Scaffolds For Cell Growth Research Articles

Development of Composite Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide)- Nanodiamond Scaffolds for Bone Cell Growth.

There are relatively few nanotechnologies that can produce nanocomposite scaffolds for cell growth. Electrospinning has emerged as the foremost method of producing nanofibrous biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. In this study diamond nanoparticles were integrated into a polymer solution to develop a nanocomposite scaffold containing poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) loaded with diamond nanoparticles. To investigate the effect of adding diamond nanoparticles to PLGA scaffolds, primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were seeded on the scaffolds. The cytocompatibility results showed that addition of diamond nanoparticles did not impinge upon cell proliferation, nor was there a cytotoxic cellular response after 9 days in culture. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy enabled qualitative characterization of the fibres and revealed cell morphology and number. Furthermore, surface roughness was measured to evaluate diamond nanoparticle modifications, and no significant difference was found between the diamond nanocomposite and pure polymer scaffolds. On the other hand, bright spots on phase images performed by atomic force microscopy suggested a higher hardness at certain points on fibers of the PLGA-nanodiamond composites, which was supported by nanoindentation measurements. This study shows that PLGA nanofibers can be reinforced with nanodiamond without adversely affecting cell behaviour, and thus it sets the foundation for future application of these scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.

Assessment of the Biocompatibility of the PLLA-PLCL Scaffold Obtained by Electrospinning

Electrospun membranes of poly (L-Lactide) / poly (L-lactide-co-caprolactone) blend were produced and evaluated by physical and mechanical tests to use as a scaffold for cell growth. The membranes were seeded with endothelial cells (HUVEC) and after culturing time it was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the process parameters were capable of producing PLLA-PLCL membranes presenting fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. The scaffolds supported cell attachment and growth, indicating the feasibility of producing scaffolds by electrospinning technique, which could be used in tissue engineering applications.

Potential of Polarized PVDF/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Cell Growth

ABSTRACTWe investigated the effects of varying the multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) contents, as well as the additional use of drawing and poling on the polymorphic behavior and electroactive (piezoelectric) properties of the cast poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/MWCNT membranes. Dramatic changes occurred in the polar β-phase crystal contents with the MWCNT loading. An optimum concentration of MWCNT exists for PVDF film polarization. On the other hand, films prepared by electrospinning process exhibited almost constant amount of β-phase with the MWCNT concentration. In this process, polymer fibers with diameters down to the nanometer range, or nanofibers, are formed by subjecting a fluid jet to a high electric field. The remanent polarization and piezoelectric response increased with the β-phase crystals. Cell adhesion and proliferation measured with MTT (Methylthiazolyl diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay coincidentally responded to the polarized PVDF films (β-phase amount).

Superficial modification of biopolymeric scaffolds for tridimensional hepatic cell model

Cell line cultures are widely used as experimental models to mimic the characteristics and responses of cell in tissues in vivo. Cells in culture are able to proliferate and acquire the same standard phenotype of those that form tissues inside an organism. Hepatocytes, particularly, are highly specialised cells and their physiology and correct functions are affected by their geometrical conformation. Polymeric scaffolds for cell growth have been modified through plasma polymerisation to improve their biological properties. In particular, plasma–polymerised pyrrole (Ppy) has been identified as a suitable scaffold coating. Ppy–coated scaffolds show increased cellular adhesion and proliferative ratio in comparison with non–coated scaffolds. Different types of Ppy–coated scaffold were analysed as scaffolds used in tissue regeneration, based on their capability of proliferation and their physiological response. HepG2 cells were cultured on culture dishes with the following coated scaffolds: Open–cell Polylactic Acid (OPLA), collagen composite and polyglycolic acid scaffold submerged in poly(L–lactic acid–co–glycolic acid) copolymer solution (PGA–PLGA) and on non–coated scaffolds to compare physiological parameters such as, cell proliferation and viability. There was no morphological cell changes observed when cultured with Ppy coated scaffolds. Therefore, we are reporting not only a novel process for the modification of biomaterials, that are widely used in tissue engineering but also a cell culture base that increases cell viability.

Augmentation of direct laser writing fabrication throughput for three-dimensional structures by varying focusing conditions

We propose a laser fabrication approach for single monolith structure by varying beam focusing lenses (NA1=1.4 and NA2=0.45). With this, we show great improvement of the manufacturing throughput while keeping the desired spatial resolution and feature definition. To quantitatively evaluate its efficiency, we theoretically calculate and experimentally measure the polymerized volume using different focusing conditions and show that the augmentation can reach more than sevenfold. Based on this, sample structures of hybrid organic-inorganic SZ2080 and hydrogel polyethylene (glycol) diacrylate photopolymers were successfully manufactured. These three-dimensional structures included prototype scaffolds for cell growth and microfluidic components. Their quality was assessed and possible difficulties as well as limitations that arose were discussed. The new structures were compared to alternative direct laser writing throughput increasing techniques. Finally, we discussed potential applications in manufacturing various elements for regenerative medicine and microfluidics.

A Novel 3D Culture Model to Mimic Hematopoietic Niche for HSCs Differentiating to Megakaryocyte with Deproteined and Degreased Human Bone or β-TCP

Background: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are maintained in a particular microenvironment termed as "niche", which are constructed by a number of critical molecules, supporting matrix such as collagen and supporting cells like osteoblasts and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), together with physical construct of trabecular bone and endosteum. However, the mechanism of niche is poorly understood since it is surrounded by hard and opaque cortex of bone. Here, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) culture model using the deproteined and degreased human bone or ¦Â-TCP biomaterial, to mimic hematopoietic niche which is highly similar to nature situation and is easy to be observed. Objective: To establish the 3D culture model to mimic the hematopoietic niche with the deproteined and degreased human bone or ¦Â-TCP, where both have an architecture of trabecular bone; the HSC/progeny and supporting cells were gene-marked with GFP and RFP respectively; the process by which the HSCs differentiated to megakaryocyte/platelets were observed within this 3D culture model. Method: 1) 3D culture system: The human bone was obtained by bone biopsy from volunteer donor after the signing of Informed Consent£¬then was deproteined with 30%H2O2 for 2h and degreased with a mixture buffer of Chloroform, methanol and deionized water£¨Vc:Vm:Vw=9:9:2£© in 37¡æ for 24h. ¦Â-tricalcium phosphate (¦Â-TCP) biomaterial was bought from Bio-lu company (France), which is a kind of artificial, mass producible biomimetic macroporous material and clinically proven tissue-engineered bone. Both materials were cut into small pieces with 2-3mm in height and parallel tested. 2) Cells: The C57BL/6 RFP-BMSCs and its complete culture medium were bought from Cyagen Biosciences Inc. (China). Sca-1+ cells were harvested from the bone marrow of GFP transgenic mice by FACS sorting (GFP-sca-1+ cells). RFP-BMSCs and GFP-sca-1+ cells were inoculated into the 3D culture system. 100ng/mL thrombopoietin and 100 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were added into co-culture medium for 5 days in 3cm confocal microscopy dishes, both cells were also directly (2D) cultured as control. 3) Observation and Semi-solid decalcification (SSD, 2010 ASH poster, no.2625): The 3D culture system and controls were observed directly by a confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus), 430nm for GFP and 559nm for RFP. The 3D culture system were also decalcified with self-made SSD and observed to clarify the interaction of GFP and RFP cells. Result: When GFP-sca-1+ cells were co-cultured with RFP-BMSCs for 12h, GFP+ cells attached to grow with RFP-BMSCs, two colors mixed with different morphology (Fig.1a). In the following days, with the stimulating of PDGF and TPO, most GFP cells, surrounded by RFP-BMSCs, were bigger and bigger with more and more antennae and floss (Fig.1b). Hematogenesis happens nearby the architecture of trabecular bone. With the help of SSD, the hard and opaque construction disappeared gradually, only GFP and RFP cells stayed where they were with their original morphology and actions. By frozen section, we can easily distinguish the cell type, developmental stage and interactions between each cell. Discussion: The standard 2D cell culture systems neither reflect the normal architecture, nor material properties such as stiffness, nor the diffusion of soluble factors of the natural system. The deproteined and degreased human bone we used, not only reproduced the spongy architecture of the niche, but also provide a scaffold for cell growth. Furthermore, the self-made SSD can ¡°digest¡± the scaffold but preserve the cells; it is convenient to observe the cells within the ¡°black box¡± in 3D. However, the human bone was hard to obtain. Therefore, we investigated it with ¦Â-TCP, an artificial bone analogs, in parallel. Both materials works well for this novel 3D cell culture model. Conclusion: This novel 3D culture model is a straight-forward and easy-to-observe model in order to understand the bone marrow microenvironment. It is also suitable to study the cell proliferation, differentiation, mobilization and homing, etc. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Human procollagen type I surface-modified PHB-based non-woven textile scaffolds for cell growth: preparation and short-term biological tests

3D fine porous structures obtained by electrospinning a poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (aPHB)/ poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) (85/15 w/w) blend were successfully modified with human procollagen type I by simple immersion of the polyester scaffold in an aqueous solution of the protein. Effective modification of the scaffold with human procollagen I was confirmed by an immunodetection test, which revealed the presence of the procollagen type I as an outer layer even on inner structures of the porous matrixes. Biological tests of 3D fabrics made of the PHB blend provide support for the adhesion and proliferation of human fibroblasts, while their modification with procollagen type I increased the biocompatibility of the final scaffolds significantly, as shown by the notable increase in the number of attached cells during the early hours of their incubation. Based on these findings, human procollagen type I surface-modified aPHB/PHB scaffolds should be considered a promising material in regenerative medicine.

Particle-Assisted Semidirect Breath Figure Method: A Facile Way to Endow the Honeycomb-Structured Petri Dish with Molecular Recognition Capability

Recently, we have developed a semidirect breath figure (sDBF) method for direct fabrication of large-area and ordered honeycomb structures on commercial polystyrene (PS) Petri dishes without the use of an external polymer solution. In this work, we showed that both the pore size and the pore uniformity of the breath figure patterns were controllable by solvent amount. The cross-sectional image shows that only one layer of pores was formed on the BF figure patterns. By combing the sDBF method and Pickering emulsion and using the modular building blocks, we endowed the honeycomb-structured Petri dish with molecular recognition capability via the decoration of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles into the honeycomb pores. The radioligand binding experiments show that the MIP nanoparticles on the resultant honeycomb structures maintained high molecular binding selectivity. The reusability study indicates that MIP-BF patterns had excellent mechanical stability during the radioligand binding process. We believe that the modular approach demonstrated in this work will open up further opportunities for honeycomb structure-based chemical sensors for drug analysis, substrates for catalysts, and scaffold for cell growth.

The crosslinking degree controls the mechanical, rheological, and swelling properties of hyaluronic acid microparticles

Viscosupplements, used for treating joint and cartilage diseases, restore the rheological properties of synovial fluid, regulate joint homeostasis and act as scaffolds for cell growth and tissue regeneration. Most viscosupplements are hydrogels composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) microparticles suspended in fluid HA. These microparticles are crosslinked with chemicals to assure their stability against enzyme degradation and to prolong the action of the viscosupplement. However, the crosslinking also modifies the mechanical, swelling and rheological properties of the HA microparticle hydrogels, with consequences on the effectiveness of the application. The aim of this study is to correlate the crosslinking degree (CD) with these properties to achieve modulation of HA/DVS microparticles through CD control. Because divinyl sulfone (DVS) is the usual crosslinker of HA in viscosupplements, we examined the effects of CD by preparing HA microparticles at 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 5:1 HA/DVS mass ratios. The CD was calculated from inductively coupled plasma spectrometry data. HA microparticles were previously sized to a mean diameter of 87.5 µm. Higher CD increased the viscoelasticity and the extrusion force and reduced the swelling of the HA microparticle hydrogels, which also showed Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior and were classified as covalent weak. The hydrogels were not cytotoxic to fibroblasts according to an MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay.

Immunohistochemical Investigation of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Lymphoid Organs of Healthy Pigs and Pigs with Systemic Disease Caused by Circovirus Type 2

The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a scaffold for cell growth, impacts on cellular behaviour and plays an important role in pathological conditions. Several components of the ECM of lymphoid tissues have been shown to be crucial in the maturation, differentiation and migration of lymphocytes and other immune cells and, therefore, in the development of immune responses. Little is known of the composition and function of the ECM in porcine lymphoid tissues. The present study characterizes immunohistochemically the expression of several ECM-related molecules (i.e. hyaluronan [HA] and its receptor CD44, tenascin-C [TN-C] and versican) in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of healthy pigs and animals affected by porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD). These ECM molecules displayed a highly defined expression pattern in healthy animals, suggesting that they may have a role in the compartmentalization of immune cells within lymphoid tissues. HA was abundant in the medulla of the thymus and follicles of secondary organs; CD44 and TN-Cwere present in the thymic medulla and parafollicular areas of secondary lymphoid organs; however, there was minimal expression of versican in healthy tissues. In PCV2-SD-affected animals, HA and CD44 showed a similar but more diffuse distribution. TN-C was increased in the T-cell-dependent areas and in tonsillar crypts, and versican was more abundantly expressed, with expression restricted to vascular structures and trabeculae and also surrounding tonsillar crypts. The altered expression in PCV2-SD-affected pigs was most probably related to a higher content of connective tissue secondary to tissue destruction and remodelling attempts as part of the disease process.

The two step nanotube formation on TiZr as scaffolds for cell growth

Various TiO2 nanotubes on Ti50Zr alloy have been fabricated via a two step anodization method in glycol with 15vol.% H2O and 0.2M NH4F under anodization controlled voltages of 15, 30 and 45V. A new sonication treatment in deionized water with three steps and total sonication time as 1min was performed after the first anodization step in order to remove the oxide layer grown during 2h. The second step of anodization was for 1h and took place at the same conditions. The role of removed layer as a nano-prepatterned surface was evidenced in the formation of highly ordered nanotubular structures and morphological features were analyzed by SEM, AFM and surface wettability. The voltage-controlled anodization leads to various nanoarhitectures, with diameters in between 20 and 80nm. As biological assay, cell culture tests with MG63 cell line originally derived from a human osteosarcoma were performed. A correlation between nanostructure morphological properties as a result of voltage-controlled anodization and cell response was established.

Thermal property and assessment of biocompatibility of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid/graphene nanocomposites

Polymer-matrix nanocomposites based on Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and Graphene platelets (GNPs) were studied. GNPs, nanomaterials with a 2D flat surface, were chosen with or without chemical modification in PLGA/GNP nanocomposites and their microstructure, thermal property, and their compatibility as scaffolds for cell growth were investigated. PLGA/GNP nanocomposites (0, 1, and 5 wt. % of GNPs) were prepared using a solution based technique. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Differential scanning calorimeter, and Thermogravimetric analyzer were used to analyze morphology and thermal properties. This work demonstrated the role of GNPs flat surface to provide a favorable platform resulting in an enhanced PLGA crystallization. Functionalized GNPs suppress both the thermal stability and the crystallization of PLGA. Finally, to determine the potential usefulness of these scaffolds for biomedical applications, mammalian cells were cultured on various PLGA/GNP nanocomposites (0, 1, and 5 wt. % GNPs). 1 wt. % PLGA/GNP nanocomposites showed better biocompatibility for cell growth with/without graphenes functionalization compared to pure PLGA and 5 wt. % PLGA/GNP. The function of GNPs in PLGA/GNPs (1 wt. %) composites is to provide a stage for PLGA crystallization where cell growth is favored. These results provide strong evidence for a new class of materials that could be important for biomedical applications.

Fabrication of periodic micro-structures by holographic lithography

The principles of the holographic lithography technique are reviewed, and the ability in the formation of structures with different periods by the holographic lithography technique in SZ2080 is demonstrated. The influence of laser exposure, phase shift between interfering laser beams, and the used laser wavelength on the structures fabricated by the four-beam interference technique has been studied. It is shown that by using the − interfering beams with a different phase is it possible to reduce the period of the structure √2 times compared to the four interfering beams of the same phase. Fabrication of micro-structures by the holographic lithography technique can be realized via multi-photon and single-photon polymerization processes. The structures created by these two techniques are compared. Finally, in the experiments with the five-beam interference, the doubleperiod effect was observed by adding the zero-order beam with a low intensity. The fabricated periodic microstructures have the potential to be used as a scaffold for cell growth and micro-optics.

Use of nitrocellulose membranes as a scaffold in cell culture

Nitrocellulose membranes, one of the most important and oldest cellulose derivatives, are commonly used for nucleic acid and protein detection in research and diagnostic applications. However, a limited number of studies have explored whether they can act as scaffolds for cell growth. In this study, we investigated this polymeric material for its ability to support the growth of human cells. Eight established cell lines were examined for adherence, growth, spread, and survival on nitrocellulose membranes by optical microscopy after hematoxylin and eosin and/or immunocytochemical staining and by scanning electron microscopy. Apoptosis and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also assessed. All cells readily adhered to and spread on the surface of nitrocellulose membranes as well as coverslips, and the cells maintained the expression of digestive system-specific genes. No significant change was detected in apoptosis or leakage of LDH from cells grown on nitrocellulose membranes. These results suggested that nitrocellulose membranes have a suitable cytocompatibility towards human cells and that they might be used for tissue-engineering scaffolds. Moreover, we demonstrate an additional and underused property of nitrocellulose of specific relevance to microscopic imaging, as it can be rendered virtually transparent, thus the cells growing on such membranes can be observed directly under an optical microscope after staining.

Viabilidade celular de nanofibras de polímeros biodegradáveis e seus nanocompósitos com argila montmorilonita

Mantas não tecidas de nanofibras de três polímeros biodegradáveis poli(ácido láctico), PDLLA, poli(Ε-caprolactona), PCL, e poli(butileno adipato-co-tereftalato), PBAT e seus nanocompósitos com uma nanoargila montmorilonita (MMT) foram produzidas por eletrofiação. A morfologia, o comportamento térmico e a estrutura interna das nanofibras foram analisados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão, calorimetria diferencial de varredura e difração de raios X, respectivamente. Observou-se que as nanofibras dos nanocompósitos possuíam diâmetros menores do que os correspondentes polímeros puros e que as nanofibras de PBAT puro e de PBAT/MMT apresentavam a menor cristalinidade de todas as mantas. A viabilidade celular de todas as nanofibras foi analisada pela técnica de redução do sal de tetrazolium pelo complexo enzimático piruvato desidrogenase presente na matriz de mitocôndrias (teste MTT). Os resultados mostraram que nenhuma manta nanofibrílica apresentou toxicidade às células e que as nanofibras de PBAT puro e seu nanocompósito propiciaram ainda um ambiente mais favorável ao desenvolvimento celular de fibroblastos de cardiomiócitos do que as condições oferecidas pelo controles, provavelmente por apresentarem menores diâmetros e baixa cristalinidade em relação às demais nanofibras. Estes resultados mostram o potencial de uso destas mantas nanofibrílicas como suportes de crescimento celular.

Novel pH responsive hydrogels for controlled cell adhesion and triggered surface detachment

In the field of tissue engineering, the development of novel switchable cell growth scaffolds and triggered substrate surfaces is desirable for manipulating detachment of cells. In this paper, two kinds of pH-responsive C2-cyclohexane based cell scaffold biomaterials (G1 and G2) have been designed and synthesized. The highlight is that they can induce detachment of cells from material's surface by slightly reducing the pH of culture medium in an acceptable range. The abilities to culture cells on hydrogel scaffolds and guide cells to detach without proteolytic enzyme treatment are very useful for their development in various biomedical applications.

Research Progress on Application of Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanocomposites in Nervous Systems

Carbon nanotubes increasingly attract a great interest in the field of biomedicine especially in the applications in nervous system due to their unique physicochemical properties.In this review,we focus on recent studies about the applications of carbon nanotubes in neural systems including nerve cell growth scaffolds,neural electrode for monitoring,and drug carriers for therapy.We further summarize the neurotoxicity potential of carbon nanotubes and propose the solutions on how to avoid it.Finally,we also prospect the future applications of carbon nanotubes in the nervous system.

Mathematical model and numerical simulation of the cell growth in scaffolds

A scaffold is a three-dimensional matrix that provides a structural base to fill tissue lesion and provides cells with a suitable environment for proliferation and differentiation. Cell-seeded scaffolds can be implanted immediately or be cultured in vitro for a period of time before implantation. To obtain uniform cell growth throughout the entire volume of the scaffolds, an optimal strategy on cell seeding into scaffolds is important. We propose an efficient and accurate numerical scheme for a mathematical model to predict the growth and distribution of cells in scaffolds. The proposed numerical algorithm is a hybrid method which uses both finite difference approximations and analytic closed-form solutions. The effects of each parameter in the mathematical model are numerically investigated. Moreover, we propose an optimization algorithm which finds the best set of model parameters that minimize a discrete l(2) error between numerical and experimental data. Using the mathematical model and its efficient and accurate numerical simulations, we could interpret experimental results and identify dominating mechanisms.

Fabrication of Shortened Electrospun Fibers with Concentrated Polymer Brush Toward Biomaterial Applications

In this research, we aimed to develop a new type of core-shell electrospun fiber, possessing “short” length (core) and “concentrated” polymer brush (shell). We prepared electrospun fibers with initiating moiety for surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP), one of living radical polymerizations. Then we grafted poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSSNa) on the fibers by SI-ATRP. After the polymerization, we mechanically cut the electrospun fibers with a homogenizer, yielding regulated shortened fibers. Our ultimate goal is to make a novel shortened nanofibril biomaterial with concentrated brush as cell growth scaffolds. Therefore we expect that this unprecedented short nanofiber can be broadly applied as a biomaterial owing to the unique structures and properties of the concentrated brush. The details will be discussed.

Honeycomb-Structured Films by Multifunctional Amphiphilic Biodegradable Copolymers: Surface Morphology Control and Biomedical Application as Scaffolds for Cell Growth

Recently, fabrication of functional porous polymer films with patterned surface structures at the scale from nanometer to micrometer has been attracting increasing interests in material science and nanobiotechnology. In this work, we present new preparation of two series of multifunctional amphiphilic copolymers and preparation of their microporous thin films on solid substrates. First, diblock dendritic poly(l-lysine)-b-poly(l-lactide)s and triblock dendritic poly(l-lysine)-b-poly(l-lactide)-b-dendritic poly(l-lysine)s (C1-C6) were synthesized through 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-catalyzed living ring-opening polymerization of (l-)-lactide with (l-)-lysine dendron initiators, and their structures were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier-transformed mass spectra (MALDI-FTMS). Employing the breath-figure (BF) fabrication strategy, thin films of the synthesized amphiphiles (C1-C6) were drop-cast, and their surface topologies were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the effects of new amphiphile structure and drop-casting parameters of amphiphile concentration, humidity and temperature on self-assembly of ordered porous surface were studied. Furthermore, the influence of surface energy of drop-casting substrates was additionally investigated. With a human cervical epithelial carcinoma cell line (HeLa), cytotoxicity of the prepared honeycomb-structured films by new amphiphile C6 was evaluated by thiazoyl-blue-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay, and HeLa cell growth behavior with microporous amphiphile films as the scaffolds was also examined. It was found that tunable micropore diameter sizes and well ordered surface topologies of BF films could be achieved for the new prepared amphiphiles, and utilization of the honeycomb-like microporous films as scaffolds indicated favorable enhancement in cell proliferation. Therefore, the honeycomb-structured films by these biocompatible multifunctional amphiphiles may provide new materials as 3D-scaffold materials for potential application in tissue engineering and regeneration.