Cd Accumulation In Wheat Grain Research Articles

Effect of composted organic amendments and zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth and cadmium accumulation by wheat; a life cycle study.

Cadmium (Cd) availability in arable soils is a serious issue while little is known about the role of co-composted organic amendments and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) foliar spray on biomass and Cd accumulation in wheat grains. The current study investigated the soil application of organic amendment (composted biochar and farmyard manure) at a level of 0, 1, and 2% w/w and foliar spray of ZnO-NPs (0, 100, and 200mg/L) on biomass, yield, and Cd in wheat grains cultivated in an aged Cd-contaminated agricultural soil. The results indicated that organic amendment increased the biomass, chlorophyll concentrations, yield, and activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase of wheat while decreased the electrolyte leakage and Cd concentrations in different parts of wheat such as shoots, roots, husks, and grains. This effect of organic amendment was further enhanced by the foliar spray of ZnO-NPs in a dose-additive manner. Cadmium concentration in grains was below threshold level (0.2mg/kg DW) for cereals in combined application of 200mg/L ZnO-NPs and 1% organic amendment as well as in higher treatment (2%) of organic amendment and NPs. Thus, combined use of organic materials and NPs might be a suitable way of reducing Cd and probably other toxic trace element concentrations in wheat and other cereals.

Cadmium Uptake by Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): An Overview.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that may be detected in soils and plants. Wheat, as a food consumed by 60% of the world’s population, may uptake a high quantity of Cd through its roots and translocate Cd to the shoots and grains thus posing risks to human health. Therefore, we tried to explore the journey of Cd in wheat via a review of several papers. Cadmium may reach the root cells by some transporters (such as zinc-regulated transporter/iron-regulated transporter-like protein, low-affinity calcium transporters, and natural resistance-associated macrophages), and some cation channels or Cd chelates via yellow stripe 1-like proteins. In addition, some of the effective factors regarding Cd uptake into wheat, such as pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Fe and Mn oxide content, and soil texture (clay content), were investigated in this paper. Increasing Fe and Mn oxide content and clay minerals may decrease the Cd uptake by plants, whereas reducing pH and CEC may increase it. In addition, the feasibility of methods to diminish Cd accumulation in wheat was studied. Amongst agronomic approaches for decreasing the uptake of Cd by wheat, using organic amendments is most effective. Using biochar might reduce the Cd accumulation in wheat grains by up to 97.8%.

Effects of sulfate on cadmium uptake in wheat grown in paddy soil - pot experiment

Rice-wheat rotation is common in China. Cadmium (Cd) and sulfur (S) are added to rice fields through various activities. The sulfur amendment has been recommended to control the uptake of Cd in rice. However, the effect of S on Cd uptake in winter wheat cultivated in paddy soil is rarely reported. A greenhouse pot experiment including two Cd levels (0, 10 mg Cd/kg, as CdCl<sub>2</sub>) combined with three S rates (0, 30, 60 mg S/kg, as Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) was performed to investigate the effect of S application on uptake and allocation of Cd in wheat cultivated in paddy soil. Cadmium concentrations in wheat grain significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 37% at 30 mg S/kg, and the percentage of Cd allocation to grain significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 7% at 60 mg S/kg compared with non-S addition treatment when wheat was grown in Cd-added soil. For the low Cd soil, a similar trend was seen, but Cd increases were insignificant for grain while significant (P < 0.05) for root at 60 mg S/kg. In conclusion, S fertiliser may promote Cd accumulation in wheat grain and should be considered when it is used for wheat in paddy soils.

Inhibition of Cd accumulation in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in alkaline soil using mercapto-modified attapulgite

Cd contamination in agricultural soils threatens the safety of agricultural products and poses human health risk via food chain. However, the remediation of Cd polluted alkaline soils has not drawn the public concern, and the corresponding efficient amendments that can reduce Cd accumulation in crop grains are relatively few. In current study, mercapto-modified attapulgite (MA in abbreviation) was selected as the amendment to conduct winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation pot experiment to investigate the effect of MA on Cd accumulation in winter wheat and Cd bioavailability in alkaline soil. MA had no adverse impact on the normal growth of winter wheat but could inhibit Cd accumulation in wheat grain of both cultivars grown in alkaline soil with a maximum reduction of 75%, while pH-regulating amendment sepiolite had no reduction effect. In the term of soil chemistry, MA could decrease the zeta potential of soil particles and enhance the sorption amount of Cd on soil particles, resulted in the increase of Fe-Mn-oxides bounded Cd fraction in alkaline soil. The enhanced sorption effect combined with complexation effect of MA itself, made the exchangeable and bioavailable Cd concentrations in the soil decrease. In the term of plant uptake, MA could inhibit the uptake of Cd via roots from the soil, and hinder Cd transfer from roots to grains. MA had environmental friendliness and capability in the aspect of soil pH, effective cation exchange capacity and available micronutrients in the soil. The high performance of MA in inhabitation of Cd in winter wheat revealed that it was an efficient immobilization agent with great application potential for Cd-polluted alkaline soil.

Using cadmium bioavailability to simultaneously predict its accumulation in crop grains and the bioaccessibility in soils

Single extraction procedures (SEPs) have been extensively conducted to determine Cd bioavailability (Cd-Bav) in soils. However, whether SEPs can simultaneously predict Cd accumulation in crop grains and bioaccessibility (Cd-Bac) in soils remains unclear. To assess their suitability, the Cd-Bav in 20 contaminated soils (containing 0.27–56.59 mg/kg Cd) determined by four SEPs (including DTPA, EDTA, HOAc and HCl) was compared with Cd concentrations in crop grains (wheat and rice) and Cd-Bac in soils (based on SBET and PBET assays). The results indicated that both Cd-Bav (0–103.2%) and Cd-Bac (0–110.4%) in soils varied greatly with the methods used. The Cd-Bav obtained from chelators (DTPA and EDTA) was generally greater in low-Cd soils but lower in high-Cd soils as compared to those obtained from acid solutions (HOAc and HCl). Regression analysis revealed that bioavailable Cd concentrations in soils were linearly correlated with Cd concentrations in wheat grains (R2 = 0.88–0.91); however, no significant correlation was found for rice grains. The Cd-Bac in soils was significantly correlated with Cd-Bav obtained from HOAc (R2 = 0.55–0.59) or HCl (R2 = 0.60–0.68), but not with those obtained from chelators (DTPA and EDTA). Our data suggest that SEPs, particularly the HCl method, have great potential to simultaneously predict Cd accumulation in wheat grains and Cd-Bac in contaminated soils.

Timing of foliar Zn application plays a vital role in minimizing Cd accumulation in wheat.

Due to chemical and biochemical similarities between cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), application of Zn may minimize Cd uptake by plants and ameliorate its toxicity. However, there is poor understanding of the comparative effectiveness of the foliar Zn application at different growth stages on Cd toxicity and accumulation in wheat. The present study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of foliarly applied Zn at different stages of plant growth to minimize Cd accumulation in wheat grains. Wheat (cv AARI-2011) was grown at three levels of soil Cd (0, 2.5, and 5.0mgkg(-1)). Foliar application of Zn was carried out at either tillering, jointing, booting, heading, or grain filling stage using 0.05% w/v aqueous solution of ZnSO4 · 7H2O. Increasing soil Cd had a negative effect on growth and yield attributes, including tiller production, root length and dry weight, plant height, 100-grain weight and grain and straw yield. Zinc foliar spray increased grain yield by increasing tiller production; importantly, an application at booting was more effective than at other stages. Foliarly applied Zn decreased Cd concentration in the roots, straw, and grain. Similar to grain yield, the largest decrease (74%) in Cd concentration was associated with Zn foliar spray at booting. Grain yield was negatively related to grain Cd concentration which in turn showed a negative relationship with Zn concentration in leaves and grains. It is concluded that the booting stage is the suitable time for foliar application of Zn to (i) effectively minimize a Cd-induced loss in grain yield and (ii) decrease grain Cd concentration.

Effectiveness of zinc application to minimize cadmium toxicity and accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal and its presence in soil is of great concern due to the danger of its entry into the food chain. Among many others, proper plant nutrition is an economic and practicable strategy for minimizing the damage to plants from Cd and to decrease Cd accumulation in edible plant parts. The study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of soil and foliar applications of zinc (Zn) to minimize Cd accumulation in wheat grains. The results revealed that the exposure of plants to Cd decreased plant growth and increased Cd concentration in the shoots and grains of wheat, when compared with unexposed plants. Foliar application of 0.3 % zinc sulfate solution effectively decreased Cd concentration in wheat grains. Foliar application of Zn at a suitable concentration can effectively ameliorate the adverse effects of Cd exposure and decrease the grain Cd concentration of wheat grown in Cd-contaminated soil.

Suppressive effect of magnesium oxide materials on cadmium accumulation in winter wheat grain cultivated in a cadmium-contaminated paddy field under annual rice–wheat rotational cultivation

The effectiveness of two kinds of magnesium oxide (MgO) materials, commercial MgO (2250 kg ha −1) and a material derived from MgO and magnesium silicate minerals named ‘MgO-SH-A’ (2250 and 4500 kg ha −11), in suppression of uptake and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) into grain of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ayahikari) was examined in a Cd-contaminated alluvial paddy field under annual rice–wheat rotational system. The MgO materials were mixed into the plough-layer soil only once prior to the preceding rice cultivation. Cadmium concentration in wheat grain produced from the non-amendment control exceeded the maximum limit of Cd in wheat grain adopted by FAO/WHO (0.2 mg kg −1). All of the treatments with the MgO materials significantly lowered plant available Cd fraction in the plough-layer soil. However, only the treatment with the commercial MgO at 2250 kg ha −1 produced wheat grain whose Cd concentration was not only significantly lower than that from the control but also less than 0.2 mg kg −1. It is suggested that the significant suppressive effect of the commercial MgO on Cd accumulation in wheat grain would be mainly attributed to its high soil neutralizing capacity as compared to that of MgO-SH-A.

Cadmium Concentration in Grains of Japanese Wheat Cultivars : Genotypic Difference and Relationship with Agronomic Characteristics

The contamination of cadmium (Cd) into the food chain can be harmful because Cd causes chronic health problems. To evaluate the breeding potential reducing the Cd concentration in wheat grain, we compared Cd concentrations in 237 wheat genotypes including Japanese landraces, Japanese cultivars and introduced alien cultivars for breeding using grain samples collected from upland fields in 2004−5 and 2005−6 growing seasons. The Cd concentration in wheat grain significantly varied with the growing seasons and with the experimental fields. Cultivars bred in northern Japan, including the recent Japanese leading cultivar ‘Hokushin’, tended to have a low Cd concentration in grain compared with that bred in central and southern Japan. Simple correlation analysis between Cd concentration in grain and agronomic characteristics revealed that the Cd concentration in grain showed significant negative correlations with stem number, culm length and spikelet number per spike, and showed significant positive correlation with SPAD value (chlorophyll content) of flag leaf. Stepwise multipleregression analysis showed that the genotypic variation of Cd concentration in grain was associated with the culm length and spiklet number per spike. This study clarified the geographical pattern of genotypes with different Cd concentrations in grain in Japanese wheat cultivars. Cultivars originating from northern Japan may be useful genetic resources to develop cultivars with a low Cd concentration in grain to be grown in the areas where Cd accumulation in wheat grain is a problem.

A comparison of three soil tests for assessing Cd accumulation in wheat grain

Three extractants, namely ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), CaCl2, and Ca(NO3)2, were compared to assess the relationship between the amounts of cadmium (Cd) extracted from soil and the Cd concentration of wheat grain, with the view to using a soil test for predicting Cd concentrations in grain. The soils used came from 1 glasshouse experiment and 31 field sites sampled over 2 years, and they had received Cd only from historical applications of phosphatic fertilisers. The soils ranged from a heavy clay with a comparatively high carbon content to a sandy soil. The pH values ranged from 4.5 to 7.8. The relationship between Cd concentration in grain and CaCl2- and Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd was variable and for most cases r2 value was <0.6. The use of pH alone to predict Cd concentration in wheat grain was significant (P < 0.05) for all soils used in the glasshouse except the soil with the highest clay content (Inman Valley). In the field experiments, the relationships between Cd concentration in grain and soil pH were significant (P < 0.05) but the r2 values were low, ranging from 0.28 to 0.66. The inclusion of pH and extractable soil Cd (CaCl2- and Ca(NO3)2-extractable) to determine Cd concentration in grain only improved the relationship in one half of the cases in this study. This suggests that there may be little to be gained in prediction of Cd concentration in grain from the use of extractants compared with using soil pH. Soil pH is also an easier, cheaper, and quicker measurement than an extractable soil Cd measurement, particularly in soils with low Cd concentrations where the extraction procedure involves a concentration step. In all cases, grain Cd concentration and EDTA-extractable soil Cd were poorly correlated.

Cadmium availability to wheat in five soil series from the Yonne district, Burgundy, France

Preliminary results from the French ASPITET programme demonstrated that Cd background levels in agricultural soils can vary greatly (0.02–6.9 mg Cd kg −1) depending on parent material and pedogenic processes (Baize, 1997). However, the total Cd content in soil is often not significantly related to the Cd concentration in edible plant parts. A field case study was undertaken across the southern part of the Yonne district, Burgundy, France. This area has various soil series with either low or high geochemical Cd content in the topsoil. Cd availability in soils sampled at 16 sites belonging to five soil series was investigated using single extractions. In addition, shoots (at stem elongation) and grains (at harvest) of field-grown wheat were collected at the same sites and analysed for macronutrients and trace elements. Cd concentrations in grain varied from 0.015 to 0.146 mg Cd kg −1 DM depending on soil characteristics, soil series, and plant mineral composition. Cd grain concentrations did not reflect total Cd content in the surface soil layer; however, they were correlated with Cd extracted by a 0.1 M calcium nitrate unbuffered solution, and to a lesser extent with either soil pH or CEC. These three parameters may be useful guides to predict Cd in wheat grain harvested in the Yonne district. An inverse relationship was found between Cd and Cu contents in grain. The highest Cd concentrations in wheat grain occurred in plants grown on Aubues soils which had marginal Cu and Zn deficiencies in shoots. In order of Cd accumulation in wheat grain, soil series may be ranked as follows: Domérien < Carixien, Terres Noires < Sols Marron < Aubues.