Causes Of Terrorism Research Articles

Ideological and Linguistic Features Analyses of US Presidential Written Discourse addressing Immigration and Terrorism Issues

The aims of this study seeks to examine the underlying linguistics features and ideological concept found in the political speech of American EX President, with a specific emphasis on tweets related to Islamophobia and immigration. The study employs a descriptive and interpretive research design. The corpus of the study consisted of 50 purposely selected Tweets, spanning from 2nd January 2015 to 20th May 2020. Data analysis were conducted using Fairclough's ten-question model (1993). It is found that Trump strategically employed his presidential authority to target Islam and immigration, portraying them as the root cause of terrorism and economic challenges. Trump employed favourable terms while referring to Americans and his supporters, while associating Islam and immigrants with unfavourable descriptors. The findings of this study revealed that Trump employed hyperbole to magnify the perceived threat posed by Islam and immigrants. Trump predominantly employed modal verbs expressing certainty rather than those indicating likelihood in order to demonstrate authority. The future and simple present tenses were commonly used to depict the current threat posed by immigration and the terrorism perpetrated by Islamic groups. The comparative and superlative forms were employed to compare the current state of brightness in the US with its past. The pronouns "we, our, us" were used most frequently to convey a sense of oneness and reduce the perceived barrier between Trump and the audience. Declarative sentences were the most expressive and meaningful acts.

Terrorism in Southwest Papua Region as Asymmetric Warfare

War is an event that can be avoided by most countries in the world. War may be the last alternative that must be taken if diplomacy do not reach an agreement. One of the categories of warfare that results is the asymmetric warfare pattern, which has become a trend in the form of warfare in the current era. Asymmetric warfare describes modern conflicts that exploit power inequalities between the parties involved. It involves tactics and strategies that are different from conventional warfare. The Southwest Papua region has become the center of international attention in recent years due to the increasingly worrying escalation of the terrorist conflict. To understand the escalation of terrorism in Southwest Papua, we need to consider the long history of ethnic and political conflict in the region. Terrorism in Southwest Papua is not only a threat to security, but also an asymmetric war with significant long-term implications due to dissatisfaction and feelings of marginalization that have existed for decades. This article also refers to data and case studies to provide a deeper understanding of terrorism in the Southwest Papua region and its relevance within the framework of asymmetric warfare. The research method in this writing uses a library study method which will be obtained from library sources such as books, websites, articles, journals, and so on. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide an understanding of the causes of terrorism in the Southwest Papua region as asymmetric warfare occurred in Indonesia.

Socio-Economic Effects of Terrorism in Developing Countries: A Case of Kenya

Developing countries across the world have in the recent past become popular targets for terrorists and this has negatively impacted the performance of their social and economic development efforts. Based on its nature, terrorism is currently mainly categorized under international terrorism, domestic terrorism and transnational terrorism. Some of the causes of terrorism in developing countries include oppression from the ruling governments, ideological differences which include religious differences, poverty, as well as porous geographical borders which contribute to the growth of international terrorism. This paper will thus conceptualize the effects of terrorism in relation to social and economic growth in developing countries such as Nigeria, Somalia, Mali, Tanzania and Uganda, with specific reference to Kenya as the case study. Kenya has experienced sporadic terrorist attacks since the 1980s to date (January 2024) and these attacks have so far caused effects on the social and economic developments of Kenya as a developing country. This paper will highlight the types and causes of terrorism in Kenya and expound further on the effects of terrorism on social and economic developments in Kenya. This paper will be underpinned by the Henry Tajfel’s social identity theory of intergroup behaviour and discussed further under the theoretical framework.

Meta-Analysis and the Integration of Terrorism Event Databases

Why do terrorist attacks occur in certain places and times but not others? Despite advances in collection and empirical methods, the literature has produced divergent results and reached little consensus for common hypotheses about the economic, political, and social causes of terrorism. It is hard to know what to make disagreements as studies adopt disparate research designs using different datasets covering different locations and times. This article applies the xSub data protocol to conduct a meta-analysis of terrorism event datasets and isolate explanations for variations in findings. Although the datasets are constructed for different purposes by different research teams, with different inclusion standards, processing data onto a common event typology, and conducting analysis across common coverage reduces heterogeneity in findings. This protocol also facilitates comparisons with general conflict event datasets, providing researchers, policymakers, and practitioners with a broader context for understanding terrorism in relation to other forms of violence.

‘It’s like almost hypnotised people’: An exploration of vernacular discourses and social imaginaries of terrorism in the United Kingdom

Despite recent calls for ‘ordinary’ citizens to become active and responsible as individuals in preventing and countering terrorism and radicalisation in the United Kingdom, little is yet known about how members of the general public make sense of political violence, or about how they think it should be dealt with. Using a bottom-up vernacular security studies approach, this article examines what lay citizens believe about the causes of terrorism and what responses they think are appropriate. Based on qualitative data from one-to-one interviews with members of the public and an analysis based on constructivist grounded theory methodology, the article discusses three key figures that emerged from interviewees’ accounts of terrorism: the vulnerable subject, the radicalised individual and the radicaliser. Overall, the results reveal that a radicalisation framework is dominant in participants’ discourses on terrorism. The article argues that the dominant imaginaries of terrorism identified in this research draw consent towards pre-emptive security practices such as the Prevent duty and de-radicalisation interventions. The discussion problematises the depoliticisation of political violence and the normalisation of illiberal security measures that this conceptualisation of terrorism entails, while stressing the discriminatory character of the social imaginaries of terrorism.

An evaluation of the flip flop approach to combating terrorism and religious extremism in Nigeria from 2015-2022

The fundamental responsibility of government is to secure citizens life and properties. The ongoing terrorist activities and religious extremism in Nigeria is yet to receive the required attention from the government. In light of the growing influence of terrorism and religious extremism in Nigeria, the study adopted the relative deprivation theory, to explain possible causes of terrorism and the recruitment of terrorists. The paper examines the ideological variations among the terrorist groups, using the quantitative textual analysis of secondary data to evaluate and scrutinize the flip flop approach of the Nigeria government from 2015 to 2022 in combating terrorism and religious extremism in the country. Despite the response by government, insecurity, terrorism and religious extremism have not been defeated due to lack of political will and the inability of government to make good laws to sanction offenders, thus, endemic poverty encourages the spread of terrorism and religious extremism. The study recommend among others, the need for government to properly police the borders, religious or tribal nepotism should not be condoled and not until systematic corruption, bad governance, inter religious and ethnic rivalry aimed at the control of state apparatus for economic and political selfish gains are seriously addressed and curtailed. The paper suggests that acute poverty and relative deprivation are precursor to the serial insecurity and terrorism that Nigeria is facing today.

Why Terrorism in the Middle East is Unending? Understanding the Influence of Islamic Political Culture and Its Effects on the Region

This study contends that terrorism remains a substantial global challenge, with a particular stronghold in the Middle East. Effectively tackling this issue demands a comprehensive grasp of the region's political culture and the intricate role of religion, specifically Islam, in the recruitment and radicalization of individuals. Given that Islam exerts significant influence in the Middle East, it can either be leveraged to promote peace or exploited to rationalize acts of terrorism. This paper delves into potential strategies aimed at eradicating terrorism, which encompass the advancement of peace, redressal of grievances, and the cultivation of economic development and democracy within the Middle East. According to this study, several strategic avenues can be pursued to mitigate the looming threat of terrorism. These include the promotion of moderate interpretations of Islam, redressing fundamental grievances pervasive in the region, resolving the longstanding Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and harnessing international cooperation to effectively combat terrorism. By comprehending the intricate political culture of the Middle East and proactively addressing the underlying causes of terrorism, a sustainable state of peace and stability can be attained.

포괄적 안보 상황 하에서 한국의 예방적 테러와 대응방안에 대한 고찰

The article suggests measures to improve awareness and respond to preventive terrorism, by analyzing the current terrorist environment and threats based on the question of what purpose and intention South Korea should seek when it comes up with preventive countermeasures against terrorism under a comprehensive security situation. Through theoretical review of terrorism, it explores the causes of terrorism and the various types and characteristics of terrorism that are currently emerging, analyzes terrorist threats and trends that are rapidly on the rise under comprehensive security conditions, and derives implications through specific threat patterns and trends. Based on these analyses, it sought legal measures to improve awareness of preventive concepts, establish a foundation for prevention on terrorism and response, and suggested the applicability of new technologies implemented in the era of the 4th industrial revolution. In so doing, it proposes a comprehensive policy and a system to prevent conditions that allow for domestic terrorist threat in the future.

폭력적 극단주의와 대테러리즘에 대한 연구

Recently, various political, religious, and cultural extremisms are being discussed as one cause of terrorism around the world. In addition, it presents the dangers of socially vulnerable groups affected by various types of extreme messages. In particular, we are closely watching the seriousness of the impact and potential spread of violent extremism. The world as well as the UN are recommending the need to analyze the actual situation and risk factors of violent extremism inflow into their countries, and to establish countermeasures. Also, multidimensional approach is required because this violent extremism spans many areas, including society, economy, religion, education, and development. In addition, since the motives for participation in terrorism are also analyzed in various ways, including political, religious, cultural, socioeconomic and personal reasons(poverty, social dissatisfaction, curiosity, etc.) serious discussions on violent extremism and terrorism are needed.

Terrorist Behaviour - Between Psychological and Social

Abstract The paper captures some of the trends in terrorist behaviour based on an analysis of demographic, historical, psychological and political factors. Rational choice theory also shows that this behavioural tendency is nothing more than an adaptation to, or a rejection of, governmental policy changes. The causes of terrorism are complex and multi-dimensional, including social, political, economic, cultural and psychological aspects. One of the most common causes of terrorism is discrimination, i.e. perceived oppression or discrimination against an ethnic, religious or cultural group; and political conflict (terrorism can be used as a means to influence political decisions). Sociologically, even criminologically, terrorism cannot be reduced to the form of insanity or mental disorder, as it is essentially a political act with political aims. It can also be pointed out that some terrorists may suffer from psychiatric problems or behavioural disorders, but the causes of terrorism go much deeper, such as social frustration, moral indignation, the desire to change an unjust situation or to achieve a specific political goal.

Constitutional Flaws: Unrest in Swat 2007-09

The purpose of this paper is to explore the root cause of terrorism in Swat. It is a case study and qualitative research project. People of Swat suffered heavy human and material losses due to terrorism. The Taliban led by a local cleric; Maulana Fazlullah destroyed educational institutions, banned girls’ education, and watching television besides slaughtering innocent people. One of the causes of this phenomenon, was a constitutional crisis which prevailed in the region since the merger of Swat in 1969. Successive governments failed to integrate it in the national mainstream. On the contrary, authorities have used it as a laboratory for constitutional experiments-promoting discontent and denial of justice.

Egoism and Altruism in Intergroup Conflict

Studies have shown that intergroup conflict may result from two distinct human motives: the desire to obtain personal retributions from conflict ( egoism), and the desire to sacrifice for the benefit of the ingroup ( parochial altruism). Yet, the relative strength of these motives is open to debate. In this study, we compare behaviors in two Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemmas (IPD), which respectively capture altruistic and egoistic motives to generate conflict. Egoistic motives result in about 40% more conflict than altruistic motives. Yet, parochial altruism generates more conflict when three conditions are gathered: i) other ingroup members are parochial altruists, ii) the outgroup is aggressive and iii) the outgroup is rich. Implications regarding the diverging structural causes of terrorism and civil wars are discussed.

Three Circles of Alemat: Growth and Sustainability through Mentoring

Objectives: The present study aimed to present and analyze a collection of caricature artworks reflecting the artist's standpoint on introducing and addressing terrorism. It also sought to provide insights and recommendations on the potential use of caricature art in countering terrorism in contemporary society.
 Methods: Researchers employed a descriptive analytical design, which is the most appropriate scientific method for studying the sample. The methods used were as follows: Survey Method - Gathering, studying, and describing a collection of notable cartoonists' works addressing terrorism. Content Analysis Method - Examining and analyzing caricature works from the study sample.
 Results: The study yielded several findings, with the most important being that in most countries worldwide, the majority of cartoonists have committed themselves to countering the widespread terrorism in contemporary societies. However, their efforts are insufficient in light of the growing phenomenon.
 Conclusions: Caricature art plays a prominent role in countering the causes of terrorism, even before its emergence. This is achieved through the significant influence of caricature art in shaping the cultural and emotional perspectives of society members. Moreover, caricature art is free from negative beliefs and attitudes that can serve as a foundation for extremism and terrorist activities.

The Role of Caricature Art in Countering Terrorism in Contemporary Societies

Objectives: The present study aimed to present and analyze a collection of caricature artworks reflecting the artist's standpoint on introducing and addressing terrorism. It also sought to provide insights and recommendations on the potential use of caricature art in countering terrorism in contemporary society.
 Methods: Researchers employed a descriptive analytical design, which is the most appropriate scientific method for studying the sample. The methods used were as follows: Survey Method - Gathering, studying, and describing a collection of notable cartoonists' works addressing terrorism. Content Analysis Method - Examining and analyzing caricature works from the study sample.
 Results: The study yielded several findings, with the most important being that in most countries worldwide, the majority of cartoonists have committed themselves to countering the widespread terrorism in contemporary societies. However, their efforts are insufficient in light of the growing phenomenon.
 Conclusions: Caricature art plays a prominent role in countering the causes of terrorism, even before its emergence. This is achieved through the significant influence of caricature art in shaping the cultural and emotional perspectives of society members. Moreover, caricature art is free from negative beliefs and attitudes that can serve as a foundation for extremism and terrorist activities.

Determinants of modern terrorism

The determinants and object of the influence of terrorism in the modern world, threats and risks that every person and society in general are exposed to are considered. Today, terrorism poses a significant threat to society, to every person, it is both a criminal and a military-political problem, in fact, a new form of war. This is a complex phenomenon that encompasses the extremist ideology of violence as the theoretical basis of terrorism, terrorist activity, which is the practical implementation of extremist ideology, and terrorist organizations, as a form of social organization of adherents of extremist ideology.
 Determinants of terrorism are phenomena of a criminogenic nature that give rise to terrorism, create favorable conditions for terrorist acts and are the driving force of terrorism. The causes of terrorism are the unresolved economic, political, social and religious problems that are of significant importance for a certain social group and determine the social status of people. The conditions of terrorism are the weakness of state power, the inactivity of special services, the existence of various religious and sectarian organizations that demand the fulfillment of their demands without taking into account the interests of the entire society, the approval of terrorist acts by the population that strives for justice, but does not see other ways of solving their problems, etc.
 The object of influence of modern terrorism is the foundations of international security, the values of democracy, the politics of states, their economy, the social sphere, society, and any person. By starting a war or creating obstacles in the fight against crime, terrorism creates a significant threat to the national security of the state, causes significant economic, moral and political damage to every person, his rights and freedoms, and society in general.
 The most important directions of the fight against terrorism: raising the standard of living of the people; stability of the state; creation of mechanisms for overcoming social contradictions and crises, achieving a social compromise; effectiveness of authorities and professional special services; countering the formation of a terrorist's personality; the fight against corruption, primarily the punishment of corrupt officials, and the restoration of social justice.

Colonial Institutions and Civil War: Indirect Rule and Maoist Insurgency in India by Shivaji Mukherjee

The rise in intrastate conflict since the end of WWII has drawn much attention to the various incentives and opportunities that underpin violent rebellion, often resulting in protracted insurgencies. In his book Colonial Institutions and Civil War, Shivaji Mukherjee explores the breakout of insurgent movements in the era of decolonization since the 1950s. In particular, Mukherjee examines the role played by historical colonial institutions in shaping local socioeconomic and political structures that make the emergence and persistence of insurgencies more likely. Much of the literature focused on exploring the causes of terrorism, insurgencies, and civil war tends to place emphasis on the proximate reasons that trigger political violence by nonstate actors—for example, poverty, ethnic grievances, and exploitable natural resources like drug cultivation. Per Mukherjee, while these factors are important, they are inadequate in providing a comprehensive explanation of the contours of insurgencies, especially their occurrence in specific locations. In his work, Mukherjee takes into account a longer time horizon to move beyond studying proximate reasons of insurgencies and instead places the spotlight on colonial-era policies that established the structural conditions conducive to violent movements.

Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Terorisme Bom Bunuh Diri Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 05 Tahun 2018 Tentang Terorisme di Polrestabes Medan

With the formulation of the problem, namely (1) What is the form of prevention of criminal acts of terrorism according to the provisions of Law no. 05 of 2018 concerning terrorism, (2) What are the causes of terrorism at the Medan Polrestabes, (3) How is the law enforcement carried out by the Police related to the occurrence of terrorism at the Medan Polrestabes. This research method uses normative juridical research by analyzing laws and regulations and conceptual analysis with descriptive data analysis. The results of this study indicate that the prevention of criminal acts of terrorism conducted by the government is conducted through national preparedness, counter-radicalization, and deradicalization. The cause of the suicide bombing at Polrestabes Medan was the lack of vigilance by the police officers guarding the front post, leaving people who at that time wanted to take care of the SKCK free. Law enforcement conducted by the National Police regarding the occurrence of terrorism at the Medan Polrestabes can be seen from (a) Legal Substance, (b) Law Enforcement, (c) Facilities and Infrastructure, (d) Society, (e) Culture.

Terrorist Structures in the Middle East from a Psychological Perspective; Reaction and Exploitation (The Case of Al Qaeda and ISIS)

Terrorism and terrorism are among the most important problems of international security. In the security studies literature, many hypotheses have been put forward regarding the causes of terrorism. These studies, which are carried out regionally in the Middle East, mostly include evaluations made from a religious perspective. In this study, the causality of psychological factors in the background of terrorism and terrorist organizations in the Middle East was questioned and it was argued that psychological motivations, along with many other factors, had an effect on the emergence of terrorism. In this context, the psychological elements in the background of terrorism were examined through two exemplary terrorist organizations, namely Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. The structuring and spheres of influence of these organizations, both regionally and globally, were investigated. It is clear that such terrorist organizations have developed psychological warfare strategies as well as effective warfare. The propaganda tools and ideological references of these organizations that create psychological effects were examined. The characteristics and lives of the leaders of the organization were examined. The psychological arguments made by the experts were compared with examples from the lives and characters of the leaders. In addition to individual studies, the process that caused the problem was also examined with its social and cultural aspects. The problematic psychological infrastructure caused by cultural teachings that push individuals to such structures has been examined. In addition to these different approaches, the contribution of international actors' foreign policy decisions to the process has been examined. Thus, in the study, the subject was handled with an interdisciplinary approach and a discussion was carried out in partnership with the discipline of Psychology and International Relations.

Are religious beliefs truly the root cause of terrorism?

This article explores religion as a cause for terrorism, looking at different causes for terrorism and discussions into the harms associated with popular conceptions of associating religion with terrorism. The results of this research demonstrate that there are multiple causes for terrorism, which are not associated with religion, despite “intelligence-led policing” methods pertaining to religious and racial profiling. Theocracies and democracies have both abused human rights, demonstrating that states will ultimately prioritize their interests at the expense of the rights and freedoms of civilians, including the right to life.

A stylistic review of Representative Columns Written in the context of Terrorism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Language is the key medium of communication. Now, if you look at it, electronic media, printmedia and social media come in mass media. Journalism is an important pillar in print media and column writing is an important field in journalism. Without which journalism is not complete. Journalism is a versatile field. Columnists write about events affecting society in the light of their experiences and observations. Columns are of different types such as political, social, economic and jurisprudence etc. Each columnist has his own distinct writing style or style. Often columnists write columns on national issues which are based on various topics. There is also terrorism among them. Who made the roots of our country hollow . It has weakened us economically, especially the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Among the columnists who tried their best on the subject of terrorism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Rahimullah Yousafzai, Ziaul Haq Sarhadi, Syed Bhi Bukhari, Saleem Safi, etc. are worth mentioning. It is different, but some things are common, such as the style of these columnists is smooth. He has described his experiences and observations in simple terms. . In his columns, he openly expressed his opinion on the situation and events of Pakistan and Afghanistan. He also mentioned the causes of terrorism in Pakistan and the efforts of the United Nations, Pakistan and Afghanistan for its solution and also gave his personal views on all the situations and events.