Causes Of Inequality Research Articles

‘The system is unfair’: Uncontrollable attributions for inequality predict more equitable giving in adolescents

AbstractSocioeconomic position is often determined by uncontrollable, structural factors, yet people from the United States tend to attribute wealth and poverty to individual control. However, information about behavioural correlates of such beliefs across development is relatively lacking. Thus, we examined adolescents' reasoning about the causes of inequality in a sample of 599 adolescents from a socioeconomically, ethnically, and racially diverse middle school (grades 6–8). Additionally, early adolescents were presented with two novel groups with an unexplained wealth disparity and given a task in which they could perpetuate or rectify inequality. We found that while adolescents tended to give equitably and rectify the inequality, this outcome was predicted by the type of explanation they gave for societal inequality. Furthermore, participants' socioeconomic status and sexual identity predicted their inequality explanations. These results add to our knowledge of adolescent reasoning about inequality by demonstrating a potential link between attributions for inequality and giving behaviour.

The Social Equity Of Public Green Open Space Accessibility: The Case Of South Tangerang, Indonesia

Public Green Open Space (PGOS) is widely known to provide many benefits for the well-being of urban community, especially the socially vulnerable. Achieving equitable PGOS access is crucial for the sustainability and livability of cities. This study aims to 1) observe the accessibility of PGOS and 2) investigate the social equity of PGOS access in South Tangerang, Indonesia. This study employed network-based accessibility analysis through GIS and constructed a green space access index at urban village level to observe the accessibility of PGOS for urban residents. Furthermore, statistical correlation tests were conducted to examine the social equity of PGOS access against socio-demographic variables. The spatiality of equity was explored by using Bivariate Moran’s I. The results found that in South Tangerang, PGOS access is unequal, showing 61.2% of residential areas being underserved. This study also found that PGOS access is higher in elite private neighborhoods. Furthermore, statistical tests showed that PGOS access is inequitable for the low-income group. As for the elderly and population density, PGOS access was found to be equitable. However, no correlation was found between children and PGOS access. Additionally, causes of inequality and inequity in PGOS access and its implications are further discussed. This study addresses several key policy implications for urban planners and specifically for the government of South Tangerang such as the need to reform PGOS planning & policy and developing alternative funding for PGOS.

Addressing Determinants of Immunization Inequities Requires Objective Tools to Devise Local Solutions.

Universal immunization substantially reduces morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. In recent years, routine immunization coverage has varied considerably among countries across the WHO European Region, and among different populations and districts within countries. It has even declined in some countries. Sub-optimal immunization coverage contributes to accumulations of susceptible individuals and can lead to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. The European Immunization Agenda 2030 (EIA2030) seeks to build better health in the WHO European Region by ensuring equity in immunization and supporting immunization stakeholders in devising local solutions to local challenges. The factors that influence routine immunization uptake are context specific and multifactorial; addressing immunization inequities will require overcoming or removing barriers to vaccination for underserved individuals or populations. Local level immunization stakeholders must first identify the underlying causes of inequities, and based on this information, tailor resources, or service provision to the local context, as per the organization and characteristics of the health care system in their countries. To do this, in addition to using the tools already available to broadly identify immunization inequities at the national and regional levels, they will need new pragmatic guidance and tools to address the identified local challenges. It is time to develop the necessary guidance and tools and support immunization stakeholders at all levels, especially those at the subnational or local health centre levels, to make the vision of EIA2030 a reality.

Islamic Management Education as Pivotal Tool to Reduce Inequality of Online Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesian Higher Education

Online-based education due to the COVID-19 pandemic has created class inequality between students from the lower middle class/poor economic group and students from the upper class/elite financial group. This article aims to fill existing research gaps regarding class inequality during the pandemic, creating gaps in student experience and learning outcomes. The approach is qualitatively collected using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The results are analyzed, interpreted, and verified on the MaxQDA application. This study's findings are that in its implementation, online education creates inequality related to learning support tools: cell phones and laptops, quotas, and internet networks. Then, family background factors are also the cause of inequality, especially concerning work or income, parents' educational background, and the area where they live. As a result, the disparity in online education impacts student learning outcomes that decline and soar parental spending to meet additional needs to support learning activities. Thus, rapid response from universities is needed to immediately overcome this inequality because the demands for technological education, on the other hand, also create gaps in learning.

Heading South, Unmuting Multilingualisms: A Commentary on “Midadolescents’ Language Learning at School: Toward More Just and Scientifically Rigorous Practices in Research and Education”

The central thesis of Uccelli's target article is a dire need to identify the causes of inequalities in literacy and language education from the fourth grade, and which pedagogies best eliminate them. Uccelli's quest for empirical, pedagogical, and theoretical insights to counter injustice, and to give voice to rather than silence students, is urgent and welcome. Effective redress of structural inequalities associated with language and literacy in formal education, however, cannot occur through a universalist worldview embedded in a northern episteme and in one language, English. It is time to turn to and learn from societies that hold pluriversal worldviews, predominantly beyond the Euro-North. My concern in this commentary is mostly with students who live in highly multilingual low-income countries of the South. It is also with those who migrate to high-income, less multilingual societies where challenges of diversity increase rather than resolve. I argue that linguists and teachers need to understand the relationships among cognition and development of bilingual/multilingual capability and literacy; plural ways of knowing, believing, and being; and knowledge exchange and production. These relationships are invisibilized in a universalist northern-facing curriculum, pedagogy and assessment regime, and texts published only in English. English cannot reflect the epistemological, ontological, or cosmological nuances and pluralities expressed in the 7,000 or more language communities of the world, nor do its texts include extensive knowledge produced beyond English. Yet, there is much to be learned from the expertise in secular and faith-based bilingual and multilingual education and in languages and scripts that are neither English nor Latin. Scholars currently enjoying privileged access to academic publishing opportunities (in English), to elevated citation counts, and to generous research grants cannot afford to ignore studies in multilingualisms from Africa and South Asia much longer. Yes, there is space for the horizontal practices of translanguaging that northern-facing scholarship seems to have discovered only recently in the to-ing and fro-ing between languages, especially in spoken discourse, familiar to all bilingual and multilingual peoples, and included in more familiarly known codemixing, codeswitching. However, some 2,000 years of formalized clerical and scholarly teaching in Africa and India show that pedagogical value in written translation between clearly identified languages is marked. This has also been evident in the last 120 years of research on bilingual/multilingual education in formal, informal, and nonformal schooling in these settings (Alidou et al., 2006; Heugh, 2023; Mohanty, 2018). To achieve equality of access to further education and career opportunities, students need vertical expertise in written translation in both their most well-known and used language and one used for purposes of wider (national or international) communication (Heugh, 2021). Moreover, if we are serious about equality, we need to attend to the voices and agency of students, parents, and communities globally. Most of those who experience systemic marginalization are acutely aware of how the structural artifice and technologies of linguistic exclusion work. They already have the horizontal translanguaging expertise now ironically being acquired by northern-facing academics. What they desire and require is access to the same high-level academic language expertise that linguists enjoy. They know that this is the instrumental key that opens doors of exclusion. It means high-level capability in language differentiation for purposes of precision (e.g., for scientific, legal, safety, security, international spoken or signed, and written purposes). This can be achieved through purposeful, systematic use of translation (central to vertical translanguaging), together with pedagogies of voices. However, these need to be embedded in bilingual/multilingual education for most students globally (Heugh, 2011, 2021). Monolingual students in the Anglosphere risk being left behind as the center shifts from the Euro-North toward Asia and the South. So, the sooner educators return all students to additional language and bilingual/multilingual programs with strong academic and professional outcomes, the more swiftly parochial concerns of inequalities can be redirected to secure students’ futures in a rapidly changing world. Uccelli is right, the field needs pedagogies of voices, not those of silence. Educators do need to address the gaps in literacy that silence many students, particularly those obliged to learn through a second or third language or dialect. The gaps, however, are more acute for students in postcolonial low-income countries. This means moving beyond the silencing of bilingual/multilingual expertise in and beyond the Euro-North (Ouane & Glanz, 2010; Mohanty, 2018; Heugh, 2023). Unashamedly, the priority is bilingual and multilingual education that includes both (a) horizontal, convivial, and spoken use of multilingual practices that bridge and mediate information flows across languages and (b) systematic use of vertical practices of written translation and spoken or signed interpreting to achieve high levels of academic language proficiency (whether one calls this analytical or scientific language) for all students to achieve equality of access and outcomes. Anything less simply continues cycles of inequality.

Social Isolation: An Unequally Distributed Health Hazard.

Social isolation is a potent predictor of poor health, mortality, and dementia risk. A great deal of research across national contexts provides causal evidence for these linkages and identifies key explanatory mechanisms through which isolation affects health. Research on social isolation recognizes that some people are more likely than others to be isolated, but over the past several decades, researchers have focused primarily on the consequences of isolation for health rather than a systematic assessment of the social conditions that foster isolation over the life course. In this article, we review the available evidence on inequities in social isolation and develop a conceptual framework to guide future research on structural systems that fuel social isolation over the life course. Future work in this area has the potential to identify root causes of inequality in social isolation, as well as targeted policy levers to reduce isolation in vulnerable populations.

Policy actors’ perceptions of public participation to tackle health inequalities in Scotland: a paradox?

BackgroundHealth inequalities are persistent and widening with transformative policy change needed. Radically shifting policy to tackle upstream causes of inequalities is likely to require public participation to provide a mandate, evidence and to address questions of co-design, implementation and acceptability. The aim of this paper is to explore perceptions among policy actors on why and how the public should be involved in policymaking for health inequalities.MethodsIn 2019–2020, we conducted exploratory, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 21 Scottish policy actors from a range of public sector bodies and agencies and third sector organisations that work in, or across, health and non-health sectors. Data were analysed thematically and used to examine implications for the development of participatory policymaking.ResultsPolicy actors viewed public participation in policymaking as intrinsically valuable for democratic reasons, but the main, and more challenging, concern was with how it could affect positive policy change. Participation was seen as instrumental in two overlapping ways: as evidence to improve policies to tackle health inequalities and to achieve public acceptance for implementing more transformative policies. However, our analysis suggests a paradox: whilst policy actors place importance on the instrumental value of public participation, they simultaneously believe the public hold views about health inequalities that would prevent transformative change. Finally, despite broad agreement on the need to improve public participation in policy development, policy actors were uncertain about how to make the necessary changes due to conceptual, methodological and practical challenges.ConclusionsPolicy actors believe in the importance of public participation in policy to address health inequalities for intrinsic and instrumental reasons. Yet, there is an evident tension between seeing public participation as a route to upstream policies and a belief that public views might be misinformed, individualistic, short-term or self-interested and doubts about how to make public participation meaningful. We lack good insight into what the public think about policy solutions to health inequalities. We propose that research needs to shift from describing the problem to focusing more on potential solutions and outline a potential way forward to undertake effective public participation to tackle health inequalities.

Addressing the rise of inequalities: How relevant is Rawls's critique of welfare state capitalism?

Addressing the rise of inequalities: How relevant is Rawls's critique of welfare state capitalism?

Racism and Social Determinants of Psychosis.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified racism as a serious threat to public health. Structural racism is a fundamental cause of inequity within interconnected institutions and the social environments in which we live and develop. This review illustrates how these ethnoracial inequities impact risk for the extended psychosis phenotype. Black and Latinx populations are more likely than White populations to report psychotic experiences in the United States due to social determining factors such as racial discrimination, food insecurity, and police violence. Unless we dismantle these discriminatory structures, the chronic stress and biological consequences of this race-based stress and trauma will impact the next generation's risk for psychosis directly, and indirectly through Black and Latina pregnant mothers. Multidisciplinary early psychosis interventions show promise in improving prognosis, but coordinated care and other treatments still need to be more accessible and address the racism-specific adversities many Black and Latinx people face in their neighborhoods and social environments.

Norm-critique as revitalizer of gender equality? Local policy actors’ norm-critical understandings of Swedish preschool’s gender-equality mission

ABSTRACT During the last decade, the notion of norm-critique has had an impact on Swedish educational policymaking, including the gender-equality mission of the Swedish preschool. The aim is to better understand and problematize the relationship between gender equality, as formal curricular content, and norm-critique, as informal curricular content, in educational policymaking in the field of Swedish preschool. The paper asks: What understandings are ascribed to the notion of norm-critique in relation to Swedish preschool’s gender-equality mission? Theoretically, the paper draws on the concept of epistemological understandings and the dynamic between epistemologies of gender equality and norm-critique. In terms of materials and methods, three focus group discussions with 13 preschool managers, here conceptualized as local policy actors, were analysed. The main finding is that these local policy actors view the notion of norm-critique as a revitalizer of the gender-equality mission of the Swedish preschool. A first conclusion is that the notion of norm-critique enhances the gender-equality mission because it might help local policy actors to view gender equality from a broader perspective and in relation to other, intersecting causes of inequality. A second, and somewhat contradictory, conclusion is that the notion of norm-critique risks undermining the gender-equality mission by replacing it.

Kenton Award Lecture-Stroke Disparities Research: Learning From the Past, Planning for the Future.

Inequities in stroke care and outcomes have been documented both within and among countries based on factors, such as race, geography, and socioeconomic status. Research can help us to identify, understand, and address inequities, and this article offers considerations for scientists working in this area. These include designing research aimed at identifying the underlying causes of inequities, recognizing the importance of the social determinants of health, considering interventions that go beyond the individual patient and provider to include policies and systems, acknowledging the role of structural racism, performing community-engaged participatory research, considering intersecting social identities, learning from cross-national comparisons, maintaining the data sources needed for inequities research, using terminology that advances health equity, and improving diversity across the research enterprise.

How psychologists can help achieve equity in health care-advancing innovative partnerships and models of care delivery: Introduction to the special issue.

For as long as the United States has been a country, the distribution of good health has been unequal. In this special issue, we consider what psychology can do to understand and ameliorate these inequalities. The introduction sets the context for why psychologists are well positioned, well trained, and needed to champion health equity via innovative partnerships and models of care delivery. A guide is provided for engaging and maintaining a health equity lens in advocacy, research, education/training, and practice efforts for psychologists, and readers are invited to apply a health equity lens to reimagine their existing and forthcoming work. More broadly, the special issue brings together a collection of 14 articles across three core themes: (a) integration of care, (b) intersections between social drivers/determinants of health, and (c) intersecting social systems. The articles collectively highlight the need for new conceptual models to guide research, education, and practice, the importance of engaging in transdisciplinary partnerships, and the urgency of collaborating with community members in cross-system alliances to tackle social drivers of health, structural racism, and contextual risks, all of which are fundamental drivers of health inequity. Although psychologists are uniquely positioned to investigate causes of inequality, develop health equity interventions, and advocate for policy changes, our voice and vision have been missing from broader national dialogues around these issues. This issue is poised to provide examples of existing equity work and inspire ALL psychologists to engage for the first time or deepen existing health equity work with renewed vigor and reimagined possibilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

ANALISIS DEVIASI KEMAJUAN PEKERJAAN BERDASARKAN PERSENTASE DURASI WAKTU PADA PEKERJAAN KONSTRUKSI BANGUNAN

No construction work has the same progress—various factors as the cause of inequality. A positive progress deviation indicates good construction work. Otherwise, it is said to be bad if it has a negative value. The uncertain nature of the construction work causes 3 (three) possible scenarios of the value of the deviation of progress so that the three values ​​form one value of the deviation of the expected progress. Deviations of value greater than 10% for a duration from 0 to 70% are categorized as binding contracts. This study aims to determine the deviation of the progress of 25 construction works. The research method was quantitative. Data collection was carried out on 25 construction works that had been carried out. Data was taken from contractors directly. The results of the data analysis show that when 25%D is obtained, 10 poor-performing construction jobs, Next for 30%D construction work. 50%D and 70%D underperformed 9, respectively; 9; and 8. The largest positive progress deviation value is 15,362 at S70%D. The expected value of the largest progress deviation is positive 1.763. By knowing the value of negative progress expectations, contractors should control delays before the contract is completed.

DELAYED ONSET OF TREATMENT IN A PATIENT WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS: A CASE OF HOW DISPARITIES AFFECT HEALTHCARE ACCESS

Abstract INTRODUCTION Most of the literature available on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) comes from studies performed in white population. Recent studies indicate a potential shift in the epidemiology of IBD in the United States, with significantly greater increases in incidence rates noted in non-White patients. (1) However, the burden of this disease on black and non-black Hispanic is unknown. This prompts a re-examination of the challenges these populations face including access to care issues and financial barriers. (2) Patients and health outcomes are impacted by multiple social and community factors often referred to as Social Determinants of Health (SDOH). SDOH are defined as “conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.”(1) The concept of social determinants of health contributing to poor healthcare outcomes in certain populations comes from the recognition that race and economic factors are linked to awareness of disease and access to care. In this abstract, we describe a case that exhibits the mechanism in which social determinants of health lead to a poor health outcome. CASE DESCRIPTION An 18-year-old female college student from Hispanic background who presented with diarrhea associated with weight loss for 6 months, seen by a local gastroenterologist who performed a colonoscopy that depicted patchy inflammatory changes throughout the colon with microscopic evidence of ulcerative colitis for which she was prescribed Infliximab, however, she was unable to afford the medication due to the high out-of-pocket cost and she did not receive and alternative medication nor follow up from her physician. For the next few months, the patient was not receiving treatment which resulted in a course of protracted diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleed with hypovolemic shock and ICU admission. At that time, abdominopelvic CT scan demonstrated inflammatory changes of the transverse and left colon. During admission she was started on the aforementioned drug and on discharge she was again prescribed Infliximab, however this time our patient started working as part time and was able to obtain the medication through her private insurance. Since the onset of treatment she has improved, her bowel frequency went from about 20 bowel movements daily to 4-5. She is still having minimal rectal bleeding, but the volume of blood has decreased considerably. DISCUSSION This case illustrates one of the many examples of how health disparities impact disease course. Although recently literature that discusses health disparities in IBD patients is increasing, it is essential to focus on social determinants of health as the cause of inequities in patient care in order to improve disease outcome on these underrepresented populations.

Methodology and Implementation of Factor Analysis of Differentiation of the Subjects of the Russian Federation by the Level of Socio-Economic Development

The high level of interregional socio-economic inequality is one of the main problems of spatial development of the Russian Federation, which is enshrined in several state strategic planning documents. One of the directions of finding a solution to the problem of regional inequality is the implementation of factor analysis, which is designed to identify the main causes of inequality in the subjects of the Russian Federation to develop effective tools for state regional policy. The article provides the formation and calculation of a few mathematical and statistical factor models that explain the differences in the socio-economic development of the subjects of the Russian Federation, based on which conclusions are formed about the further directions of state policy aimed at reducing regional development disparities. One of the main conclusions of the article is that the subjects of the Russian Federation have a capital-intensive path of economic development, which should be supported by a sufficient level of investment.

Building common understandings of urban inequalities to generate relevant solutions in Lima, Peru

In this article, we analyse the structural causes of inequality in Lima – beginning with a review of the historical context – to propose a multidimensional approach to urban inequality. We discuss spatial, public-institutional and political-social fragmentation and how these factors contribute to the reproduction of urban inequality. We supplement this discussion by describing two initiatives that contributed to the creation of a collective understanding of inequality and strategies to deal with it. First, we worked with marginalized social groups promoting collective care practices to address food insecurity resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Along with this, we developed a National Housing and Urban Planning Policy with the Peruvian Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation that included a definition of urban inequality and the creation of an index for urban inequality. In each case, we discuss the difficulties faced, whether by citizens or the state, in trying to reach relevant solutions to address inequalities.

Z-INEQUALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF A DIGITAL SOCIETY: INTERGENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEPTION OF NEW THREATS TO ECONOMIC SECURITY

The presented work analyzes the peculiarities of the formation of modern intergenerational interaction and its impact on sustainable development. It should also be noted that the presented research can be used as a basis for the formation of consumer behavior under the conditions of digitalization. The rapid development of digital technologies, their penetration into all spheres of life led to the formation of the first digital generation in human history (Gen Z). The aim of the presented work is based on defining a new level of digital development and establishing the dependence of the development of new generations on the development of digital technologies. The use of the method of analysis, abstraction and synthesis, induction and deduction, as well as the system-structural method, the method of idealization made it possible to identify new forms of manifestation of inequality in the conditions of digitalization and establish characteristic manifestations of Z-inequality. Correlation and regression analysis was used to estimate the relationship between age, digital and economic indicators of countries. It is substantiated that Gen Z differs from other generations in its alienated attitude to the traditional value system and reorientation to post-material values, for which virtual reality combines the real and virtual worlds. The introduction of the “Z-inequality” categories into the scientific circulation is proposed, which helps to analyze the impact that digitalization processes provide on the formation and development of generations. Along with the politics and ideology that shape the causes of inequality, the impact of the digital divide increases, as access to modern information and digital technologies becomes a powerful source of inequality. As a result of the digital divide, digital inequality arises, unequal access to technology limits access to a significant number of goods. The importance of implementing national digitization strategies to ensure the competitiveness of national economies is substantiated. The research is based on categories of theoretical and empirical levels of knowledge. It was determined that despite the rapid spread of the digital economy, access to digital technologies remains asymmetric. Digitalization is most widespread in countries with a high and medium level of economic development that have completed the demographic transition. There is a deepening of the digital divide according to the criterion of fixed broadband Internet availability and rather convergence according to the availability of the general Internet. Practical implications mean that digitalization can become an efficient tool for enhancing accessibility of financial services, especially for youth.

Digital exclusion as a potential cause of inequalities in access to care: a survey in people with inflammatory rheumatic diseases.

COVID-19 led to rapid uptake of digital health care. We sought to examine digital access, health and digital literacy, and impact on confidence and satisfaction with remote consultations in people with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs). People with IRDs (n = 2024) were identified from their electronic health record and invited to participate in a cross-sectional survey, using short message service (SMS) and postal approaches. Data were collected on demographics, self-reported diagnosis, access to and use of internet-enabled devices, health and digital literacy, together with confidence and satisfaction with remote consultations. Ethical approval was obtained (Ref 21/PR/0867). Six hundred and thirty-nine (639) people completed the survey [mean (s.d.) age 64.5 (13.1) years, 384 (60.1%) female]. Two hundred and eighty-seven (44.9%) completed it online. One hundred and twenty-six (19.7%) people reported not having access to an internet-enabled device. Ninety-three (14.6%) reported never accessing the internet; this proportion was highest (23%) in people with RA. One hundred and seventeen (18%) reported limited health literacy. Even in those reporting internet use, digital literacy was only moderate. People with limited health or digital literacy or without internet access were less likely to report confidence or satisfaction with remote consultations. Limited health and digital literacy, lack of digital access and low reported internet use were common, especially in older people with RA. People with limited health literacy or limited digital access reported lower confidence and satisfaction with remote consultations. Digital implementation roll-out needs to take account of people requiring extra support to enable them to access care digitally or risks exacerbating health inequalities.

Перспективи впровадження безумовного базового доходу в Україні

The article reveals the role of unconditional basic income (UBI) as an innovative tool for the development of the national economy. Based on the analysis of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists, its advantages and disadvantages are determined. According to its supporters, the advantages of UBI include: transparency, efficiency, poverty reduction, positive impact on economic growth. Among the shortcomings, the following can be distinguished: high cost, probable loss of motivation by citizens to work, impossibility to eliminate the fundamental causes of inequality with the help of UBI. Examples of the implementation of BBD in developed, developing countries, and countries with emerging markets are given. The current socio-economic situation in Ukraine is characterized, taking into account the influence of endogenous and exogenous negative factors, the consequences of the full-scale Russian invasion, in particular the loss of territories with significant deposits of natural resources and powerful industrial potential, mass migration of the population, etc. Our state is currently unable to use its powerful economic potential. An analysis of the expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine for 2023 on social protection and pension provision of the population was carried out. It is proposed to introduce the UBI in Ukraine as a reliable tool of social protection with the use of international aid funds (during martial law) and rent payments as sources of its payment. It is concluded that the payment of UBI will increase the level of trust in the state and reduce corruption, as citizens will have less need to receive additional income outside the tax system and state support programs.

Gender-focused analysis in rural agricultural producers in Los Rios, Ecuador

This article aims to explore the producers’ vision about gender in Los Rios rural communities and the access of women to equal resources, services, and products in the agriculture area. A survey was carried out using a simple probabilistic sample of 130 producers among men and women inside different agriculture associations. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study confirms that women and men do not work on similar conditions regarding access to resources, training and extension services, access and property of land and inputs, although there is not a gap between women and men on a socioeconomic level. We highly recommend promoting public policies that could benefit women and promote a gender-neutral policy where decision-makers need to move to address the structural causes of inequalities, starting at the intra-household and community level.