Causes Of Happiness Research Articles

Metastability through Tri Hita Karana: Sustaining Balinese art and Culture

Tri Hita Karana means three causes of happiness, which is to achieve balance and harmony in life. The purpose of this research is to present a concept and strategy for the development of art for Bali as a small island that has a strong and big impact on traditional art based on Animism, Hindu, and Buddhist religious beliefs. This cultural heritage is something static and becomes a classical value (stability). Meanwhile, the power of globalization and the tourist industry which is the impact of the development of information technology requires enormous changes so rapidly in a short time, that there is a concern about marginalizing and losing the quality of traditional art and too much production with less creation in a new art (instability). To overcome this, Tri Hita Karana implemented metastability to sustain Balinese art. How to apply the metastability concept in the development of art that can drive dynamic-integrated energy of development that is creating sustainability? The method used in this research is interpretative, qualitative, and participatory, to find the meaning contained therein. As a result, art does not have to remain static or stable, nor does art have to be over-exposed to mass production, or commodification for material gain. Arts, crafts, and tourist art go according to their respective paths. To overcome phenomena like this, it is important to have the concept of balance Tri Hita Karana as the spirit of metastability to sustainability the Balinese art to face globalization.

Toplum 5.0 Bağlamında Mutluluk ile İlişkilendirilen Faktörlerin Panel Veri Kanıtları

A rational economic person desires to achieve happiness by acting for his or her own benefit. Therefore, the key of human happiness is in the sense of pleasure and satisfaction. The concept of happiness, which has been emphasized more over time, has also started to be discussed frequently in economic terms. The economics of happiness at the focus of these discussions was built on an economy model based on society and nature. It is possible to mention many socioeconomic factors that add value to life and create happiness. Factors such as a clean environment, a good income level, relationships based on trust, healthy and quality life can be described as the causes of happiness. Today, a new social process is mentioned and happiness takes attention as well as technological developments in this society. This study has aimed to investigate the factors associated with happiness in the context of Society 5.0, using the panel data analysis method for 8 OECD countries between the years 2007-2019. In the study, it has been found that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between GDP per capita and happiness. In addition, it was found that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between human capital and happiness. It has been determined that there is a significant and positive relationship between renewable energy consumption and happiness. The happiness index, which is the dependent variable in the study, is explained by all other independent variables at the rate of 89 %.

Unwrapping the Gift Box: Exploring School Children’s Happiness and Unhappiness in Türkiye, from a Causality Perspective

In the face of the distance between logic and emotion, it is a difficult process to examine the happiness of humankind, who is in a fight of existence with these ideas and feelings. Considering that the ultimate goal of pedagogy is to make people happy through education, it will immediately be understood that it will become even more difficult to investigate children's happiness. It was aimed to investigate the causes of happiness and unhappiness from the eyes of the teacher and the child, and the research was designed with a qualitative method. The data were collected by enabling teachers and prospective teachers to observe primary school children and by conducting interviews with them. A kind of conceptual photograph of children's happiness and unhappiness was tried to be taken from the data obtained as a result of the content analysis. The children explained their reasons for being happy almost with justifications related to not being unhappy. In order to be happy in the eyes of children, it is necessary not to fail, not to be alone or not? to compete, and it is necessary for them to be motivated. The happiness values of male and female children differ from each other.

Implementasi Tri Hita Karana sebagai Upaya Kelola Mutu Taman Harmoni Bukit Asah Bugbug, Karangasem

<p><em>Development and management are two factors that influence the existence of a tourist area. Taman Harmoni, located in the Bukit Asah area of Bugbug Village, Karangasem is an area that has been under development and management by the Bugbug Traditional Village Tourism Development Agency (BP2DAB) since 2016. The development carried out by BP2DAB is considered successful in attracting visitors to always come back. Bugbug Village realizes that the potential of nature and culture is a priceless investment and if not managed properly it will harm the lives of future generations. Not only has a negative impact on economic factors, this negligence also causes degradation of natural environmental factors and socio-cultural factors. Tri Hita Karana is one of the local wisdom that teaches about the three causes of happiness or harmony. BP2DAB makes Tri Hita Karana a concept in managing the Taman Harmoni tourist area. Elements of Tri Hita Karana will be implemented in each of the development factors carried out. The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which the implementation of the Tri Hita Karana concept in the management of the Taman Harmoni Bukit Asah tourism object, Bugbug Karangasem. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through direct observation, interviews, and literature study. The result of this paper is a form of implementation of the elements of Parahyangan, Pawongan and Palemahan in the management of the Taman Harmoni at Bukit Asah Bugbug, Karangasem.</em><em></em></p>

Sad Kertih: Realizing Holistic and Sustainable Development through Balinese Socio-cultural Capital

The success of a country's development and progress is almost entirely measured according to the categories constructed by the West. The stratification of developed and developing countries has become a discourse that strengthens the hegemony of the West over non-Western countries. This classification has ignored the cultural reality that every nation has its view of the success of development by the goals and ideals of its own life. For Eastern people, material progress is not the only measure for the success of development because they have a more essential orientation, namely the happiness of the soul. Balinese people also believe that the purpose of human life is to achieve material well-being (jagadhita) as well as spiritual happiness (moksa) integrally. This means that development must be carried out holistically to realize these goals. Through a literature review of the Purana Bali, six important concepts for holistic and sustainable development of Bali were found, namely Sad Kertih which includes Atma Kertih, Jana Kertih, Jagat Kertih, Danu Kertih, Samudra Kertih, and Wana Kertih. These six concepts are correlated with the Tri Hita Karana (three causes of happiness) including parhyangan, pawongan, and palemahan. Sad Kertih became one of the sociocultural and local geniuses of the Balinese people to face Western hegemony in development, as well as to realize the harmony of civilization.

Does Learning, Development and Work-Life Balance Affect Happiness? A Moderated Mediatory Model

Happiness is a major issue faced by today’s workforce. The Big Challenge is to find what job-related factors caused happiness, even bigger challenge is to know how they cause it. We proposed a theoretical framework based on Joshanloo and Jarden's (2016) work explaining hedonism as a major cause of happiness moderated by individualism. We further extended the model, including career-related goals that effect hedonism. Hence we theorized that work-life balance, career development, learning affect hedonism, which subsequently affects happiness. Moreover, more individualistic (vs. collectivist) societies hedonism (tend to value pleasure) is more closely linked with happiness. Empirical validity was established by conducting a survey using a close-ended questionnaire. Data was collected from 219 respondents from different organizations of Pakistan and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. The results suggested that all three career-related factors negatively and significantly affect hedonism. Subsequently, hedonism negatively affects happiness. Individualism has a positive role in happiness directly, as well as directly, is it negatively complements the inverse effect of Hedonism on Happiness. Finding implies career-related factors decrease hedonism that would, in turn, bring more happiness. Most importantly, seeking pleasure doesn’t bring happiness. This study will benefit organizations working in Pakistan as they can estimate what to value for their employee for their happiness.

Relasi Manusia, Alam dan Tuhan Dalam Harmonisasi Semesta

<p>Humans and nature are two of the many symbols of the manifestation of God’s love for the universe He created. The form of God’s love for the universe is an indisputable reality because before God created humans, he also thought and understood the survival of human beings in the realm of life as a form of symbiotic relationship between human and natural.<br />All human needs have been fulfilled and provided by God through the supply of natural resources, and vice versa God is preparing humans to help maintain the balance of the universe, both physical, biological and socio-cultural elements.<br />The concept of Tri Hita Karana is the root of people’s happiness in Bali. As a philosophy of life for Balinese people who still exist in the community in Bali, it is also used as a model of happiness in other countries in the world. This concept is a very simple to be implemented in everyday life. Because Tri Hita Karana etymologically is derived from three syllables, Tri which means “three”, Hita means “happiness” and Karana which means “cause”. The three causes of happiness consist of Parahyangan, Palemahan and Pawongan.<br />The relation of God’s relationship with nature according to the Hindu perspective is God as a symbol of the bhuana agung and bhuana alit. God as a symbol of the bhuana agung (universe) is a manifestation of the contents of the universe while God as a symbol of the bhuana alit can be realized that God exists and lives in<br />every human being.</p>

Tri Hita Karana dalam Teks Agastya Parwa

<em>Agastya Parwa is an Old Javanese manuscript in the form of prose and is of relatively old age (Century IX-XI M). The Agastya Parwa text is closely related to the name Ṛṣi Agastya as a Hindu Mahaṛṣi who contributed to the spread of Hinduism from the Sindhu river valley throughout India, Central Asia, China, Japan, and Indonesia. According to the literature, the Agastya Parwa text belongs to the parwa group, the Agastya Parwa text is also used as a source for yajña, this means this text belongs to the ceremonial group, but there are also those who declare this text included in the ethics group because the text This contains teachings about ethics, but the text of Agastya Parwa also contains the teachings of God. Tri Hita Karana which means three causes of happiness, consists of parhyangan, pawongan, and palemahan. Parhyangan in this text is taught that devotion to God must be based on a sincere, unconditional sincerity that can cause good for someone in this life and in the life to come. The form of pawongan in the Agastya Parwa text is self-control, this is very important for someone, people who are able to control themselves will get enlightenment. Palemahan explains that animals and plants are human siblings because animals and plants are descended from the ṛṣi.</em>

Does Learning, Development and Work Life Balance Affects Happiness: A Moderated Mediatory Model

Keeping the workforce happy is a major issue faced by today’s employers. The big challenge is to find what job-related factors can lead to happiness, the bigger challenge is to identify the sources that lead to happiness. We proposed a theoretical framework based on the research of (Joshanloo & Jarden, 2016) which studied hedonism as a major cause of happiness when moderated by individualism. We further extended the model, including career related goals that effect hedonism. Hence, we theorized that, work life balance, career development, learning affect hedonism, which subsequently effects happiness. Moreover, individualistic societies are proven to be more hedonistic (tend to value pleasure) and are more closely linked with happiness as compared to collectivist societies. Empirical validity was established by conducting a survey using a close ended questionnaire. Data was collected from 219 respondents from different organizations of Pakistan and was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling to test the hypotheses testing the impact of all three career related factors to see how significantly they affect hedonism, which would ultimately have an impact on happiness. Results indicate that Individualism plays a significant positive role on happiness, as well as in directly, is it negatively complements the inverse effect of Hedonism on Happiness. Findings imply that the career related factors positively affect hedonism that would in turn bring more happiness. Most importantly, seeking pleasure is necessary to bring happiness. This study will benefit organizations working in Pakistan to identify the valuable sources of keeping their employees happy.

Language and happiness: Cultural epistemologies and ideological conflicts in Finnish online discourses on the causes of happiness

This article approaches “happiness” as a discursive construct. We examine different understandings of happiness as socially transmitted, linguistically formulated epistemological models by which humans reflexively evaluate and rationalize their experiences and identities. Our data consists of a set of Finnish online discourses that discuss the causes of happiness. We examine media platforms that mass-mediate popular discourses of happiness to individuals and allow individuals to voice their “indigenous” understandings. We analyze the linguistic, interactional, and interdiscursive characteristics of such views of happiness and show how they emerge and circulate in society disseminating mutually competing epistemologies of happiness. We also aim to show how the cross-cultural and culture-internal variation of these models becomes linked to ideological conflicts and politics of identity. On the one hand, our examples echo the kinds of individualistic, depoliticized views of happiness that have been seen as characteristic of modern media. On the other hand, they show that smaller-scale, local views of happiness tend to be more varied and attract explicit identity-political debates.

Tenganan Pegringsingan Bali In Ethnography

The purpose of this study is to create photos that visualize the activities of the Tenganan Pegringsingan community based on Tri Hita Karana’s cause of happiness to achieve balance and harmony. First, Parahyangan is a balanced relationship between humans and God, second, Pawongan a harmonious relationship between humans and humans, and thirdly Palemahan means a harmonious relationship between humans and the surrounding natural environment. This research and photography creation method was in the form of in-depth data exploration (depth observations) in the form of interviews and observations. Art and cultural activities and ceremonies in Pegringsingan Village were explored through in-depth research and presented with the concept of ethnophotography. Ethnography does not see a photograph of the work alone, but it is an ethnographic method of viewing society from an anthropological perspective. The anthropological world of photography emphasizes the extraordinary side of conventional things. The harmony of life-based on Tri Hita Karana was reflected in the Tenganan Pegringsingan community as the subject matter of ethnographic creation. Ethnographic results and analysis in Tenganan Village were dissected with the aesthetic theory of photography. First, the aesthetic of photography created through the beauty of photographs based on an ideational and technical level. It was the ethnographic ideational level of upakara in Tenganan Pegringsingan Village. The technical level was related to technical concerning the equipment used for creation. The second theory of semiotic photography analyzed photographs based on the signs contained in the photo. The results of the ethnographic creation of the community in Tenganan Pegringsingan Village found a harmonious relationship between the community and nature, humans and God in the village. This relationship is the subject of representative ethnophotography. The results of ethnographic creation reflect harmonious relationships through the implemented ceremonies that reflect Tri Hita Karana.

Computing Happiness from Textual Data

In this paper, we use a corpus of about 100,000 happy moments written by people of different genders, marital statuses, parenthood statuses, and ages to explore the following questions: Are there differences between men and women, married and unmarried individuals, parents and non-parents, and people of different age groups in terms of their causes of happiness and how they express happiness? Can gender, marital status, parenthood status and/or age be predicted from textual data expressing happiness? The first question is tackled in two steps: first, we transform the happy moments into a set of topics, lemmas, part of speech sequences, and dependency relations; then, we use each set as predictors in multi-variable binary and multinomial logistic regressions to rank these predictors in terms of their influence on each outcome variable (gender, marital status, parenthood status and age). For the prediction task, we use character, lexical, grammatical, semantic, and syntactic features in a machine learning document classification approach. The classification algorithms used include logistic regression, gradient boosting, and fastText. Our results show that textual data expressing moments of happiness can be quite beneficial in understanding the “causes of happiness” for different social groups, and that social characteristics like gender, marital status, parenthood status, and, to some extent age, can be successfully predicted form such textual data. This research aims to bring together elements from philosophy and psychology to be examined by computational corpus linguistics methods in a way that promotes the use of Natural Language Processing for the Humanities.

Power and Ideology Revealed in The Awig-awig (Customary Law) Text of Tenganan Pegringsingan Village: Critical Ecolinguistic Study

Awig-awig ‘customary law’ is a written rule which is used to manage customary village organization in Bali. This customary law has a very important role in maintaining the environment in terms of natural environment (palemahan), social environment (pawongan), and spiritual environment (parhyangan). Therefore, every awig-awig made should be based on Tri Hita Karana (THK) concept. The THK is defined as ‘three causes of happiness and prosperity’. In this study, THK is considered as an ecosophy used to judge the existence of lexical items, grammatical contructs, and other linguistic features used in the awig-awig text. In critical discourse, the exisistence of any texts is considered to bring underlying power and ideology. Thus, the written text of the awig-awig belongs to Tenganan Pegringsingan village reveals the form of power fight and ideology. Therefore, this present study was aimed at finding the influence of the power domination and ideology revealed in the awig-awig text. By applying a critical discourse analysis, it was found the influence of the power domination depicted by the use of modality kawasa and wenang ‘may/can’. Most of the linguistic features used in the awig-awig text bring preservative ideologies that need to be promoted. However, in a small part of the linguistic features used in the text, especially in the social environment, implies destructive ideologies, such as marginalization and patriarchal that need to be resisted.

ZNAMO LI ŠTO NAS ČINI SRETNIMA? VAŽNOST LAIČKIH UVJERENJA O UZROCIMA SREĆE I VRIJEDNOSTI ZA DOŽIVLJAJ SREĆE

Potraga za srećom predstavlja jednu od temeljnih ljudskih težnji koja je u posljednje vrijeme privukla pažnju brojnih istraživača zainteresiranih za otkrivanje čimbenika koji utječu na sreću. Za razliku od većine prethodnih istraživanja u ovom području, koja su bila usmjerena isključivo na ispitivanje antecedenata i posljed- ica doživljavanja sreće, u ovom su istraživanju uz pomoć Upit- nika laičkih uvjerenja o uzrocima sreće ispitana implicitna, laička uvjerenja pojedinaca o uzrocima sreće, kao i njihova povezanost s vrijednostima. Uz to, ispitana je važnost spomenutih laičkih uvjerenja o uzrocima sreće i vrijednosti za trenutno doživljenu razinu sreće sudionika. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 401 studenta različitih društvenih i humanističkih studija u Hrvat- skoj. Rezultati faktorske analize Upitnika laičkih uvjerenja o uzro- cima sreće pokazali su petfaktorsku strukturu ovog instrumenta, pri čemu su kao zasebni faktori, odnosno mogući uzroci sreće izdvojena životna postignuća, dostupnost luksuza, socijalna pot- pora, osobne snage, te zdravlje i sigurnost koji su pokazali samo umjerene korelacije s vrijednostima pojedinaca. Na kraju, rezultati hijerarhijske regresijske analize izdvojili su vrijednost otvorenosti za promjene te socijalnu potporu koja predstavlja mogući uzrok sreće kao značajne prediktore trenutne sreće sudionika. Dobi- veni rezultati proširuju i nadopunjuju prethodne nalaze u ovom području i pokazuju kako laička uvjerenja o sreći i vrijednosti imaju određeni, relativno skromni doprinos doživljaju sreće.

EKSISTENSI PARIWISATA BUDAYA BALI DALAM KONSEP TRI HITAKARANA

The success of Bali tourism has become a legend both nationally and internationally. Bali Island is known as one of the best tourist islands in the world. Various awards were obtained by Bali Island as the best island and the most favorite place to travel throughout the world. Bali is the "best exotic destination". Tourism development by maintaining and empowering local communities is expected to be expected to provide welfare in the form of positive impacts in the economic, social, cultural and environmental fields. the fact that has been developed is cultural tourism. Cultural tourism is a type of pariwista which in its development uses regional culture which is imbued by Hindu religion, which is a national culture as the basic potential of national culture. The existence of tourism in Bali is expected to build intelligent, dignified and capable human resources based on the Tri Hita Karana concept, namely, the three causes of happiness and welfare factors. Therefore, the development of tourism in Bali by empowering local communities as a source of strength for the development of community-based cultural tourism and sustainability.
 Keywords: Cultural Tourism, Tri Hita Karana

Organizational Harmony in Hindu Higher Educatiob Institution based on Tri Hita Karana Culture

<p>Universities as knowledge-based organizations need to have a conducive, adaptive and flexible structure and culture, in facing any changes. The ideals of becoming a professional organization can be realized, but it demands the organizational components involved directly in the process of forming human resources, ie employees and lecturers must have a harmonious relationship, it should be realized that the harmonization in the college organization is very important. It takes individual awareness, as well as their communal role within the organization to avoid disharmony. Therefore, a good culture is created within the organization. Hinduism teachings taught the concept of <em>Tri Hita Karana</em> or three causes of happiness, in which the achievement of harmonious relationships based of aspects of religious, sociological and ecological. In the implementation these three causes are integrated with each other and mutually influence the creation of harmony of organization goals will be more easily achieved.</p>

FUCNTIONS OF CUSTOMARY LAW IN MANAGING WATER MANAGEMENT WITHIN FARMERS’ ORGANIZATION: Case of Subak Kedua, Denpasar City, Bali Province, Indonesia

Irrigation water management in Bali province, Indonesia has been well known due to the existence of traditional irrigation system, called <em>subak. </em>Subak is not only an institution in agriculture, but also as a part of Bali’s local wisdom. The philosophy of the <em>subak</em> system is <em>Tri Hita Karana</em> (three causes of happiness) which a basis for <em>subak</em> to manage irrigation and farming activities. The objective of this study is to describe the <em>subak</em> as organization and functions of customary law in sustaining the activities on farming and irrigation in subak system. The results of study point out that <em>subak</em> as an organization employs traditional management to members, particularly in irrigation and rice farming activities. In order to manage these activities, subak has established customary law based on the traditions happened in the community where <em>subak</em> is located and based on the <em>Tri Hita Karana</em>. Thus subak’s customary law is specific location in nature. Therefore, the main contents of customary law concerning the <em>parhyangan</em> (relationship between farmers and God), <em>pawongan</em> (relationship among farmers) and and <em>palemahan</em> (relationship between farmers and environment). Applying Tri Hita Karana, subak ensures to achieve the harmony among the members and management board and make sustainable irrigation system.

Which One is Stronger to Affect Innovation Adoption by Balinese Farmers: Government Role or Local Wisdom?

Bali is a popular tourist destination that still maintain its typical culture in many areas of life, including in agriculture. Basic implementation of the primary sector in this island is based on the local wisdom called Tri Hita Karana or three causes of happiness. Tri Hita Karana consists of Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan, the harmonious relationship between human and God, fellow human beings, and the environment. Decision-making of farmers to do adoption of innovations always considering compliance with the local wisdom. Agricultural innovation has been developed from the results of research and development by the government. The government has several functions in the agriculture sector, such as: regulation functions, education functions, control functions, supervise functions, and stabilization functions. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the implementation of local knowledge and the role of the government towards the adoption of innovation, and to determine the factors which have a dominant effect on the adoption of modernization. The results showed that both the implementation of local wisdom and government role have positive and significant effect on innovation adoption by Balinese farmers. In fact, the implementation of local wisdom is stronger to affect innovation adoption than government role. Therefore, it is suggested that in the research and development innovation for agriculture, the government and researcher always consider the suitability with local wisdom, so that innovations can be adopted by farmers optimally.

How does happiness relate to economic behaviour? A review of the literature

This article reviews research on the relationship between happiness (subjective wellbeing) and economic behaviour. I describe how experimental and non-experimental methods have been used, across the social sciences, to investigate how happiness drives, and is driven by, particular behavioural tendencies. I consider interpersonal behaviour (selfishness, trust and reciprocity) and individual behaviour (risk and time preferences). Regarding interpersonal behaviour, a general conclusion is that happiness results from pro-social behaviour. Happiness negatively correlates with selfishness and positively correlates with trust; in both cases there is stronger evidence that the behaviour is a cause of happiness than a consequence of it. Individuals also gain happiness from inflicting costly punishment on those who have harmed them, although being happy reduces the degree to which people are willing to dole out such punishment in the first place. Regarding individual behaviour, the relationship between happiness and risk preferences remains unclear despite a large body of research on the topic, while there is evidence that happiness affects time preferences by reducing impatience. In all cases, I draw distinctions between the long- and short- term relationships between happiness and behaviour.

Could promoting happiness mental health policy prevention against suicide?

What do we know about happiness? What is the essence of happiness? What are the causes of happiness? Is there a difference between individual happiness and collective happiness? Can we measure happiness? Let us see if there is a correlation between suicide and happiness?Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.