Number Of Caves Research Articles

Consumer Profiles and Drink Menus Made from Medicinal Plants at the Jamu Cafe in Depok Sleman District, Yogyakarta

The use of medicinal plants as ingredients in making drinks in cafes is increasing along with the number of cafes. Herbal café makes a unique menu using medicinal plants in drink recipes to produce a distinctive taste, color, and aroma. This research aims to identify visitor profiles and drink menus made from medicinal plants and explore the understanding of visitors and cafe owners regarding the benefits of medicinal plants added to drinks. The research data collection technique uses a questionnaire equipped with an interview sheet. The questionnaires and interview sheets used have been tested for language comprehension and validity. The research was conducted at 272 cafes in Depok District, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The sample was determined using purposive sampling, data was collected after obtaining ethical clearance approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee Team. Data was obtained through filling out surveys by visitors and cafe owners, complemented by interviews with cafe owners. Data was collected three times: August, September, and October 2023. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and qualitatively. Most herbal cafe visitors (70%) are aged between 21–30 years with the majority of professions (44%) being students. The source of information about herbal cafe menus was mostly obtained (56%) from friends or family, and the frequency of visits to cafes was mostly (82%) between 1–5 times per month. More than 98% of visitors stated the benefits of medicinal plants in the drink menu, namely as a refresher or body warmer. There are 14 types of medicinal plants used as ingredients in the herbal cafe's drink menu, with a total monthly requirement for all medicinal plants of 545.1 kilograms; ginger ranks among the highest requirements. Recipe information for the menu was obtained from the family, the Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia website, and the herbal cafe owner made the recipe independently.

What`s crawling in the dark? An annotated list of gastropods in Greek caves

Greece is covered by a high percentage of carbonate rocks, resulting in a significant number of over 10,000 caves within its territory. Their fauna is not well known. Concerning gastropods, 68 terrestrial species have been reported from 70 caves. In this study, we contribute to the knowledge of the snails inhabiting Greek caves. We analyzed the literature and studied all the material deposited in the Natural History Museum of Crete, to create a first comprehensive list of gastropods of Greek caves. The number of caves from which gastropod species were reported increased to 182, while the number of known terrestrial species increased to 113. Fourteen of these species live only in caves, twelve of which are endemic of Greece. However, the fauna of Greek caves is still understudied. With the increasing exploration of Greek caves, the number of the known cave-dwelling gastropod species will increase and new species will be discovered.

Koya District in the Stone Ages

The Stone Ages are considered the longest age’s humans have lived on earth. These periods were named after the technical aspect of using stone mainly along with wood and bone to make tools used in one's daily life in those periods. The division of these periods came on the basis of the shape and method of making the stone machines and the types of stones used to make them.
 The Koya district, as a part of the Iraqi-Kurdistan region, includes many archaeological sites dating back to these periods which are represented by a number of caves, shelters, valleys, and river banks, which times date back to different stages of these periods. According to the archaeological surveys that have been carried out in the areas of the Koya district and the visits to different areas of the district and the research that we have carried out, it has become clear to us that the Stone Age of the region, like the rest of the Kurdistan region, is divided into several roles, such as Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic.

공공북카페의 공간특성과 이용행태 분석

The number of cafes as one of the typical ‘the Third place’ has been dramatically increased. Multi-purpose cafes include functions of the workplace, library, showroom, shop, and gallery. Some typical activities in cafes are working or conversation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the physical characteristics of book cafes and user’s behavioral patterns adjacent to public municipal office areas. For this study, an unobtrusive direct observation method was employed in two cases. Data analysis was conducted to identify physical characteristics (circulation, spatial layout, furniture arrangement) and interior design features (image, shape, material finishes, color, lighting, and natural elements) and behavioral types (conversation, rest, reading, work, and waiting). The target area, which was an idle space in front of the district office’s civil service office, was created as a public book cafe and turned into rest and cultural space freely available to residents and district office employees, and various activities were observed. When a cafe area is combined with a book library, visitors are scattered and use evenly throughout the whole area, while the cafe zone is separated from the library areas, more visitors prefer to staying cafe zone. Duration time may be related to furniture arrangement rather than spatial openness or separation. Social activities such as conversation more frequently took place in open and secured with privacy. Individual visitors for work usually occupied separated and more enclosed areas.

밀레니얼 세대의 라이프스타일이 서울시 주거용 오피스텔 임대료에 미치는 영향

Following the recent revisions in the Building Act, the real estate market has started offering studio apartments for residential use. Millennials have become the main demand for such studio apartments, and the real estate markets are now focusing on their lifestyles. Notably, not many studies have been conducted for analyzing the rent of residential studio apartments by taking millennials into consideration. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the lifestyle of millennials on the rent of residential studio apartments. Residential amenities offered considering lifestyle of millennials include parks, cafes, gyms, and convenience stores. A headonic price analysis was conducted to verify the effect. The empirical estimates revealed that the number of cafes and sports facilities near studio apartments had a positive effect, whereas distance from parks had a negative effect on rent. The results also showed that amenities offered to millennials influenced rents of residential studio apartments. Therefore, millennials need to be considered in terms of analyzing rents of studio apartments and establishing housing policies.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Rekomendasi Restoran Menggunakan Metode K-Nearest Neighbors dan Content-Based Filtering

The culinary business is a promising business today because food and beverages are basic needs. This can be seen from the number of cafes, restaurants or restaurants in Batam City. Along with the rapid growth of the culinary business, the variety of food is becoming increasingly diverse, thus making it increasingly difficult for consumers to choose and determine the right food, both based on taste and ease of access. Therefore, it is necessary to need a system that can provide the user with the best and most suitable food or restaurant recommendations. This study designs and builds a recommendation system using K-Nearest Neighbors which functions to recommend restaurants with the closest distance, while Content-Based Filtering functions to recommend foods according to user preferences. The system is built in the form of a mobile-based application so that users can access and get more relevant recommendations

Sosialisasi Implementasi Karakteristik Kewirausahaan untuk Keberhasilan Usaha Coffee Rest

The increase in the number of cafes in Indonesia is due to the changing lifestyle of today's young people. The cafes that have sprung up have different concepts, such as the Coffee Rest in Padang city. Business actors must have the ability to compete with other cafe owners, especially in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. Entrepreneurial characteristics are believed to support the business owned so that it can achieve success. The method used is socialization after conducting interviews and observations. The group made eight visits to the Coffee Rest for three months. With this outreach activity, the owner began to implement the suggestions from the group so that the number of visitors and customers increased compared to the previous few months.

The impacts of urban vitality and urban density on innovation: Evidence from China's Greater Bay Area

Urban vitality and urban density have recently been the subject of intense debates in China, but their broader economic impacts have been neglected. Urban vitality can foster innovation by increasing interaction potential and efficiency, which can be amplified by the catalyst function of a favorable dense urban environment. This paper examines the impacts of urban vitality and density on innovation using a panel dataset for nine cities in the Greater Bay Area, which is one of the most prominent mega-city regions in China. The number of cafes is used to measure urban vitality and creation patent and utility model patent application to measure incremental and radical innovation, respectively. The current study has unveiled that urban vitality is positively associated with incremental and radical innovation. Results have indicated that one unit increase in the number of cafes is associated with a 3.92 and 7.29 unit increase in creation patent and utility model patent application, respectively. Moreover, urban vitality bolsters incremental innovation when urban density is high, while radical innovation benefits from urban vitality when urban density is low. These findings are robust to a set of sensitivity checks, including the use of various specifications and alternative datasets. We conclude with policy implications for innovation development from the perspective of urban vitality and urban density.

Study on the vertical bearing performance of pile across cave and sensitivity of three parameters

A new method was used to study the performance of pile across cave. This paper investigated the vertical bearing characteristics of piles cross caves using centrifugal model tests and a theoretical model of sensitivity. Twelve pile scenarios were selected, the first was a conventional pile, 24 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter, with no karst cave as a control. In the other eleven scenarios the piles passed through karst caves of four different heights, of four different spans, and three different numbers of caves. The results reveal that increasing the height, span, and number of caves all are negative for vertical ultimate bearing capacity of piles. The axial force and unit shaft resistance of piles are great different. According to the ratios of the tip and shaft resistance, caves change the type of piles. The sensitivity of vertical ultimate bearing capacity to these factors from high to low is height, number, and span of caves. Importantly, the bearing characteristics of piles decrease faster once the height of the prototype karst cave is higher than 9 m, but decreases slowly when the cave’s span is greater than 9 m × 9 m.

Mobility of bats between caves: ecological aspects and implications for conservation and environmental licensing activities in Brazil

ABSTRACT Bats are highly mobile animals, moving rapidly over long distances. Detecting such movements is challenging, especially in cave areas, a commonly-used roost by bats. Brazil has a large number of caves and bat species, but details on bat mobility among caves is still poorly documented there. Such monitoring provides insights on the structuring and conservation of cave-dwelling communities, with possible legal implications for the environmental licensing in Brazil. Based on marking (2,490 bats captured; 2,142 marked) and recapture (35 events; 14 extra-site), here we present data on the mobility of mormoopid bats between two bat caves 15 km apart in northeastern Brazil. Sexual segregation between caves may explain mobility: one cave is likely a maternity roost; the other is a satellite cave used for copulae. Nomadic behavior due to seasonal distribution of resources in the semi-arid Northeastern Brazil cannot be ruled out. Based on the distance between the two caves, bats could potentially forage over an area of ~170,000 hectares, in a wider use of the landscape. Our data have implications for the conservation of bat species and their roosts, and contribute to a more evidence-based discussion of key concepts governing the environmental licensing of mining activities in Brazil.

An Exceptionally High Bat Species Richness in a Cave Conservation Hotspot in Central Brazil

Caves are among the most used and important roosts for hundreds of bat species worldwide. However, caves remain some of the least known and most threatened environments globally. Documenting the richness of bat species in caves is important not only to draw attention to the uniqueness and relevance of these roosts, but it also contributes to the identification of priority sites for the conservation of bats and the cave fauna dependent upon them. Here, we assessed and described an exceptionally high bat richness in a group of caves in southeastern Tocantins, central Brazil. Inventories carried out in 19 caves resulted in seven families and 31 bat species, of which three were new regional records. Twelve caves were used by threatened and endangered bat species, eight had high diversity indices, and seven caves had high species richness, including one cave that may hold a world record with 26 bat species found inside. The variation in beta diversity is mainly due to species turnover, which indicates that protecting the largest possible number of caves would be ideal for the most efficient conservation of local bat assemblages. The sampled region stands out for its high potential for the conservation of endangered species, and we strongly recommend the full protection of 15 caves classified as a priority for conservation.

Flank margin caves can connect to regionally extensive touching vug networks before burial: Implications for cave formation and fluid flow

AbstractFlank margin caves are extreme endmembers of vuggy porosity that form as diagenesis drives the progressive coalescence of smaller solutional pore spaces. Due to their morphological isolation during formation, the prevailing hypothesis has been that fluid flow in and out of flank margin caves occurs via the matrix permeability and that adjacent chambers only become hydraulically connected through nonmatrix porosity during burial, collapse, and fracturing. To our knowledge, however, no studies have evaluated how flank margin caves are connected to regional flow systems in modern carbonate platforms. In this study, we evaluate the connectivity of wells, boreholes, blue holes, and flank margin caves in increasingly older bedrock on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, using tidal attenuation analysis. Phreatic karst features are not reported in Holocene bedrock, and permeability magnitudes from wells suggest Holocene deposits connect to the ocean along matrix‐dominated flow paths. Permeability magnitudes in bedrock surrounding wells, boreholes, and karst features deposited during Marine Isotope Substage (MIS) 5e suggest connection to the ocean through matrix and touching vug porosity. Boreholes, blue holes, and flank margin caves in pre‐MIS5 bedrock connect to the ocean via touching vugs. We suggest that increasing bedrock permeability, cave number, and cave size observed within progressively older bedrock on San Salvador is a function of the cumulative number of freshwater lenses emplaced over successive sea‐level stillstands. We suggest that the morphologies of the two largest caves are consistent with dissolution in multiple lenses occupying lower elevations, collapse resulting in breakout domes, and overprinting of collapse chambers during subsequent highstands. As a result, some caves may not reflect connectivity of the bedrock surrounding the main chambers but may reflect connectivity of more diagenetically mature bedrock at lower elevations where their antecedent chambers formed.

Heat, Hills and the High Season: A Model-Based Comparative Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Factors Affecting Shared Bicycle Use in Three Southern European Islands

Bicycle sharing systems (BSSs) have been implemented in cities worldwide in an attempt to promote cycling. Despite exhibiting characteristics considered to be barriers to cycling, such as hot summers, hilliness and car-oriented infrastructure, Southern European island cities and tourist destinations Limassol (Cyprus), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) and the Valletta conurbation (Malta) are all experiencing the implementation of BSSs and policies to promote cycling. In this study, a year of trip data and secondary datasets are used to analyze dock-based BSS usage in the three case-study cities. How land use, socio-economic, network and temporal factors influence BSS use at station locations, both as an origin and as a destination, was examined using bivariate correlation analysis and through the development of linear mixed models for each case study. Bivariate correlations showed significant positive associations with the number of cafes and restaurants, vicinity to the beach or promenade and the percentage of foreign population at the BSS station locations in all cities. A positive relation with cycling infrastructure was evident in Limassol and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, but not in Malta, as no cycling infrastructure is present in the island’s conurbation, where the BSS is primarily operational. Elevation had a negative association with BSS use in all three cities. In Limassol and Malta, where seasonality in weather patterns is strongest, a negative effect of rainfall and a positive effect of higher temperature were observed. Although there was a positive association between BSS use and the number of visiting tourists in Limassol and Malta, this is predominantly explained through the multi-collinearity with weather factors rather than by intensive use of the BSS by tourists. The linear mixed models showed more fine-grained results and explained differences in BSS use at stations, including differences for station use as an origin and as a destination. The insights from the correlation analysis and linear mixed models can be used to inform policies promoting cycling and BSS use and support sustainable mobility policies in the case-study cities and cities with similar characteristics.

Can a different pasta making process preserve the starch’s ultrastructure, increasing its digestibility?

BACKGROUND: Pasta plays an important role in human nutrition, nevertheless its organoleptic, structural and bromatologic properties have not been completely studied. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to compare the ultrastructure pasta cross-sections produced with reduced mechanic stress and low heat exposure technique (Pietro Massi Technology ™) to common samples obtained with traditional technology in order to assess if a different process can alter the ultrastructure of starch and then, its digestibility. METHODS: A comparative study was performed on the ultrastructure of pasta using scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M). 55 were pasta cross-sections made with Pietro Massi technology, 33 were samples from different pasta factory produced using traditional process, for a total of 88 samples analysed. RESULTS: According to an Index based on what it was observed at one slide at S.E.M we classified samples and compared the number of grains, caves and canals visible, their dimensions in μm and average size of grains. The number of grains in group 1 (9.06±5.01) in group 2 (5.71±5.77), in group 3 (5.93±7.65) resulted significative more elevated compared to group 4 (0.73±2.58); in group 1 and group 2 the number of caves observed was higher than group 4. The size in μm of canals resulted significantly more elevated in group 1 than group 3 (p = 0.008), group 2(p = 0.013), and group 4 (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The analysis of average size of caves and canals in μm, the number of caves and grains demonstrated in samples obtained with Massi technology elevated values compared to samples obtained with traditional technique. The number of caves, grains and canals visible in the starch surface demonstrate the high quality of this pasta because they likely ensure penetration of water during cooking, facilitating at the same time the penetration of pancreatic amylases during digestion, suggesting a better digestibility in pasta produced according to this methodology.

MULTI-ANNUAL AND SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF THE TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION OF CYANOBACTERIA AND ALGAE IN SOME CAVES OF RUSSIA

The multi-annual and seasonal dynamics of the taxonomic composition of cyanobacteria and algae in a number of caves in Russia differing in origin, lying rocks, morphology, level of anthropogenic influence (Shulgan-Tash, Kinderlinskaya, Pervaya Chekan-Tamakskaya, Dudkinskaya shtolnya) are analyzed. It was revealed that in different years and seasons there is a significant change in the taxonomic composition of cyanobacteria and algae. The reason for this may be influational water or anthropogenic influence. At the same time, groups of similar species are observed that occur constantly.

Assessing spatial and social dimensions of shared bicycle use in a Southern European island context: The case of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Abstract The 21st century has seen a cycling renaissance across Europe with many cities moving away from the car-centric infrastructure, urban design and planning policies prevalent since the 1950s. Southern European island cities, which exhibit certain characteristics considered as barriers to cycling, such as hot summers and high humidity, hilliness, and car-oriented culture and infrastructure however, have been lagging behind in this resurgence of cycling. Despite this, bicycle sharing systems (BSS) and policies promoting cycling have emerged in this region. These have the potential to provide alternatives for those marginalized by car-based mobility and to reduce traffic related diseases and injuries, noise and air pollution, which can contribute to an improved quality of life for all citizens. Using the coastal city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) as a case study, the utilization of bike-sharing is investigated through a questionnaire to users of the shared bicycles, as well as through spatial analysis of the BSS trip data. The analysis of the survey, through descriptive and inferential statistics, allows for an understanding of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the users, and the inter- and intra-personal factors influencing the choice to use a shared bicycle as a mode of transport. Results show that distance to nearest station, money-saving and environmental concerns, satisfaction with the operating system, and provision of safe cycling infrastructure significantly influence BSS use. A regression model is constructed to assess the influence of spatial factors such as land use, socio-economic characteristics and network variables on the use of the BSS. From the regression model it appears that the presence of cycling infrastructure, proximity to a bus station and the density of tourism accommodation, and by proxy, the number of cafes and restaurants, near bicycle sharing stations positively influences frequency of use. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of the BSS in the promotion of cycling and the transition to sustainable and inclusive mobility policies, which are still contested in the car-centric transport system currently dominating the city.

The youngest Tapir from a Quaternary deposit of the Americas

ABSTRACT The Cuvieri Cave is a palaeontological site located in the Lagoa Santa Karst, known for its large number of caves containing bones preserved from recent and extinct vertebrate animals. These caves served as natural traps for numerous groups of animals and, due to their relatively stable environmental conditions, much osteological material was preserved. Tapirids have had their remains recognised since the Pleistocene, but very young individuals are extremely rare and little known. The present study describes the occurrence of the youngest specimen of Tapirus found in Quaternary deposits. The specimen consists of teeth, vertebrae and appendicular bones (femurs, humerus, tibia, radius, ulna, and scapula). No evidence of wear, predatory attack or weathering was observed on the bones. Due to the size and morphology of the bones and the non- wearing of the teeth, it is possible to infer that the individual was very young and might have been accidentally separated from the mother before falling in the natural trap.

The cave of Atxurra: A new major Magdalenian rock art sanctuary in Northern Spain

The discovery of Palaeolithic parietal art in the cave of Atxurra took place within an archaeological surveying project that has been carried out over the last decade in the eastern Cantabrian region. As a consequence of this project, the number of caves with parietal art known in this region has tripled. The case of Atxurra Cave is a remarkable contribution because of the number of parietal representations and the presence of a related external and internal archaeological context. Through this contribution, we present the main data derived from the cave study project that is currently underway, as well as its implications for the reformulation of symbolic interaction during the late Upper Palaeolithic.

Vulnerable Geosites of Çayırbağı-Çalköy (Düzköy-Trabzon) in the Eastern Black Sea Region of NE Turkey and Their Geotourism Potential

Geotourism is a relatively new branch of tourism dealing with geosites, which are special places that exhibit aspects that characterize the complex history of the Earth. This contribution aims to report an inventory of features of geological interest occurring in the Cayirbagi-Calkoy area in the Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey. Among these is Cal Cave, a site that attracts local and foreign visitors and can potentially contribute to the development of tourism in the study region. Further, there is a well-developed karstic system in the area. A number of caves and dolines in Cal-Camili Natural Park are a part of this system. There are also volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks outcrops in the region. Numerous forms such as dikes, pillow lava, and exfoliation structures show the formation dynamics of rocks and characterize the region. The Şahinkaya Member is among the unique places in the Eastern Pontides region, where the K–Pg boundary can be observed. Along with “pure” geological features, the region also offers visitors many other historical, cultural, and natural resources. Cal-Camili Natural Park was raised to the status of natural park for its biological (plant and wildlife) diversity and the integrity of its landscape. Rising from green forests, the white rocky structure of the Şahinkaya Member stands out against the surrounding dark landscape. The combination of valuable elements of different natures (i.e. geologic, naturalistic, historical) could allow sustainable local development.

Distributional Patterns and Ecological Determinants of Bat Occurrence Inside Caves: A Broad Scale Meta-Analysis

Caves are important bat roosts worldwide that are used as shelters, maternity roosts, and to help in thermoregulation. Bat abundances, species richness, and association patterns inside caves can be affected by large-scale environmental variation. However, few studies have analyzed the effect of latitudinal and altitudinal variations on these patterns. Here, we conducted a large literature review about cave occupation by bats in Brazil. We investigated the effects of elevation and latitude on bat richness and abundance, the effect of Brazilian biomes on bats’ abundance and richness, the dependence between feeding guilds and biomes, and the effects of the number of studies conducted and the number of caves per region on bat species richness. A total of 72 studies with 9666 bats from 72 species were registered in 247 caves. We found that species richness increases toward the equator and reaches its limit at low and intermediate altitudes. Reported richness was influenced by the number of studies conducted in each region. Both latitude and elevation explained the variation in abundance and were significantly affected by biome type. The latitudinal and elevational gradient for species’ richness and abundance may be explained by the creation of stable thermal conditions in roosts at high elevations and low latitudes.