Abstract
Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction using sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is used for cleaning, bathing, and washing. Soaps were produced from bleached palm oil (BPO) and Moringa oleifera seed oil using the cold process method with slight modification. The physicochemical properties (acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value and moisture content) of the oil were determined and it showed that the values are within the standard specifications. The quality of the soaps were also assessed by determining the physicochemical properties such as; free caustic alkali, matter insoluble in alcohol (MIA), pH, total fatty matter (TFM), cleaning properties, washing properties and foam stability. All the results obtained showed that the soaps analyzed are good soaps safe for the skin.
Highlights
Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction using sodium or potassium hydroxide
Perfumes can be added for scented soaps, dyes can be added for coloured soaps, sand can be added for scouring soaps, and air can be blown into the soaps to make it float (Ossai, 2014)
The matter insoluble in alcohol (MIA) values for the bleached palm oil (BPO) and Moringa oil soaps is 35% and 38% respectively and these are lower than the maximum standard specification of 70 %
Summary
Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction using sodium or potassium hydroxide. The modern commercial method of making soap involves boiling fats or oils in aqueous sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and adding sodium chloride or potassium chloride to precipitate the soaps respectively. The chemical characteristics of soap depend on several factors: the strength and purity of alkali, the kind of oil used, completeness of saponification and age of the soap. Such chemical characteristics include moisture content, total fatty acids (TFM), pH, free alkali, and percent chloride (Butler, 1987). This work involves producing soaps without adding any additives and comparing it with other conventional soaps
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