Caustic Alkali Research Articles

Corrosion mechanism and damage characteristic of steel fiber concrete under the effect of stray current and salt solution

Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has been widely used in construction and transportation due to its superior mechanical properties. From the perspective of structure, SFRC is a potential solution to the problem of stray current induced corrosion in electrical railway systems. However, the corrosion mechanism of SFRC under the coupling effect of stray current and salt solution is not clear, and the change of mechanical properties in the process still lacks a quantitative description, so it is difficult to predict the structural life. In this paper, different corrosive media were selected for the stray current induced corrosion test of SFRC, in which the chloride concentration was adjusted to study its influence on the corrosion rate. Ultrasonic and electric current were combined to monitor the corrosion process. The colorimetric and titration method were used to measure the chloride depth and concentration in the specimen after corrosion, mercury intrusion porosimetry was employed to determine the pore structure. It is found that chloride is the most destructive to SFRC and dominates the corrosion process, while sulfate and caustic alkali contribute secondary effect. Chloride destroyed the passive film on the surface of the steel fiber and corroded it to form a local rust expansion area, causing concrete damage and reducing mechanical properties. In addition, if the damage degree reaches 0.3 ∼ 0.4, the structure will be destroyed. When the environmental chloride concentration reaches the threshold 0.6 mol/L, the higher the concentration, the faster the SFRC corrosion. The quantitative relationship between the main influencing factors (concentration of chloride, corrosion time and chloride penetration depth) and damage degree is proposed based on the experimental data. The research may provide reference for the application of SFRC in electric railway projects.

EVALUATION OF ALLANBLACKIA FLORIBUNDA SEED OIL FOR POTENTIAL USE IN SOAP MAKING.

Allanblackia floribunda seed oil was extracted and used for soap production, as an alternative to palm oil and other frequently used vegetable oils in industries. The physico-chemical properties of the oil in terms of density, melting point, saponification value and iodine value were measured using American oil chemists’ society (AOCS) standard methods. Medicated Allanblackia floribunda soap was produced by reaction of the oil produced with caustic soda, water, pine oil, chloroxylenol, colour, fillers of different percentages. The physiochemical parameter measured show that the oil has iodine value of 39, melting point of 37 0C, density of 0.914 g/ml, peroxide value of 0.86 mEq/kg, saponification value of 198 mgKOH/g, moisture content of 0.16 % and percentage free fatty acid of 1.15%. The values of the physico-chemical properties of Allanblackia soap made were: soap weight = 81.8 g, soap texture - soft, foam height = 59.6 ml, percentage moisture content = 8.56 %, percentage free caustic alkali = 0.01 %, percentage alcohol insoluble matter = 4.0 %, percentage water insoluble matter = 1.6 % and percentage total fatty matter = 72.0 %. There were little deviations in the values of the parameters of the soap produced with the Allanblackia floribunda seed oil from that of the commercial medicated soaps (tetmosol and dettol) analysed. The results from the study show that the soap produced from Allanblackia floribunda seed oil is good and can serve as an alternative to palm oil.

Treatment of stomach and duodenal ulcers. Grlässner (Wiener kl Woch .. 1921, no. 47)

Grlssner (Wiener kl Woch .. 1921, No. 47) warmly recommends for this purpose a 0.2-0.4% solution of caustic soda with aq. menthae piperitae, 50 timing. every 2 hours, with the entire treatment lasting from 2 to 3 months. Caustic alkali has a threefold effect on the stomach wall: 1) neutralizing, 2) destroying enzymes and 3) cauterizing. It is tolerated by patients very well and usually gives a quick effect in the sense of the disappearance of pain and other subjective disorders.

Quality assessment of soaps produced from bleached palm oil and Moringa oleifera seed oil

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction using sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is used for cleaning, bathing, and washing. Soaps were produced from bleached palm oil (BPO) and Moringa oleifera seed oil using the cold process method with slight modification. The physicochemical properties (acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value and moisture content) of the oil were determined and it showed that the values are within the standard specifications. The quality of the soaps were also assessed by determining the physicochemical properties such as; free caustic alkali, matter insoluble in alcohol (MIA), pH, total fatty matter (TFM), cleaning properties, washing properties and foam stability. All the results obtained showed that the soaps analyzed are good soaps safe for the skin.

Comparative chemical analysis of Indigenous Nigerian soaps with conventional ones

This study compared the chemical properties of the indigenous Nigerian soaps with the conventional soaps in order to determine whether or not they met acceptable standards. The locally made soaps were obtained from markets in Ile-Ife, Osun State and Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. The soap samples were acid digested and trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Hg) in the digested samples were profiled using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Documented techniques were adopted to analyze the soaps for pH, moisture content, free fatty acid, chloride content, free caustic alkali, matters insoluble in water and ethanol. The margin of safety (MoS) and hazard index (HI) associated with the use of the soaps were also evaluated. The locally made soaps had higher physicochemical properties than the conventional soaps. Mercury (Hg) had the highest concentration in the locally made soaps ranging from 106.50 ± 0.23–273.58 ± 0.49 μg/g and 46.35 ± 0.22–55.12 ± 0.65 μg/g in the conventional soaps, while Cd had the least concentration in the locally made soaps ranging from 2.95 ± 0.45–6.05 ± 0.60 μg/g and 2.88 ± 0.11–5.20 ± 0.60 μg/g in the conventional soaps. Although highly mercuric soaps are known to kill bacteria and fungi, the observed MoS (<100) and HI (>1) indicated that the soaps might be safe if only restricted to occasional use by adults and children. A careful preliminary investigation and selection of the raw materials used in the production of indigenous soaps should be considered a necessary step.

Quality evaluation of soaps produced from neem seed oil and shea-butter oil

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction using sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is used for cleaning, bathing, and washing. Soaps were produced from neem seed oil and sheabutter oil using the cold process method with slight modification. The physicochemical properties (acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value and moisture content) of the oil were determined and it showed that the values are within the standard specifications. The quality of the soaps were also assessed by determining the physicochemical properties such as; free caustic alkali, matter insoluble in alcohol (MIA), pH, total fatty matter (TFM), cleaning properties, washing properties and foam stability. All the results obtained showed that the soaps analyzed are good soaps safe for the skin.

A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY OF ‘CHEDANA KARMA &amp; KSHARSUTRA (SETON) KARMA’ (GUGGULU BASED) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SHALYAJ NADI VRANA(SINUS) W.S.R. TO PILONIDAL SINUS (ASSOCIATED WITH ROPAN LEPA)

A Pilonidal Sinus is a common disease of the natal cleft. Pilonidal Sinus is a track which contains hairs. The incidence of the disease is calculated to be 26 per 100,000 people. Pilonidal disease has a male pre-dominance with a ratio of 3:1. There are several methods to treat pilonidal sinus, but the recurrence rate is more in modern surgical interventions. According to Ayurveda it can be correlated to Salyajanya Nadi Vrana (pilonidal sinus), a type of Nadi Vrana (sinus). Whose etiopathology is described in Nidanasthana and treatment aspect in Chikitsasthana of Susrutha Samhita. Susrutha mentioned the ap-plication of Kshara (caustic alkali) and Ksharsutra (Seton) (Seton) in the management of Nadi Vrana (si-nus). Studies show that by Ayurvedic treatment, it helps to reduce recurrence rate, even though Nadi Vrana (sinus) is said to be Kricchrasadhya (difficult to cure). Hence successful management of this disease de-pends on the knowledge of pathogenesis, patient’s presentation and knowledge on treatment aspects. In this Clinical study, effect of Chedana karma &amp; Ksharsutra (Seton) karma’ (Guggulu based) in the management of Salyajanya Nadi Vrana (pilonidal sinus) w.s.r. To pilonidal sinus (associated with ropan lepa) is seen and conclusion in drawn.

Cotton waste research follows the effect of pre-treatment and the observation of physical appearance

This paper aims to evaluate the waste cotton quality and its commercialization. The recycled cotton demand seems to be increased day by day: although the lower quality of the resulting items is the biggest barrier to cotton recycling. A thorough analysis of recycled cotton processes is therefore necessary from separation/shredding to completion. To that end, textile wastes made of pre-consumer cotton were systematically collected from the spinning mill. After pretreatment of cotton waste cellulose by caustic soda, alkali, and detergent in 100°C temperature for 30 minutes have produced white clean cotton. Following the next process by sodium hydroxide and isopropyl alcohol must produce Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). CMC has big use in Textile printing, finishing, and warp sizing even in Ice-cream and food baking industry. Recent success stories will be addressed with the steady cotton processing to altering the properties of cell wall cotton and cotton fiber. The prospects of conducting experiments of waste cotton and checking the properties of treated cotton have a great value in the production of commercial products and the results relived that the value addition of waste cotton is a very easy method.

Obtaining of Maghemite Containing Red Mud for Effective As(V) Adsorption

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This paper describes the studies of the use of red muds as adsorbents for cleaning solutions from As(V). The red mud is a waste that contains a large amount of iron oxides and hydroxides, which are excellent adsorbents of arsenic, especially those possessing magnetic properties and large specific surface area. The purpose of the experiment was to study the possibility of obtaining an effective adsorbent by direct extraction of alumina from bauxite using the caustic alkali fusion method and optimization of the process. The main iron-containing phase of the red muds obtained by fusing bauxite with caustic alkali was maghemite, which has a large specific surface area. Arsenic adsorption experiments were carried out using red muds obtained through bauxite alkali fusing at different temperatures and time of fusion, as well as the mass ratio of caustic alkali to bauxite. The red muds obtained by fusing bauxite with caustic alkali at 400∘ C and NaOH to bauxite mass ration 1.5 within 70 minutes have the highest effectiveness removing arsenic. Their As(V) uptake capacity was over than 37 mg/g.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: red mud, maghemite, nanoparticles, As(V) adsorption, optimization&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

FORMULATION OF LIQUID HAND SOAP MADE FROM NEEM SEED OIL AND LEMONGRASS ESSENTIAL OIL

The COVID-19 outbreak has overly emphasised the importance of handwashing with soap to reduce the spread of the virus. This study was conducted to formulate a liquid hand soap with neem oil and lemongrass essential oil as an natural antibacterial component. Three different concentrations of neem oil 5%; 10% and 15% and three different concentration of lemongrass essential oil (0.2%; 0.4%;0.6%) were formulated as liquid soap using coconut oil, castor oil and neem oil as its soap bases. The natural liquid soap was made by saponification reaction between oils and potassium hydroxide. The soap was evaluated for its pH value, density, foam stability, insoluble in alcohol content, free fatty acid and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the colour of the liquid soap was transparent with yellowish colored and had distinctive smell of neem oil. The pH values of the different formulated liquid hand soaps are within the accepted pH range of 4 - 10. The specific gravity was 1,083 – 1,088 g/ml. The foam stability range was 25.35% - 78.38%, respectively. The insoluble in alcohol content range were 0.14 – 0.4. The free caustic alkali range was 0.12 – 0.47. The liquid hand soap can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone diameter of liquid hand soap was 1.98- 2.61 cm. It was therefore proven that neem oil and lemongrass essensial oil is effective as an antibacterial component in the formulation of liquid hand soap.

Quality Analysis of Selected Toilet Soaps in Saudi Arabia Markets

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction. The physicochemical properties of soaps determine their quality and hence determine their efficiency. Four toilet soaps from local markets in Saudi Arabia were analyzed for moisture, pH, free caustic alkali or free fatty acid, total fatty matter and insoluble matter in alcohol. The percentage of the moisture ranged between (3.0534±0.1782 -5.1235±0.4891 %), total fatty matter (79.6907± 0.0534 - 94.8253 ± 0.0622), insoluble matter in alcohol (0.7939± 0.0134 - 1.0368± 0.0234% (and there is no excess free caustic alkali. However, the pH values between (8.715±0.0219 - 9.745±0.0212). This study showed that the percent of moisture, free caustic alkali, insoluble matter, total fatty matter and pH values for different samples found to be in limited range. Finally, the percentage of free fatty acid are (1.0433±0.0813 -1.4107±0.1731%). The soaps analyzed proved to be of high quality and meet the standard values.

Formation behavior of tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate in synthetic sodium aluminate solution with high alkali concentration and caustic ratio

The formation kinetics and mechanism of tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate (TCA) in synthetic sodium aluminate solution with high alkali concentration (caustic Na2O from 235 to 295 g·L−1) and caustic ratio (from 3 to 7) were studied by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS and PSD methods. Over high caustic alkali concentration, caustic ratio, lime addition and reaction temperature inhibit the formation of TCA in high-alkali aluminate solution. The optimum synthesis conditions of TCA were established, and the corresponding formation efficiency of TCA and the caustic ratio of solution after reaction are 77% and 21 respectively. The formation process of TCA is controlled by the internal diffusion, and the apparent activation energy is 6.03 kJ·mol−1. The formation kinetic equation of TCA is: 1 − 2α/3 − (1 − α)2/3 = 1.11 × 10−3 × e−6030/RT×t. The synthesis product at equilibrium is mainly comprised of TCA as well as minor Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3, and the morphology of TCA is agglomerates of cube particles, which is quite different from those in low and medium alkali solution.

English

Palm oil is commonly used to prepare laundry soap by treating it with alkaline solutions. However, using it for this purpose is becoming expensive as palm oil is imported from few major exerting countries. Moreover, it is used for biodiesel production. Therefore, looking for alternative raw material that substitutes palm oil for soap production is imperative. Used cooking oils (UCOs) are good candidates in this regard. In the present study, laundry soaps were prepared using UCOs and sodium hydroxide solution. The cleaning actions and physicochemical properties were evaluated and compared with that commercial soaps purchased from local market. The pH, moisture content, free caustic alkali, % chloride and total alkali content values of the prepared soap materials were found to be in range of 9.31 to 10.56, 6.67 to 14.47%, 0.19 to 0.22%, 0.12 to 0.21%, 0.78 to 1.09%, 75.42 to 88.53%, 70.35 to 84.68%, 0.98 to 1.52%, and 0.28 to 0.67%, respectively. The results obtained in this study were comparable with the physicochemical properties of the commercial soap products used in the study. Moreover, the observed data were comparable with similar data reported in literature and East African Standards (EAS) suggesting that UCOs can be used as raw materials to prepare good quality laundry soap by replacing imported palm oil. Key words: Laundry soap, used cooking oil, saponification, physicochemical properties, saponification.

Comparative Evaluation of Some Physicochemical Properties on Selected Commercially Available Soaps on the Zambian Market

The Zambian market has witnessed an impressive upsurge in the production and consumption of a variety of soaps in recent years. However, there is scant, if any, knowledge of the quality and safety of these soaps. In this undertaking, the quality of some selected soaps was evaluated. The soap samples were randomly obtained from various supermarkets. The qualities of soaps were assessed based on the following physicochemical parameters: free caustic alkali (FCA), moisture content (MC), total fatty matter (TFM), pH and total alkali content (TAC). Upon analysis, a variation in these physicochemical properties was observed. Percent MC ranged between 6.70% ± 0.06% and 18.13% ± 0.13%. Solo and Yebo recorded the highest MC. The pH values ranged from 10.70 ± 0.02 to 12.23% ± 0.01%. Yet again, Yebo had the highest pH followed by Solo and then Romeo. The TAC was between 2.00% ± 0.06% to 2.40% ± 0.01% and FCA values were from 0.00 to 0.021% ± 0.00%. Romeo had the highest TAC value (2.40% ± 0.01%) followed by Dettol (2.31% ± 0.05%). Only Solo and Yebo showed some traces of FCA. On the other hand, TFM values ranged from 51.60% ± 0.60% to 78.15% ± 1.66%. Romeo recorded the highest TFM value (78.15% ± 1.66%) and Yebo recorded the lowest (51.60% ± 0.60%). On average, most soaps analysed herein were of fairly acceptable quality and are fit for use.

Synergistic catalysis of acid–base bifunctional ionic liquids for pentanal self‐condensation reaction

AbstractBACKGROUNDPentanal self‐condensation to 2‐propyl‐2‐heptenal is an important process of carbon chain extension for industrial manufacture of 2‐propylheptanol. This reaction in industry employs an aqueous caustic alkali catalyst, causing several problems of equipment corrosion, treatment of alkali wastewater, etc. Herein, several acid–base bifunctional ionic liquids were synthesized for catalyzing pentanal self‐condensation.RESULTS[PEmim]Cl‐0.5Zn(CH3COO)2 exhibited a better catalytic performance, and the yield and selectively of 2‐propyl‐2‐heptenal could reach 82.0% and 86.6%, respectively. The recovered [PEmim]Cl‐0.5Zn(CH3COO)2 could be reused three times after being regenerated without a significant loss in its catalytic performance. The structures and charge properties of [PEmim]Cl‐Zn(CH3COO)2 and a complex of [PEmim]Cl‐Zn(CH3COO)2 and pentanal were simulated by density functional theory calculation. The results show that the action of acid and base sites of [PEmim]Cl‐Zn(CH3COO)2 can effectively activate pentanal by enhancing the electrophilicity or nucleophilicity of different pentanal molecules.CONCLUSIONThe acid–base synergetic effect of [PEmim]Cl‐Zn(CH3COO)2 could account for its high catalytic performance. An acid–base synergetic catalysis mechanism of [PEmim]Cl‐Zn(CH3COO)2 in pentanal self‐condensation was established. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Определение оптимальных параметров выщелачивания фтора из угольной части отработанной футеровки демонтированных электролизеров производства алюминия

When aluminum is obtained by electrolysis of cryolite-alumina melts when the baths are sent for capital repairs, a solid technogenic product is formed – waste lining of electrolytic cells (WLEC). The volume of formation of WLEC is 30-50 kg per 1 ton of aluminum. Currently, it is mainly stored at landfills near industrial enterprises, causing harm to the environment. However, this technogenic raw material contains valuable components (fluorine, aluminum, sodium) that can be extracted to produce fluoride salts, which are in demand during the electrolytic production of aluminum. The objects of research were samples of the coal part of the waste lining of dismantled S-8BM (E) type electrolytic cells of «RUSAL Krasnoyarsk» JSC (Krasnoyarsk) of RUSAL company. According to the X-ray experiment diffraction analysis (using a Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer) of the phase composition of the samples, it was found that the main fluorine-containing compounds are cryolite, chiolite, sodium and calcium fluorides. The total fluorine content in the studied samples averaged 13.1 %. We conducted studies on the leaching of fluorine from WLEC with a solution of caustic alkali (NaOH concentration – 17.5 g/dm3). The process was carried out in a mechanically agitated reactor using a BIOSAN MM-1000 top drive laboratory stirrer with a two-blade nozzle. By the method of mathematical planning of a three-factor experiment, the mutual influence of three leaching conditions on the optimization parameter was established – the extraction of fluorine in solution (in percent). The maximum recovery of fluorine from WLEC to the leach solution averaged 86.4 % and was achieved with the following indicators:processtemperature–95°C,theratio ofliquidtosolidphase–9:1,duration– 210 min.

1776 Bleach Gargling - An Effective yet Destructive Method to Beat a Drug Test: A Bizarre Case of Caustic Esophageal Injury

INTRODUCTION: Caustic alkali ingestion can result in severe esophageal injury. Extensive luminal damage may result in esophageal necrosis and eventually perforation. Historically, caustic ingestion has been seen mostly accidentally in children and in individuals with psychiatric illness. Since the new regulations against opioids, certain individuals have been creative with methods of beating those drugs tests. We present to you a case in which bleach was the culprit in induction of severe mucosal injury. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 35-year-old male on chronic Oxycodone therapy presented with chest pain, epigastric pain, odynophagia, dysphagia for several months. He denied any history of GERD, EOE, prior EGD or recent new meds. He denied any other GI symptoms such as diarrhea, melena or hematochezia. He reported hemoptysis 3 days prior. Vitals were stable on arrival. His WBC count was 16 and CRP at 100. CT scan revealed diffuse esophageal wall thickening greatest at the upper to mid esophagus. Upon further questioning, he admitted to gargling bleach regularly for several months to falsely pass his opioid drug salivary testing as he had been illegally taking hydrocodone in addition to his prescribed oxycodone. He wasn't aware that bleach may cause any harm as he was not ingesting it. EGD revealed findings consistent with LA grade C esophagitis characterized by esophageal edema, thickening and friability which was most severe at the upper esophagus. Biopsies were taken which came back positive for active esophagitis He was sent home the next day on Protonix 40 mg twice a day with outpatient follow up. DISCUSSION: Caustic ingestion in adults can cause severe gastro-esophageal injury. The severity and extent of the damage depends upon: the amount, concentration, form and corrosive property of the agent; along with the duration of contact. Patients will present with oropharyngeal, retrosternal or epigastric pain, dysphagia/odynophagia, or hyper-salivation with or without hemoptosis. In case of perforation the pain will be severe. Initial evaluation includes history, physical examination, lab work and CT scan to determine the depth of involvement. Symptomatic patients should be hospitalized for supportive care. The use of NG tube is contraindicated. Perforation is an indication for emergent surgery, however; In the absence of a perforation EGD should be performed early. Esophageal strictures, bleeding, fistula formation and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are known complication of caustic ingestion.

A Review on Salyajanya Nadi Vrana (pilonidal sinus) with clinical approach

A Pilonidal Sinus is a common disease of the natal cleft. Pilonidal Sinus is a track which containing hairs. The incidence of the disease is calculated to be 26 per 100,000 people. Pilonidal disease has a male predominance with a ratio of 3:1. There are several methods to treat pilonidal sinus, but the recurrence rate is more in modern surgical interventions. According to Ayurveda it can be correlated to Salyajanya Nadi Vrana (pilonidal sinus), a type of Nadi Vrana (sinus). Whose etiopathology is described in Nidanasthana and treatment aspect in Chikitsasthana of Susrutha Samhita. Susrutha mentioned the application of Kshara (caustic alkali) and Ksharasutra (Seton) in the management of Nadivrana. Studies shows that by Ayurvedic treatment, it helps to reduce recurrence rate, even though Nadivrana is said to be Kricchrasadhya (difficult to cure). Hence sucessful management of this disease depends on the knowledge of pathogenesis, patients presentation and knowledge on treatment aspects.

Increased As Adsorption on Maghemite-Containing Red Mud Prepared by the Alkali Fusion-Leaching Method

This study investigates the use of red muds as adsorbents for As (V) removal. Red mud is a waste that contains a large amount of iron oxides and hydroxides, which are excellent adsorbents of arsenic, especially those possessing magnetic properties and a large specific surface area. The purpose of the experiments was to study the possibility of obtaining an effective adsorbent by the direct extraction of alumina from bauxite using the caustic alkali fusion method and to compare the arsenic removal effectiveness and other properties of these red muds with industrial samples. Red muds were described using methods such as X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), SEM, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The main iron-containing phase of the red muds obtained by fusing bauxite with caustic alkali is maghemite, which has a large specific surface area. The specific surface area of the obtained samples varied in the range of 6.1–54.9 m2/g. Arsenic adsorption experiments were carried out using five different types of red muds: industrial Bayer, industrial sintering, and red mud obtained through bauxite alkali fusion at 300, 500, and 700 °C. The red muds obtained by fusing bauxite with caustic alkali at 300 and 500 °C had the highest effectiveness removing arsenic; their As(V) uptake capacity was over 30 mg/g.

Chalcogenisation of unsaturated organohalogen compounds by elemental chalcogens and their metal derivatives

The presented review addresses the prospects for application of organochalcogen compounds in various fields of technology, medicine, agriculture and organic synthesis. The unsaturated chalcogenisation products appear to be of much greater interest compared to their saturated analogues, especially in organic synthesis. This study observes halogen derivatives of ethene, propene, propyne and butene subjected to chalcogenisation as unsaturated substrates. The indicated reagents are related either to large-tonnage products of industrial organochlorine synthesis or waste products of organochlorine production with their disposal presenting an important environmental task. According to analysed publications, chalcogenisation processes are based on the application of elemental chalcogens (sulphur, selenium, and tellurium) or their available metal derivatives (Na2S, etc.). In the reactions of chalcogens with unsaturated halogen derivatives, the elements both in an accessible form and in a free state are subjected to reductive activation resulting in the formation of anionic nucleophilic reagents. Complex metal hydrides, chalcogenide anions and rongalite are exampled for application in terms of reducing agents. The review emphasises the prospects of basic reduction systems based on hydrazine hydrate in activation processes. Special aspects in the introduction of caustic alkalis and an monoethanolamine organic amine as bases in these systems are described. For the considered chalcogenisation processes, conditions are specified providing the most optimal yield of certain products. In some particular cases, the stereochemistry of the obtained compounds is presented considering the formation conditions for the stereoisomers of a certain configuration. For a number of the obtained compounds, the prospects of practical application are provided. In general, the current review is intended for specialists working in the field of organic synthesis and application of organochalcogen compounds. The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.