 0.3 mV caused by the surface recombination on IP texturization. In summary, the structural characteristics of IP results in lower reflectivity and less electrode shading, while Ag/Si contact interface could be optimized by adjusting the processing condition, ultimately promising the higher efficiency.

Modeling analysis of SOFC supported on anode employing straight channel fabricated by phase-inversion method

A model of an anode supported solid oxide fuel cell prepared using the phase inversion is developed and validated by the experiment data tested at 800°C. The electrochemical properties are analyzed and compared with cells utilizing different anode support substrates. At 0.7 V, the power density of the cell employing a straight anode channel is 23%–40% higher than cells utilizing traditional anode substrates with porosities of 30% or 60%, respectively. Removing the sponge layer increased the power density to 3.1 W cm−2, just 3.3% higher than the straight channel cell. These results demonstrate that the straight channel anode improves gas transport, while removing the sponge layer has minimal impact on the cell's performance.

A comparative study of streamlined flow channels with water drop block configurations and their effects on temperature profiles, mass transport characteristics, and performance in PEM fuel cell

The problems of temperature distribution, mass transport, and drainage performance in flow field channels (FFCs) become the most significant effects on PEMFC performance. In order to solve the above problems, this study proposes five distinct streamlined block architectures of flow channels that consider interface contact resistance (ICR) and gas diffusion layer (GDL) face permeability effect on temperature profiles to enhance mass transport and cell performance of PEMFC. The streamlined block structures of flow channels considering ICR and GDL face permeability were comparatively evaluated. The results show that the temperature profiles exhibit a distinctive "Ʌ" shape with an approximate increase of 0.19ᵒC at CN 2 compared to CN1. Besides, CN6 has current density, power density, and the best removal water saturation of 6.94 %, 12.27 %, and 7.18 %, respectively, are higher than CN1 (conventional model) when the voltage is 0.4 V. Consequently, the streamlined imitated water-drop block (WDB) models applied in the flow channels with considering both suitable ICR and GDL face permeability for PEM fuel cell can improve the mass transport capacity, enhance the speed of the electrochemical reaction, and provide better cell performance.

Dipole Moments Regulation of Biphosphonic Acid Molecules for Self-assembled Monolayers Boosts the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells Exceeding 19.7.

PSS has been widely used as a hole extraction layer (HEL) in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, their acidic nature can potentially corrode the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode over time, leading to adverse effects on the longevity of the OSCs. Herein, we have developed a class of biphosphonic acid molecules with tunable dipole moments for self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), namely, 3-BPIC(i), 3-BPIC, and 3-BPIC-F, which exhibit an increasing dipole moment in sequence. Compared to centrosymmetric 3-BPIC(i), the axisymmetric 3-BPIC and 3-BPIC-F exhibit higher adsorption energies (Eads) with ITO, shorter interface spacing, more uniform coverage on ITO surface, and better interfacial compatibility with the active layer. Thanks to the incorporation of fluorine atoms, 3-BPIC-F exhibits a deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level and a larger dipole moment compared to 3-BPIC, resulting in an enlarged work function (WF) for the ITO/3-BPIC-F substrate. These advantages of 3-BPIC-F could not only improve hole extraction within the device but also lower the interfacial impedance and reduce nonradiative recombination at the interface. As a result, the OSCs using SAM based on 3-BPIC-F obtained a record high efficiency of 19.71%, which is higher than that achieved from the cells based on 3-BPIC(i) (13.54%) and 3-BPIC (19.34%). Importantly, 3-BPIC-F-based OSCs exhibit significantly enhanced stability compared to that utilizing PEDOT:PSS as HEL. Our work offers guidance for the future design of functional molecules for SAMs to realize even higher performance in organic solar cells.

Enhanced chemical interaction between ionic liquid and halide perovskite to improve performance of perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with wide bandgap (Eg > 1.67 eV) metal halides combined with silicon solar cells for tandem photovoltaics are one of the most promising technologies for achieving efficiencies over 33%. However, the low long-term stability of PSCs due to deep trap states and halide segregation in the perovskites impedes commercialization. Ionic liquids have been widely used to overcome this drawback, with anions primarily interacting with the perovskite and cations playing a more limited role. Here, by giving cations functional groups that bind to the perovskite and passivate defects, both cations and anions in the ionic liquid are designed to improve the quality of the perovskite thin film. The incorporation of a methoxy group within the cation fosters interaction with lead cations in the perovskite structure. This interaction enhances passivation at the interfaces, thereby suppressing ion migration and leading to improved optoelectronic properties. PSCs fabricated with the wide-bandgap perovskite containing 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1-methylpiperidinium thiocyanate (MMP-SCN) exhibit higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability against light, heat, and moisture than those containing 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium thiocyanate (BMP-SCN). PSCs with MMP-SCN achieve PCEs over 20% with FF of over 84% and demonstrate long-term operational stability of 1000 h.

Enhanced photoelectric performance of dual cations quantum dots carbon-based perovskite solar cells with stacked structure

Enhanced photoelectric performance of dual cations quantum dots carbon-based perovskite solar cells with stacked structure

Optimization of the performance of CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells in air by adding polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride and its mechanism

In this study, by adding Polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PGMA) to the inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite film, the coordination bonds and hydrogen bonds between PGMA and CsPbI2Br cooperate to passivate defects, regulate energy level and stabilize the perovskite structure and eventually improve the device performance. We systematically study the effects of PGMA addition on the morphology, structure, light absorption, defect concentration and carrier lifetime, hydrophobicity, and optical stability and room temperature black phase stability of CsPbI2Br films, and the photoelectric performance and air stability of PSCs, as well as their mechanism. The experimental results show that the addition of 3 wt% of PGMA greatly improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of CsPbI2Br PSCs by 40.19 % because of the synergistic passivation effects and energy level tuning. The hydrogen bonds between –CH2 in PGMA and I−/Br− in CsPbI2Br, along with the coordination of carbonyl groups with Cs+/Pb2+, improve carrier transport and collection by inactivating flaw and managing the level, reducing the non-radiative recombination losses. In addition, the PSCs with 3 wt% of PGMA maintain 80 % of their initial efficiency even after 600 h in high humidity air environment due to the synergistic effect of coordination bonds and hydrogen bonds. Our study provides valuable insights into the use of PGMA to improve the performance of all-inorganic CsPbI2Br PSCs and the practicality of perovskite solar cells.

Microbial Fuel Cells Performance Evaluation through the Application of Fuzzy Logic

Objective: This work aimed to employ fuzzy logic combined with the design of experiments technique to statistically evaluate how the microbial fuel cells operating parameters influence their performance. Theoretical Framework: Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are a technology of interest in the current scenario as they allow simultaneously promoting the biotreatment of waste and the bio generation of electrical energy. Methodology: Through a bibliographical search based on publications on Google Scholar platform over the last 10 years, it was noticed that anode area, external electrical resistance and reactor volume are the most reported input parameters in MFC research and current density and power density are the output parameters most frequently portrayed in these studies, which is why these variables were selected for statistical investigation. Results and Discussion: The results showed that, for both outputs studied, reactor volume and anode area showed a positive effect, while the external electrical resistance showed a negative effect. It was also possible to develop mathematical models that indicated the relationship between the input and output variables studied, with statistical significance for power density model (R2 = 86%). Originality: Applying computational simulations and subsequent design of experiments to obtain results in accordance with those obtained experimentally in the laboratory.