Causes Of Violence Research Articles

Causal Interpretations of Correlational Evidence Regarding Violence.

Inferring causation from correlation can lead to erroneous explanations of violent behavior and the development and implementation of ineffective or even harmful interventions and policies. This article explores the inferences that violence researchers draw from evidence related to violent offending. We invited authors of articles published in violence journals to complete an online survey in which they were asked to identify a factor that may be a cause of violence, cite a study that demonstrates the factor is associated with violence, and provide their inferences from that study. We read each study and coded its research design (description of a sample [n = 9], cross-sectional/retrospective non-experiment [n = 18], single-wave longitudinal non-experiment [n = 10], multi-wave longitudinal non-experiment [n = 0], or randomized experiment [n = 5]) and the appropriate inferences (inter-rater reliability was adequate; κ = 0.73-1.00). Reassuringly, participants (N = 42; 57.1% in United States; 59.5% women) rarely indicated that their identified study demonstrated that their factor was a cause of violence (0.0%-16.7%) when the study was not a randomized experiment. However, many participants failed to acknowledge any plausible alternate interpretations (e.g., reverse causality, third variable) of the results from non-experimental studies (50.0%-88.9%). Moreover, most participants incorrectly selected a causal implication as following from the results of non-experimental studies (77.8%-100%). Our results suggest that even among authors of articles published in peer-review scientific journals on violence, many appear to infer causation from correlation.

Domestic violence: alcoholism as a cause and a contributing factor

The article examines the influence of alcoholism as one of the main factors contributing to domestic violence. It was established that alcoholism is a problem that significantly increases the psychological causes of violence, is a significant factor that affects the spread of domestic violence, as it significantly changes a person’s behavior and psycho-emotional state. Under the influence of alcohol, people can lose self-control, become more aggressive and prone to violent actions, which is especially dangerous in the home environment, where interaction takes place against the background of close relationships and emotional dependence. It is motivated that people under the influence of alcohol can exaggerate the importance of minor misunderstandings or react to them with disproportionate aggression, which leads to the escalation of conflicts that could be resolved without violence under normal circumstances. It is indicated that an important aspect is that alcoholism affects the psychological state of all family members. Victims of violence, especially domestic violence, often feel isolated and vulnerable, which can lead to social tension and conflict in communities. Victims of domestic violence may experience constant fear and stress due to the unpredictability of their partner’s behavior, which creates a state of chronic tension that can lead to mental disorders. It is highlighted how the use of alcohol changes a person’s behavior, reducing his ability to self-control and increasing the risk of aggressive actions. Particular attention is paid to how alcoholism creates economic instability and psychological stress for victims, making it difficult to get out of violent relationships. The social aspect of the problem was also investigated, in particular the influence of the cultural legitimization of alcohol on the perception of violence. In some societies, alcohol is part of a cultural practice that can contribute to the normalization of aggressive behavior and reduce the perceived seriousness of violence. To effectively combat domestic violence, it is necessary to change social norms and raise awareness of the negative consequences of alcoholism, while providing adequate support to victims.

Workplace violence against junior doctors in Iraq: implications for job satisfaction and retention

IntroductionHealth workers worldwide report being exposed to workplace violence, but those in conflict settings (or post-conflict settings) are especially targeted, as political conflict shifts societal norms. Iraq has suffered war and conflict for decades. A 2013 study of 567 Iraqi-trained physicians found nearly 2/3 had emigrated to mostly English-speaking countries; further, half of those remaining wished to leave Iraq. While prior studies have examined the phenomenon of violence against health workers in Iraq, no qualitative study has characterized Iraqi front line junior doctors’ experiences of workplace violence within a workplace violence causal framework, to inform an educational and policy response.MethodsWe consented and interviewed 73 junior physicians at six teaching hospitals across Central Iraq between December 2021, and January 2022. We analyzed 22 of the 73 conversations, after rejecting 29 because they were terminated prematurely when doctors were called away for patient care, and 22 others where doctors indicated they had no experience with workplace violence. (Our goal was to understand these interactions, not to quantify them).ResultsThe physicians we interviewed had been practicing an average 3 years since graduating from medical school (ranging from 6 months to 7 years). Interviewees represented eight hospital departments, with most coming from internal medicine and surgery. Within a socio-ecological framework, we identified two primary individual-level factors prompting patient-associated violence: patients and their families don’t understand triage (and resent being pushed to the side when doctors focus on more serious cases), and junior doctors (by definition) are young and inexperienced. At the family level, doctors reported patient relatives often demonstrate their devotion to the patient by acting out. At the hospital level, institutions are operating in an environment of scarcity, which generates high emotions as patients compete for attention, supplies and space. At a societal level, doctors reported family attacks persist because perpetrators face no real legal consequences. In addition to causes of violence, there are consequences. Doctors who are targets of violence reported experiencing mental health problems, including depression and loss of self-esteem, and reported thoughts of leaving their positions and even their country. Doctors also expressed regret for choosing a career in medicine.ConclusionYoung, inexperienced junior doctors in Iraq are bearing the brunt of patient frustrations with the scarcity of resources in the health system. Hospitals would likely improve the job satisfaction of junior physicians, and their longevity in the health system, by attending to this problem.

Facial changes in individuals deceased from ethanol poisoning

BACKGROUND: Changes in the facial area (facial edema, its purplish or bluish color, drooling, tearing, and a sign described by A.P. Kurdyumov) are among the most commonly observed signs of ethanol poisoning. However, their diagnostic capabilities are not investigated, and the mechanisms of development are not described. AIM: To study the occurrence of changes in the facial area in individuals who died from ethanol poisoning. From a modern perspective, the mechanism of their development, characteristics, and specificity were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center retrospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted based on the archive of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of Moscow Region “Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination,” including cases of death from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020. Cases were grouped into five categories: ethanol poisoning, poisoning with other alcohols, asphyxia, other violent causes of death, and natural death. RESULTS: The study included 1,181 cases, with a median age of 52 (range, 19–95) years. Women were older, with no significant difference in blood ethanol concentration. Facial puffiness was observed in 53.1% of ethanol poisoning cases and bluish discoloration in 59.5%. The sign described by A.P. Kurdyumov was less frequently observed. Facial puffiness (p=0.002) and the sign described by A.P. Kurdyumov (p=0.014) were more common in poisoning with other alcohols than in deaths from asphyxia. However, no such differences were observed for facial bluish discoloration (p=0.176). Facial bluish discoloration had the highest sensitivity in both alcohol and other alcohol poisoning cases (59.53% and 40.74%, respectively) but had the lowest specificity in the same groups among the examined signs. The sign described by A.P. Kurdyumov had the highest specificity among those examined for both ethanol poisoning and poisoning with other alcohols. CONCLUSION: In ethanol poisoning, facial bluish discoloration was the most sensitive sign, and the sign described by A.P. Kurdyumov was the most specific among the analyzed signs. The examined signs were observed in both ethanol and other alcohol poisoning but less frequently. The forensic medical signs considered are largely similar to the clinical signs observed in flush syndrome.

Analysing Femicide and Antinationalism in The Nirbhaya Case: A Feminist Revisionist Mythmaking Reading of Clea Chakraverty's La Voix de Sita

Violence against women often stems from gender inequality, societal structures such as patriarchy, impunity, and institutional violence. Despite the remarkable progress it has made in establishing the representation of women in all fields, India still finds itself an unsafe country for women, with multiple cases of femicide reported every year. The present paper proposes a close look at violence against women in India through a multidisciplinary reading of Clea Chakravarty’s novel La Voix de Sita [Sita’s Voice] which is a retelling of the 2012 Delhi gang rape. Commonly known as the Nirbhaya Case, it ushered a lot of debates around women’s modesty and morality, alongside controversial anti-feminist remarks by the dominant misinformed strata of society on women being responsible for crimes done against them and the branding of feminism as anti-national. By approaching the revisionist mythmaking of Indian epics in the novel through a feminist lens, the paper also traces the root cause of violence against women in India by analysing media reports, interviews, and anecdotes focused on the case.

Trapped in Violence: A Life Table Analysis of Firearm Injury and Death Among Adolescent Black Males

PurposeWe report the chances of 14-year-old males becoming victims of firearm injury or death before age 25 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. MethodsUsing life table methods, we followed 4,501 Black males aged 14 years, and a comparison group of 1,751 White males, over 11 years. ResultsAmong 14-year-old Black males, the risk of a nonfatal firearm injury before age 25 was 10.1% (95% confidence interval, 9.2%–11.0%), the risk of death from firearms was 2.5% (1.7%–3.2%), and the combined risk was 12.5% (11.0%–14.1%). Among White males, the risk of nonfatal firearm injury was 0.8% (0.3%–1.2%), the risk of death was 0.3% (0.02%–0.5%), and the combined risk was 1.0% (0.5%–1.5%). DiscussionRisk estimates reveal the dire likelihood of firearm injury or death among Black adolescent males in Philadelphia. Immediate interventions are needed to de-escalate conflicts, provide supports, and address the upstream causes of violence like poverty and structural racism.

Characterising the killing of girls and women in urban settings in Latin America, 2000–2019: an analysis of variability and time trends using mortality data from vital registration systems

IntroductionLatin America is burdened by high levels of violence. Although boys and men often experience more violence and fatalities, girls and women face a greater risk of being killed by...

The Pathway To Peace And Harmony: A Buddhist Perspective

Buddhism has long been recognized as a non-violent, peaceful philosophy and religion. The suggested study aims to illustrate the Buddhist concept of harmony and serenity through a journey. Through the theory of dependent origination, Buddha preached that everything exists in relation to another and so do we human beings and our reactions to others depend on these factors and evils arising out of ignorance. The paper tries to examine the possibility of how global peace and harmony can also be accomplished through this dependency on ourselves as well as others in society. Buddha speaks of various causes of violence especially those arising within the human mind out of ignorance and false understanding of ourselves and our self-constructed world-views. Buddha also gives ways to tackle these violent forces within the individual and without. These have the potential to lead us to the pathways of realization of peace and harmony. Buddha is an exemplary visioner, practitioner and peacemaker; the Buddhist philosophy has contributions to the peace-making process while holding the potential to promote peace and harmony as a way of life through self-examination and self-reflection. In addition to the five precepts, they plant seeds and provide stability and footing for responding to oneself and others with kindness, love, affection, empathic delight, and serenity. This will result in a new way of thinking, believing, behaving, and living. As human behavior changes, the world around shall also respond accordingly and the attainment of peace and harmony becomes a reality. The peaceful means suggested by Buddha and emphasis on a holistic framework for all of mankind and to be practiced every moment of one’s existence, Buddhist philosophy plays a vital role in the peace and harmony-oriented paradigm having a practical outlook and impacting human lives globally.

Association between bullying, childhood adversities and social capital among adolescents.

This study aims to analyze the association between bullying behaviors, adverse childhood experiences and social capital in late adolescence. Secondary school students aged 15-19 of a metropolitan region of Brazil were recruited for a sectional epidemiological survey, with a sample of 2,281 students, stratified by municipality of school location. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed from three instruments: Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Childhood Adversity History Questionnaire and Integrated Questionnaire to Measure Social Capital, in adapted versions. The results showed that the factors associated with bullying victims were gender and adversity in childhood. The factors associated to bullying aggressors were gender, childhood adversities, and cognitive social capital. And the factors associated with bullying aggressor-victims were gender, childhood adversities, and cognitive social capital. It is concluded that bullying is associated with adversity in childhood and also with cognitive social capital and they point out the need to address the causes of violence in order to provide a healthy and safe development for children and adolescents, preventing negative outcomes for physical and mental health.

Growing violence against medical professionals: A qualitative analysis of a worrying epidemic

Introduction. Increasing numbers of violent incidents against doctors have made headlines on a regular basis during the last few decades. Research suggests that doctors are disproportionately vulnerable to verbal abuse, threats, physical violence, and cyberbullying at work. As per the Indian Medical Association, verbal or physical abuse is experienced by 75% of doctors, and 43% of them consider it to be a significant cause of concern. Poor communication, overworked and understaffed medical staff, a lack of emergency care and management training, and inefficient grievance redressal procedures are probably contributing reasons. India responded by passing the Health Services Personnel and Clinical Establishments Bill, which is a noteworthy first step in resolving this matter. We must investigate different ways to promote peace, apply systemic adjustments in the provision of healthcare, and avert such unfavorable events in order to guarantee ongoing, excellent services for those who require them. The study set out to determine the likely reasons behind the rise in violence against physicians and to look into ways to make the situation better. Setting and design. Kasturba Medical College in Mangalore served as the study's location. A descriptive qualitative study with two steps is this one. Sorting of piles and free listing. Materials and methodology. Purposive sampling was employed in this investigation. Two interns and two tutors who were employed by Kasturba Medical College in Mangalore's community medicine department participated in one-on-one interviews for the study. The statistical analysis was conducted using Visual Anthropac 4.98.1 software. Results. A total of 28 causes and 19 solutions were found after free listing. A limit of 0.15 for Smith's salience score was set, and after that, 14 causes and 12 solutions were classified into groups of 3-6 and 3-5, respectively. A stronger triage system for emergency situations was the remedy with the highest salience value of 0.25, while undervaluing autonomy was the cause with the highest score of 0.25. Conclusions. In conclusion, one of the main issues we are currently facing is violence against doctors. Favoritism and discrimination among patients were identified as some of the main causes of violence against doctors by using the free listing and pile sorting method, which does not prioritize autonomy. Stricter laws against violence against doctors and an improved triage system for emergency cases were suggested as effective solutions for the aforementioned issue.

Reactions and Perspectives of Healthcare Workers against Workplace Violence: A Cross-sectional Study at Sheikh Zayed Hospital Rahim Yar Khan

Background: Workplace violence encompasses acts or threats of physical violence, intimidation, harassment, or disruptive behavior occurring within the workplace environment. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, focusing on healthcare workers including doctors, nursing staff, and pharmaceutical staff. A predefined questionnaire gathered data on demographics, workplace details, experiences of violence, reactions to violence, and attitudes towards workplace violence. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), with the Chi-square test used to assess significant associations (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The study included 192 participants, primarily females (52.08%), with 148 doctors (77.1%) and a majority aged 21-30 years (78.13%). Violence was most prevalent during nighttime shifts and among those with 16-20 years of work experience. Verbal violence was reported by 65.1% of participants (p = 0.011). Staff shortages and increased workload were identified as primary causes of violence by 62.4% of respondents (p = 0.017). Relatives were the most common source of violence, accounting for 61.07% of cases. Following incidents, 61.4% of doctors and 38.6% of nurses reported heightened vigilance (p = 0.03). Conclusion: The study highlights a significant prevalence of workplace violence in healthcare settings, particularly verbal abuse and threats from relatives. Staff shortages and increased workloads were identified as major contributing factors. Organizational interventions and training programs are crucial to mitigate the impact of workplace violence on healthcare workers' well-being.

Life-course influences of poverty on violence and homicide: 30-year Brazilian birth cohort study.

Homicide is the leading cause of death among young people in Latin America, one of the world's most violent regions. Poverty is widely considered a key cause of violence, but theories suggest different effects of poverty, depending on when it is experienced in the life-course. Longitudinal studies of violence are scarce in Latin America, and very few prospective data are available worldwide to test different life-course influences on homicide. In a prospective birth cohort study following 5914 children born in southern Brazil, we examined the role of poverty at birth, in early childhood, and in early adulthood on violence and homicide perpetration, in criminal records up to age 30 years. A novel Structured Life Course Modelling Approach was used to test competing life-course hypotheses about 'sensitive periods', 'accumulation of risk', and 'downward mobility' regarding the influence of poverty on violence and homicide. Cumulative poverty and poverty in early adulthood were the most important influences on violence and homicide perpetration. This supports the hypothesis that early adulthood is a sensitive period for the influence of poverty on lethal and non-lethal violence. Results were replicable using different definitions of poverty and an alternative outcome of self-reported fights. Cumulative poverty from childhood to adulthood was an important driver of violence and homicide in this population. However, poverty experienced in early adulthood was especially influential, suggesting the importance of proximal mechanisms for violence in this context, such as unemployment, organized crime, drug trafficking, and ineffective policing and justice systems.

Chronic causes of school violence at secondary schools in South Africa: Case of King Cetshwayo District

This study examines the chronic causes of school violence at secondary schools in South Africa. The prevalence of violence within South African schools has drawn attention from various stakeholders due to its multifaceted nature. It encompasses forms like bullying, factional conflicts, substance-related incidents, and more. Such violence, whether physical or emotional, inflicts severe harm on both individuals and the educational system. A comprehensive report by the South African Institute of Race Relations highlighted the alarming status of school safety, echoing media coverage that underscored the widespread nature of these issues in schools across the nation. Employing an interpretive paradigm and a case study centered on secondary schools in the King Cetshwayo District sought to explore the causes of violence. The purpose of this study is to identify the underlying causes driving this concerning trend, guided by Social Learning and Social-Ecological Development theories. We used a qualitative method to collect data through semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analyses. To ensure the credibility of findings, data from multiple sources was triangulated. Analysis of the data followed thematic approach, and findings were presented thematically. Both internal and external factors influence the causes of school violence, according to the findings. Given these findings, we recommended a collaborative and integrated approach among all stakeholders to effectively tackle and mitigate the pervasive issue of school violence.

Violence against health-care workers in emergency departments: A study in Fez, Morocco

The issue of violence against health-care workers (HCWs) has garnered significant attention, necessitating urgent resolution due to escalating conflicts between HCWs and patients or their companions. Addressing this matter is paramount to mitigate its impact on HCWs and improve the quality of care afforded to citizens. To identify the underlying causes, particularly within emergency departments, we conducted a survey involving over 75 doctors and nurses across various hospitals to collect pertinent data. Our findings indicate that the health system is the major cause of violence, alongside the awareness of human rights fostered by social media. Furthermore, we conducted an interview with a doctor who has extensive experience working in emergency departments. Through this interview, he elucidated the extent to which this department poses dangers and the substandard conditions prevalent in the workplace. This study attempts to contribute scientifically toward finding efficient solutions, including legal measures, civil society initiatives, and police involvement. It suggests that reforms may be necessary in the functioning of these departments. This aspect represents an unsolved issue warranting further exploration.

UPAYA PENCEGAHAN KEKERASAN TERHADAP ANAK DALAM PRESPEKTIF HUKUM PIDANA DAN KRIMINOLOGI DI KOTA TANJUNGPINANG

Violence against children is currently becoming a hot phenomenon, so violence against children has an impact on various places such as families, schools, playgrounds, Islamic boarding schools, and orphanages. This study focuses on violence against children in Tanjungpinang City, This study formulates the reasons for the phenomenon of violence against children in Tanjungpinang City using qualitative and juridical normative methods. The researchers' data collection technique uses interview techniques. Based on the results of the study, the author found that the causes of violence in Tanjungpinang City children are economic factors, stress or experiencing pressure, and the effects of pornographic films that create and maintain violence against children. In the problem, it is seen in the perspective of criminology in efforts to prevent children in Tanjungpinang City based on the sociological research approach of law raised in law. The results of the study explained that in 2021 there were 76 children as victims, in 2022 there were 83 children as victims, and in 2023 there were 90 children as victims. So that in total from 2021 to 2023 there were 249 cases of violence against children recorded in UPTD PPA Tanjungpinang City and Simfoni PPA. Forms of violence against children in Tanjungpinang City range from physical, psychological, neglect, sexual, and trafficking. It was recorded in the UPTD PPA Tanjungpinang City and the PPA Symphony, that the form of sexual violence was the most common form of violence from 2021 to 2023 in Tanjungpinang City. The fewest forms of violence from 2021 to 2023 were trafficking. Then the number of violence against children by age, the most are at the age of 13-18 years. Meanwhile, the highest number of violence against children based on education level was recorded in elementary schools from 2021 to 2022.

Black body representation in Get Out (2017) and Us (2019) by Jordan Peele

Black characters soon appeared in Hollywood films such as The Birth of a Nation (1915), Intolerance (1916). They are recognised as criminals, not conceded as human rights. African-American directors created films to change the image of black people. Jordan Peele inherits the efforts of his predecessors and takes the story of black people in cinema to a new level with identity clarification. That is clearly shown in the movies Get Out (2017) and Us (2019). The research aims to identify the black body representation in the above two films by Jordan Peele as an expression of identity. Body denial is the root cause of violence among African Americans. This acts as a form of identity tracing. The research combines the use of cinematic narrative and semiotic approaches with interdisciplinary research methods such as culturology and anthropology. The basic principle of the position of the research is the theory of ethnic identity. The use of comparison, collation, analysis and synthesis will be applied in the process of developing theses.

Do positive and negative shocks of tourism development affect income inequality in a developed country?

Income inequality is an essential cause of violence, stagnant development, and political instability. This study will examine the positive and negative shocks in tourism development, and the distribution of the interaction between tourism development, economic growth, human capital, globalization, and income inequality will be discussed in Singapore, a developed and top-visited country. By adopting autoregressive distributed lag and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag approaches for panel data from 1978 to 2022, the results indicate an asymmetric cointegration among variables, and positive and negative changes in tourism development lead to decreased income inequality. More specifically, the asymmetric effect of tourism is found both in the short- and long-term, and positive shock has a greater impact than negative shock. At the same time, the findings also reveal that economic growth and globalization enhance, while human capital negatively affects income inequality in Singapore. These findings strengthen the belief of Singapore policy-makers and recommend several significant lessons for developing countries to promote tourism, sustainable development, and reduce income inequality.

The Characteristics versus the “Myths” of Romantic Love

The scientific literature has already demonstrated the benefits of romantic love as a key protective factor in the prevention of violence. Some recent publications affirm that romantic love is a powerful cause of gender violence following two steps. First, they attribute a list of causes of violence to romantic love calling them “the myths of romantic love”, including lack of freedom and the normalization of coercion. Nonetheless, research has not explored in depth yet whether what they call “romantic love myths” are consubstantial characteristics of romantic love or not. To that end, this study conducts a historical literature review of scientific articles, books, literary and musical works from diverse cultures and periods. Findings show those myths are not characteristics of romantic love; on the contrary, the literature reviewed shows six main characteristics of romantic love that demonstrate it is the opposite of those myths, as it has freed women from feudal and other subjugations throughout history.

Assessing the US foreign assistance activities impact on violent conflicts

The Global Fragility Act, H.R.2116 116th Congress, directs the Department of State to establish an interagency initiative to stabilize conflict-affected areas and prevent violence globally. We propose and demonstrate an approach to evaluate the success of funding these initiatives. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has identified deteriorating economies, weak, or illegitimate political institutions, and competition over natural resources as causes of violence, extremism, and instability. The agency prioritizes mitigating the causes and consequences of violent conflicts, instability, and extremism and funds corresponding programs. Focused on military aid, we quantitatively assess these programs effectiveness at preventing or deescalating conflicts during 2010 to 2020. Our statistical analysis shows the funds during that period did not have an immediate impact on countries prone to violence. However, cumulative long-term relationships exist between some funds and the global conflict levels. As the total amount of 5 years cumulative Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) implemented funds increases, the total number of countries not-in-conflict increases while the total number of the most violent countries decreases. Those funds also correlate to the decline in total conflict levels during that timeframe. This quantitative approach assesses the aggregate effectiveness of aid across various countries.

Conjugal violence in Tunisia: the characteristics of marriage

IntroductionViolence is a global phenomenon, destroying the fabric of society and threatening the lives, health and prosperity of all. In recent years, there has been an upsurge in domestic violence in Tunsia. Unfortunately, few studies have focused on the relationship within these couples.ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of marriage between Tunisian couples where domestic violence prevails.MethodsOur study was descriptive and analytical cross-sectional, carried out with women victims of domestic violence examined in the context of psychiatric expertise.An anonymous survey was asked to these ladies concerning the socio-demographic characteristics of the wife and spouse and the characteristics of the marriage.ResultsOur population was made up of 122 couples. The average age of ladies was 35.66 years (from18 to 64 years). As for the spouses, their average age was 41.68, with extremes of 22 and 70.92,6% of couples had at least one child.Professionally, (6.6%) of the husbands were inactive and 51.6% (n= 63) of couples had an average socio-economic level.43.4% (n=53) lived in rented houses, 41% (n=50) owned their own homes, 14.8% (n=18) lived in a room with their in-laws and 0.8% (n=1) were homeless. The average duration of marriage in our study was 11.16 ± 9.12 years and extremes of 1 and 40 years.Judicial records were found in 28.7% of assailants (n=35).The majority of women surveyed, 92.6% (n=113), were victims of three types of violence at once (verbal, psychological and physical). Sixty-two women (50.8%) were victims of four types of violence simultaneously (verbal, psychological, physical and sexual).Various causes of violence were reported, dominated mainly by claims for money, sexual problems, drunkenness and infidelity, with prevalence rates of 38.5%, 23.8%, 22.1% and 21.3% respectively.The majority of women, 66.4% (n=81), had been assaulted by their spouses during the first year of marriage. Forty-seven ladies (38.5%) were subjected to violence on a daily basis.According to the survey, 86.9% of women have been assaulted at least once before, and 38.7% of them have reported previous assaults to the police.The first person contacted after the violence was the mother, with a percentage of 48.4% (n=59).53.3% of ladies were assaulted during pregnancy, 43% of whom suffered obstetrical complications of varying severity.ConclusionsAccording to our results, there is no typical profile of a couple where conjugal violence can reign.Neither the length of the marriage nor pregnancy prevented the woman from being a victim of domestic violence.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared