Cause Of Lymphadenopathy Research Articles

Peripheral Lymphadenopathy in Children: Cytomorphological Spectrum and Interesting Diagnoses.

Peripheral lymphadenopathy is a common complaint in the pediatric outpatient department. Fine needle aspiration cytology is the first investigation of choice with a high sensitivity for diagnosis but cytology may be challenging in some cases. The study was planned to study the cytomorphological spectrum and discuss a few interesting cases. 1890 paediatric subjects' up to 12 years of age with significant peripheral lymph node enlargement and an adequate cytology specimen were included in the study. Inadequate aspirates were excluded. The majority of children presented within 4-8 years of age with a male to female ratio of 1.7:1. The anterior cervical group was most commonly affected, followed by the posterior cervical, axillary and inguinal. Reactive lymphadenitis constituted the majority of the diagnoses, followed by Tuberculosis, acute suppurative, BCG-induced lymphadenitis, Kimura disease, Rosai-Dorfmann disease and Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. Lymphomas and metastatic malignancies were less common, and mainly consisted of Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Cytomorphological features of a few challenging and interesting cases have been discussed. Non neoplastic causes of lymphadenopathy predominate in the pediatric age group. A definitive diagnosis rests upon a complete clinical, radiological, microbiological, and cyto-histopathological correlation with the use of ancillary techniques wherever necessary.

Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS)-The Winded Road to Diagnosis: A Report

If a child has recurrent episodes of infection associated with lymph node enlargement and cytopenias in ≥1 lineage, an immune disorder should be suspected. Other common causes for lymphadenopathy, hepato-splenomegaly or cytopenias are considered prior to evaluating for immune causes, often delaying the diagnosis. Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) is one such rare immune disorder. This article reports the challenges in diagnosis of ALPS in two children, and also briefly highlights the importance of diagnosing this disease.

Evaluation of the patient with lymphadenopathy: Is it always easy to reach the correct diagnosis?

Lymphadenopathy (LAP) is a common clinical problem in adult patients and should be thoroughly evaluated in a tertiary hospital to investigate its reasons. In this study, we aimed to present the demographic characteristics, etiology, diagnosis and follow-up results of the patients who applied with LAP symptoms and findings. This study was designed to include adult patients with neck, armpit, or groin swelling accompanied by symptoms, such as fever, night sweats, weight loss, cough and sputum between January 2010 and August 2017, retrospectively. Patients’ data were collected from electronic files. Patients were diagnosed using radiological, histopathological, bacteriological, serological and other microbiological methods. Two hundred-thirty patients were included in this study. The mean age was 43.12±17.06 SD in males and 45.74±16.64 in females. On admission, the most common symptoms were night sweats (31%), fever (23%), weight loss (17%) and cough and/or sputum (13%) in order of frequency. However, 16% of the patients were asymptomatic. In this study, 157 (68.26%) patients were diagnosed. Tuberculosis (n=76; 33%), malignancies (n=28, 12.1%) and tularemia (N=14; 6.1%) were the most common diseases causing LAP that was most commonly located in the bilateral cervical chain. Lymphadenopathy should be evaluated comprehensively concerning diagnosing or ruling out many diseases that must be treated necessarily. Knowledge and awareness of the diseases as a cause of LAP may contribute to the early and correct diagnosis. Therefore, undiagnosed patients should be followed, and the institutions should develop policies for this purpose, such as telemedicine applications.

Cervical lymphadenitis as a result of (Hijab) pin prick in north of Jordan

Introduction. Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. Hijab is a head cover worn by some Muslim women in the presence of any adult male outside of their immediate family, which usually covers the head, neck and chest. It is strictly forbidden to Muslim woman to unveil any single hair of her head, so they use many pins around the head to fix their Hijab. Often, while using pins they are self-pricked. Aim. The main aim of our work is to reveal a new cause of lymphadenopathy, which is not known till now. Material and methods. Retrospective study during the past five years among seventy-five female outpatients, visited our Oral and Maxillofacial clinic in dental department. Our data was collected according to medical history of patients; all female patients with cervical lymphadenopathy were using (A hijab). Results. Data collected of 75 female patients. Lymphadenopathy causes were various. Most of these causes resulted from nonspecific lymphadenitis (67 patients), 4 tuberculosis, 2 lymphoma, 2 cat scratch disease. Aetiology of 67 nonspecific lymphadenitis was 40 patients of dental cause, 10 of sore throat, 7 of acne vulgaris, 3 of mild facial injuries, and 7 of (Hijab pin pricks). Conclusion. Hijab pin prick cervical lymphadenitis in Islamic communities is not uncommon and, unexplained cervical lymphadenitis should be considered as potential cause.

The utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in the Diagnosis of Lymphadenopathy

Introduction: The causes of lymphadenopathy may be varied ranging from reactive to neoplastic.Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology(FNAC) is a simple and inexpensive diagnostic tool to sample cellsfrom superficial and accessible sites. Aims: This study was undertaken to assess the utility of FNACin evaluating lymphadenopathy and to study the cytomorphological spectrum of lymph node lesionsin our region. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study of two years duration, on patients withlymphadenopathy who came to the Pathology Department for FNAC. Methods and materials:Cytology findings of Lymph node lesions were classified into four categories and were compared withhistopathology diagnosis as the gold standard. Statistical Analysis: Data was tabulated accordingto various parameters. Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV, and Diagnostic accuracy for detectingmalignancy were calculated. Results: The age range of patients included in the present studyranged from 9 to – 78 years. The mean age is 48.92 years and the median is 52 years. Thecytological diagnosis was classified as reactive in 20 cases (32.7%), inflammatory in 16 cases(26.2%), lymphoma in 3 cases (4.9%), and 22 cases (36.1%) were metastasis from other sites.Following histopathology, the cases were diagnosed to be 19 reactive lymphadenopathies, 14inflammatory lesions, 5 lymphomas, and 23 metastasis. The most common site of lymphadenopathywas the cervical region. Conclusions: FNAC has high sensitivity and specificity in differentiatingbenign lesions from malignant ones. The age, clinical findings, and supporting investigations shouldbe taken into account while diagnosing a lesion as benign or malignant.

HIV Lymphadenopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Important Imaging Features.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to review important imaging and clinical features to help elucidate causes of lymphadenopathy in patients with HIV infection. CONCLUSION. HIV lymphadenopathy has various causes generally categorized as inflammatory or reactive, such as immune reconstitution syndrome; infectious, such as tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and HIV infection itself; and neoplastic, such as lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and Castleman disease. It is important to consider patients' demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, CD4 lymphocyte counts, and radiologic features to identify likely causes of lymphadenopathy.

Spectrum of diseases presenting with lymphadenopathy in elderly: Fine needle aspiration cytology of 60 cases

Introduction: Lymphadenopathy is one of the common clinical presentations in patients of all age group. Lymphadenopathy can be due to reactive or infective cause, but malignancy including metastastic deposits in are not uncommon in elderly. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a useful diagnostic rapider in many mass lesions like lymphadenopathy. Aims and Objectives: Three years study was conducted to know the spectrum of diseases causing enlargement of lymph nodes in elderly patients with age 60 years and above. Materials and Methods: We have collected all the clinical data from the registers from June 2014 to June 2017 in Medical records section, KIMS, Koppal and reviewed FNAC slides of lymph node aspirates of elderly. Results: A total of 60 elderly patients of age 60 years and above with lymphadenopathy were included in this study. Cervical group of lymph nodes were the predominant site for lymphadenopathy. The commonest cause of lymphadenopathy was reactive, seen in 29 patients, followed by 23 patients with metastatic deposits and squamous cell differentiation was commonest type. Tubercular and suppurative lymphadenitis were observed in four cases each. CBNNAT is an useful diagnostic modality in microbiological confirmation of tuberculosis. Males showed preponderance of reactive as well as in metastatic lymphadenopathy. Conclusion: Though reactive lymphadenitis is the commonest cause for enlargement of lymph nodes but metastatic deposits are not uncommon in elderly. FNAC as a diagnostic rapider useful screening tool for all elderly patients presenting with lymphadenopathy. Keywords: Lymphadenopathy, Reactive, Metastatic, FNAC, Tubercular, CBNAAT.

Morphological patterns of FNAC of lymph nodes

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology is fast becoming preoperative method of choice for diagnosis and management of various lumps and lesions since few decades. It helps clinician to decide mode of treatment in most cases in both non-neoplastic and neoplastic disorders. The aim of our study was to assess utility of FNAC in the diagnosis and management of lymph node disorders and distribution of these lesions according to different lymph node groups and age and sex distribution of these lesions. Materials and Methods: The present study was done during the period between December 2015 and May 2017 in the department of pathology (central clinical laboratory), Koppal Institute of medical sciences, Koppal. 10ml syringe and 23/24 gauge needles were used for the procedure. Material obtained was expressed on slide and smears were made by standard smearing technique. Both wet and air dried smears were made. Wet smears were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and dry smears with Lieshman stain and Giemsa stain. Ziehl-Neelson staining for acid fast bacilli was done wherever required. Results: We assessed 204 cases of lymphadenopathy cases. We got satisfactory aspirate in most (97.1%) cases. Cervical group of lymph nodes were most commonly (82%) involved. Granulomatous lesions were most common in young adults and reactive nonspecific lesions were most common in paediatric group. Metastatic carcinomas were most common type after 50yrs age group. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration is simple, rapid and cost effective method to know the cause of lymphadenopathy. It significantly reduced unnecessary surgical biopsy for diagnosis of lymphadenopathies in our case. Keywords: FNAC, Lymph node, Morphology, Lymphadenopathy.

Utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in the Evaluation of Lymphadenopathy.

IntroductionFine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a quick, effective and relatively inexpensive technique to evaluate the visibly accessible superficial masses. As cervical, axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathies are commonly encountered clinical problems, in this study, we evaluated the utility of FNAC for assessment of lymphadenopathy.MethodsA retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Cytopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, over the duration of three years. A total of 559 cases were included in the study that underwent FNAC. After palpation, two to three passes were performed with a 22-23 gauge needle along with a plunger for FNAC. The obtained material was spread on three slides that were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E), Papanicolaou (PAP), and Diff-Quik methods. The remaining material was used for cell block preparation.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 37.05±18.03 years. In 98.7% of cases, the material was adequate for a satisfactory cytological examination. The most common site of FNAC was the cervical lymph node and tuberculous lymphadenitis (37%) was the most common diagnosis on FNAC, followed by reactive lymphadenitis (27.2%). Reactive lymphadenitis was seen more frequently in the younger age group (<15 years), whereas metastatic carcinoma was more commonly seen in the older age group (>50 years). Tuberculous lymphadenitis was noted more frequently in the middle age group (16-35 years). Moreover, tuberculous lymphadenitis was noted more commonly in cervical lymph nodes, while metastatic carcinoma was more frequently observed in axillary and inguinal lymph node FNACs.ConclusionFNAC is a quick and reliable method to categorize the cause of lymphadenopathy into reactive, inflammatory/infectious, metastatic, and lymphoproliferative, avoiding the necessity of an incisional/trucut biopsy. Moreover, age, gender, and site of involvement are useful predictors of the cause of lymphadenopathy. We noted that in the younger age group, reactive lymphadenitis was more common, whereas tuberculous lymphadenitis and metastatic carcinoma were more frequent in middle and older age groups, respectively. On a similar note, tuberculous lymphadenitis was more frequent in cervical lymph nodes than axillary and inguinal lymph nodes, while metastatic carcinoma was more common in these latter two sites.

English

BACKGROUND Lymphadenopathy is one of the commonest presentations in clinical practice. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is an established, easy, cost effective, diagnostic tool for lymphadenopathies. Judicious application of FNAC can avoid the need of biopsy. We wanted to compare the accuracy of FNAC and histological analysis of peripheral lymphadenopathy among patients visiting the Departments of Oncology, Pathology, Surgery of K.D. Medical College and determine the most prevalent cause of peripheral lymphadenopathy among different age groups of patients. METHODS This study was done among cases of peripheral lymphadenopathy whose FNAC &amp; biopsy were available. 112 cases of lymph node FNACs were carried out in the Dept. of Pathology for a period of one and half years from July 2018 till December 2019. Special stains were used whenever necessary. RESULTS Out of 112 cases studied 68 cases were male and 44 cases were female. Ratio of M : F = 1.5. The commonest anatomical site for lymphadenopathy was cervical (70 %) followed by supraclavicular (13 %) and axillary (10 %). Coming to the spectrum of the disease 103 cases (91.9 %) were non neoplastic lesions and 9 cases 8.03 % were neoplastic lesions. Reactive hyperplastic was the most common condition 51 cases (45.5 %) followed by tuberculosis 34 cases (30.35 %). Out of cases 9 cases (8.03 %) of malignancy, 5 cases (4.4 %) were metastatic deposits &amp; 4 cases (3.57 %) were lymphomas. The peak age group ranged between 21 - 30 years. Cervical location of distribution of lymphadenopathy is noticed to be highest (70 %), which is then followed by, supra clavicular (13 %), axillary (10 %) and inguinal (5 %). (Maximum number of cases were found in the age group of 21 yr. - 30 yr., least number of cases seen in the age group of 61 yr. – 70 yr. Correlative study between cytopathological &amp;and histopathological examination of lymphadenopathy showed diagnostic discordance in three cases and concordance in 109 cases. CONCLUSIONS Apart from reactive hyperplasia, tuberculosis is the commonest cause of lymphadenopathy &amp; males are commonly affected. FNAC is a safe procedure with high degree of sensitivity and specificity and concordance of 96.64 % with histopathological diagnosis. For confirming the diagnosis of lymph nodes, histopathology is the gold standard. KEYWORDS Lymphadenopathy, FNAC, Histopathology, Biopsy, Tuberculosis

A study on evaluation of the role of fine-needle aspiration cytology in the etiology of lymphadenopathy in the rural population attending tertiary care hospital

Introduction: Lymph nodes are a site for organized collections of lymphoreticular tissue and arepink-gray bean-shaped encapsulated organs. Lymph nodes are among the commonly aspiratedorgans for diagnostic purposes. Lymphadenopathy is of great clinical significance as underlyingdiseases may range from a treatable infectious etiology to malignant neoplasms Fine needleaspiration cytology (FNAC) is a reliable as well as an inexpensive method used to diagnoselymphadenopathy of various sites. Aims: To evaluate the usefulness of FNAC as a diagnostic tool inthe etiological causes of lymphadenopathy and to study the cytomorphological features associatedwith various lymphadenopathies. Materials and Methods: The present prospective study wascarried out in the Department of Pathology at Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences,Vizianagaram, a Tertiary Care Centre. A total of 210 patients of all age groups underwent FNAC ofenlarged lymph nodes during this study period. Results: FNAC diagnosis was found to be as follows:tubercular lymphadenitis in 98 cases (46.67%) followed by reactive hyperplasia in 35 cases(16.67%), metastatic carcinoma 29 (13.8%), granulomatous lymphadenitis 27 (12.85%), non-specific lymphadenitis 8 (3.8%), acute suppurative lymphadenitis 7 (3.33%) and lymphoma 4 (1.8).Conclusion: FNAC of lymph nodes is an excellent first-line investigation to determine the nature ofthe lesion. It is quick, safe, minimally invasive, and reliable and is readily accepted by the patient.

Peripheral Lymphadenopathies in Childhood: Experience at a Pediatric Oncology Department in Turkey

Introduction: Palpable lymph nodes are very common physical examination findings in childhood, and sometimes it can be challenging to say if it is benign or malignant. Objectives: This retrospective study evaluated 157 children admitted to an oncology department because of lymphadenopathy and aimed to determine the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic data valuable for differential diagnosis. Materials and Methods: One hundred fifty-two cases were analyzed, which were defined as either malignant or benign by the etiology. The benign cases were also defined to three groups as ‘viral lymphadenopathy’, ‘bacterial lymphadenopathy’, and ‘other reactive lymphadenopathy’. Results: A specific cause for lymphadenopathy was documented in 61 (40,1%) cases. Of 152 cases, benign causes were detected in 133 (87,5%), and malignant causes were detected in 19 (12,5%) cases. The most frequent cause in the benign group was reactive hyperplasia (59,8%) and in the malignant group was lymphoma (7,3%). A biopsy was performed from 19 of the cases for diagnosis. Malign causes were detected in 12 (58%), and benign causes were detected in the remaining 7 (42%). In terms of differential diagnosis, some symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory tests showed meaningful differences between the case groups Conclusions: The following findings were determined as being important to alert physicians about the probability of a malignant disorder: location of lymphadenopathy, number of associated systemic symptoms, size of lymph node, abnormal laboratory findings, abnormal chest X-ray.

Fine needle aspiration cytology in assessment of lymph node lesions

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is widely accepted as the accurate, sensitive, specific and cost-effective procedure in the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy. Tubercular lymphadenitis is one of the most common causes of lymphadenopathy in developing countries like India. Materials and Methods: An observational study was carried out at the pathology department of teaching hospital in Delhi NCR from March 2013 to April 2017. A total of 3392 patients presented in the FNAC OPD of the hospital, out of which 1730 had lymphadenopathies. Smears were stained with Giemsa and categorised into the cytological pattern. Zheil Neelson (ZN) stain was done in all clinically suspicious cases to tuberculosis. Data regarding brief history, site, age, sex, the gross appearance of aspirate and cytomorphologic features were collected and analysed. Results: Out of the 1730 cases of consecutive lymph node aspirations, 17 were excluded from the study due to inadequate material, 979 cases (57.15%) showed features of Tubercular Lymphadenitis followed by Reactive Lymphadenitis, 524 cases (30.58%). Out of the 20 cases which showed HIV positivity 18 showed the presentation of tubercular lymphadenitis. TB was prevalent in all age groups, with the majority of cases affecting people more than 50 years of age. Conclusion: FNAC of lymphadenopathy is of particular importance in view of the high prevalence of tuberculosis in our country, atypical presentation of tuberculosis and because AFB are seen mostly in purulent aspirate smears which do not show granulomas, necrosis or epithelioid cells and which in the absence of Ziehl-Neelsen staining can be dismissed as acute suppurative lymphadenitis. FNAC is a simple, reliable, quick and economical diagnostic tool for peripheral lymph node lesions especially in the quick and simple diagnosis of Tubercular Lymphadenitis. Keywords: Lymph node, Fine needle aspiration cytology FNAC, Tubercular lymphadenitis, Reactive lymphadenitis, Lymphoma.

Identification of Specific Endobronchial Ultrasound Features to Differentiate Sarcoidosis From Other Causes of Lymphadenopathy.

We hypothesized that specific endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) features may differentiate sarcoidosis from other causes of lymphadenopathy. We conducted this retrospective observational study from January 2014 to January 2019 to analyze patients with intrathoracic lymphadenopathy who underwent EBUS-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. Ultrasound features, including nodal size, margin, echogenicity, the presence or absence of calcification, a central hilar structure, the coagulation necrosis sign, nodal conglomeration, and the septal vessel sign in the color Doppler mode were recorded and compared between 3 groups. Of the 90 included patients, 15 had a diagnosis of tuberculosis; 56 had a diagnosis of sarcoidosis; and 19 had a diagnosis of malignant lymph nodes by EBUS-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. The presence of nodal conglomeration (94.6% versus 60.0% versus 5.3%; P < .001), the septal vessel sign in the color Doppler mode (55.4% versus 13.3% versus 15.8%; P = .002), and a distinct margin (73.2% versus 13.3% versus 47.4%; P < .001) were significantly higher in the sarcoidosis group than in the tuberculosis lymphadenopathy and malignant lymph node groups. The presence of the coagulation necrosis sign (8.9% versus 93.3% versus 31.6%; P < .001) was significantly lower in the sarcoidosis group than in tuberculosis lymphadenopathy and malignant lymph node groups. A multivariate analysis showed that the presence of nodal conglomeration, the absence of coagulation necrosis, and the presence of the septal vessel sign in the color Doppler mode were independent predictive factors for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The presence of nodal conglomeration, the absence of coagulation necrosis, and the presence of the septal vessel sign in the color Doppler mode in lymph nodes on EBUS are predictive of sarcoidosis.

Cytological patterns of tubercular lymphadenitis and its histopathological correlation in a tertiary care centre in South India-A revisited study

Background: Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most common cause of lymphadenopathy in India. Despite, availability of many literature on Daignosis and management of Tuberculosis in various parts of India, practically diagnosis of Tuberculosis sometimes pose a challenge to the pathologists and clinicians. A holistic diagnostic approach of cytology with aid of special stain and histopathological evaluation resolves this diagnostic dilemma. Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the different cytological patterns of tuberculous lymphadenitis in our settings along with utility of special stain like Acid fast stain and further histopathological evaluation Material and Methods: Five hundred and three cases of superficial lymphadenopathy were subjected to Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), and smears were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E), Giemsa, Papanicalou and Acid Fast stain and were categorized into three cytomorphological patterns. If the swelling underwent excision biopsy, they were correlated with histopathological examination also. Result: Out of 503 cases of lymph node swelling aspirated, 200 cases (39.7%), showed features of Tuberculous lymphadenitis. Majority of cases (72.2%) were in their second to fourth decades of life, with male-to-female ratio of 1:2. Cervical region was the most common site of involvement. Smears revealed epithelioid granulomas with caseous necrosis in maximum cases (55%).AFB positivity was seen highest in smears revealing necrosis only with or without epithelioid cell granulomas (76.3%). Conclusion: FNAC has been proved very safe, highly sensitive, and first line investigation in diagnosing tubercular lymphadenitis. Hence, the approach to tubercular lymphadenitis attains completeness with cytopathological and histopathological evaluation. Keywords: Cytological patterns, Tubercular lymphadenitis, Acid fast smear.

Spectrum of morphological changes in lymph nodes of HIV infected patients with lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy is frequent in persons with HIV infection, occurring either as one of the earliest manifestations of infection or as a finding at any time during the course of disease. The evaluation of lymph node morphology has been one approach to diagnosis and in understanding the nature of the immune dysfunction in these conditions. To identify the various causes of lymphadenitis and evaluate the various morphologic patterns in HIV positive patients with lymphadenopathy.: Total eighty lymph node biopsies were examined. Six lymph nodes were found to be inadequate. The precise history of the patients which included ESR, fever, opportunistic infection, any other complaints, CD4+, CD8+ counts were noted. The different histological changes in the lymph nodes were evaluated. Special stain was used to detect the microorganisms. Reactive hyperplasia was the most common cause of lymphadenitis. Type B pattern was seen in most of the patients. The type of pattern correlated with the CD4 counts. Tuberculosis was the most common opportunistic infection.Lymph nodes biopsy is a valuable tool in the evaluation of HIV positive patients to identify the cause of lymphadenopathy.

Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of lymphnodal biopsies

Diseases affecting lymph nodes form a wide range of spectrum, from simple infection to malignant pathology. A panel of IHC markers is decided based on morphologic differential diagnosis. To study the incidence of lymph nodal lesions with respect to age and sex and their different histopathological patterns. To use Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for sub typing of neoplastic lesions. This study was done for a period of two and a half years in the Department o f Pathology, from Jan 2017 to June 2019. All the specimens received were fixed in 10% formalin and routinely processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E.) A total of 230 lymph node biopsies were studied. Age distribution varied from 3 to 83 years with female preponderance. Non – Neoplastic lesions were common comprising of 120 cases (52%) while neoplastic lesions were 110 (48%). Among non neoplastic lesions reactive lymphadenitis (23%) was common followed by tuberculous lymphadenitis (21%). In neoplastic lesions, metastatic diseases (20%) predominated. IHC was done wherever necessary for subtyping of lymphomas and also to differentiate lymphoma from carcinoma. Lymph node biopsy with IHC plays an important role in establishing the cause for lymphadenopathy and thus aids in therapy.

Observational study on FNAC evaluation of peripheral lymph node swellings

Introduction: Peripheral lymphadenopathy is one of the common conditions encountered by clinicians. Knowledge of the pattern of diseases responsible for the same helps in better clinical decisions and management. The present study was conducted to assess the cytomorphological pattern of lymph node swellings by FNAC. Methods: The present study was cross-sectional in nature conducted upon 163 cases presenting with peripheral lymph node swellings for FNAC. Details of illness and findings of FNAC were noted. Results: Reactive hyperplasia was the most common finding in younger age groups (&lt;20 years). Tuberculosis was more commonly seen in middle age groups (21-40 years). Malignant changes were more common in the elderly (&gt;60 years). Conclusion: Reactive hyperplasia was the most common cause of lymphadenopathy in younger age groups was, tubercular lymphadenitis in the middle age group and metastatic carcinoma in patients above 60 years of age.

Progressive Formation of Germinal Centers with Multiple Nodule in The Lung

Enlarged lymph nodes in the head, neck, and axillary region are a common cause for patients to contact doctors. The most common cause of lymphadenopathy is infection and usually regresses with treatment. In the differential diagnosis of chronic lymphadenopathies, infection, lymphoproliferative diseases and progressive transformation of germinal centers should be considered. In this article, we aimed to discuss the patient with bilateral widespread nodular appearance in the cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, mediastinal lymph node and lungs. A 43-year-old female patient was referred for her mass in the neck and bilateral axillary region. Biopsy from the cervical region in the outer center was evaluated as an infection. In radiological imaging, lymph nodes were observed in the left cervical 15*11 mm, right supraclavicular 24*11 mm, left supraclavicular 18*11 mm, right axillary 11*21 mm, left axillary 27*18 mm, mediastinum 24*15 mm. In addition, extensive nodular lesion, the largest of which was 15 mm, was observed in both lungs. Excisional biopsy was performed from the left axillary region. Pathologically, progressive transformation of germinal centers was diagnosed. In the presence of lymphadenopathies that do not pass with medical treatment, an excisional biopsy should be performed and the diagnosis should be clarified for a definitive diagnosis.

Лимфаденопатии в педиатрической практике

The purpose — to present the information on the main causes of lymphadenopathies in children and the stages of differential-diagnostic search which complicate diagnosing and determining the treatment tactics. Material and methods. Analysis of literature data on lymphadenopathies in children, features of clinical manifestations under tumorous and non-tumorous etiology of the disease, and approaches to differential diagnostics. Results. The article presents the general information on etiology and classification of the characteristic clinical symptoms of lymphadenopathies in children, which are necessary for a pediatrician to determining the treatment tactics of a patient with this pathology. Conclusion. For duly diagnosing a child with lymphadenopathy, a pediatrician should be aware of a wide range of nosologies and be attentive to any detail of the case history, clinical picture and laboratory examination data, as it may influence not only the treatment efficiency but even life forecast for the patient.