Cause Of Diarrhea In Infants Research Articles

Rotavirus infection inhibits SLA-I expression on the cell surface by degrading β2 M via ERAD-proteasome pathway

Group A Rotavirus (RVA) is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and piglets. β2-microglobulin (β2 M), encoded by the B2M gene, serves as a crucial subunit of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. β2 M is indispensable for the transport of MHC-I to the cell membrane. MHC-I, also known as swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I) in pigs, presents viral antigens to the cell surface. In this study, RVA infection down-regulated β2 M expression in both porcine intestinal epithelial cells-J2 (IPEC-J2) and MA-104 cells. RVA infection did not down-regulate the mRNA level of the B2M gene, indicating that the down-regulation of β2 M occurred on the protein level. Mechanismly, RVA infection triggered β2 M aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and enhanced the Lys48 (K48)-linked ubiquitination of β2 M, leading to the degradation of β2 M through ERAD-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, we found that RVA infection significantly impeded the level of SLA-I on the surface, and the overexpression of β2 M could recover its expression. In this study, our study demonstrated that RVA infection degrades β2 M via ERAD-proteasome pathway, consequently hampering SLA-I expression on the cell surface. This study would enhance the understanding of the mechanism of how RVA infection induces immune escape.

Specific Cryptosporidium antigens associate with reinfection immunity and protection from cryptosporidiosis.

There is no vaccine to protect from cryptosporidiosis, a leading cause of diarrhea in infants in low and middle income countries. Here we comprehensively identified parasite antigens associated with protection from reinfection. A Cryptosporidium protein microarray was constructed by in vitro transcription and translation of 1761 C. parvum, C. hominis or C. meleagridis antigens, including proteins with a signal peptide and/or a transmembrane domain. Plasma IgG and/or IgA from Bangladeshi children longitudinally followed for cryptosporidiosis from birth to three years of age, identified 233 seroreactive proteins. Seven of these were associated with protection from reinfection. These included Cp23 and Cp17, Gp900 and four additional antigens (CpSMP1, CpMuc8, CpCorA and CpCCDC1). Infection in the first year of life however often resulted in no detectable antigen-specific antibody response, and antibody responses, when detected, were (i) specific to the infecting parasite genotype, and (ii) decayed in the months post-infection. In conclusion humoral immune responses against specific parasite antigens were associated with acquired immunity. While antibody decay over time and parasite genotype-specificity may limit natural immunity, this work serves as a foundation for antigen selection for vaccine design.

Potential impact of rotavirus vaccination on reduction of childhood diarrheal disease in India: An analysis of National Family Health Survey-5

Rotavirus is one of the leading causes of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. In this study, we investigated the impact of rotavirus vaccination on the prevalence of diarrheal disease among children under five years of age in India. Research on the impact of the rotavirus vaccine on reducing diarrheal disease is therefore important in contributing to the growing body of evidence on the effectiveness of this intervention in improving child health outcomes. We adopted multivariate logistic regression and propensity score matching analysis to examine the association between diarrhea and the rotavirus vaccine. The bivariate analysis finding shows that the prevalence of diarrhea was remarkably higher (9.1%) among children who had not received rotavirus and the prevalence was 7.5%, 7.5%, and 7.2% among children who received one dose, two doses, and three rotavirus doses (all) respectively. The result of multivariate logistic regression shows that children who received all three doses of the rotavirus vaccine were 16% less likely to experience diarrhea compared to those who did not receive any rotavirus vaccine. Our analysis also found that the prevalence of diarrhea decreased significantly in the years following the introduction of the vaccine. The results of this study suggest that the rotavirus vaccine has a significant impact on reducing childhood diarrheal disease in India. These results have the potential to inform policy decisions and enable healthcare professionals to concert their efforts in reducing the diarrheal disease burden and its timely prevention in children. The study will also contribute to the existing literature on the impact of rotavirus vaccination in reducing the prevalence of diarrhea among children in India.

In Vitro Inactivation of Respiratory Viruses and Rotavirus by the Oral Probiotic Strain Weissella cibaria CMS1

Weissella cibaria CMS1 (oraCMS1) has been commercially used in Korea as an oral care probiotic for several years. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the influenza A virus (H1N1) are representative viruses that cause infantile lower respiratory tract infections. Rotavirus A (RVA) is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of oraCMS1 in inactivating RSV, H1N1, and RVA in suspension as per ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) E1052-20. The mixture of oraCMS1 and these viruses was evaluated at contact times of 1, 2, and 4 h. Virucidal activity was measured using a 50% tissue culture infective dose assay (log10TCID50) after infecting the host cells with the viruses. The CFS of oraCMS1 inactivated RSV by up to 99.0% after 1 h and 99.9% after 2 and 4 h, and H1N1 and RVA were inactivated by up to 99.9% and 99.0% at 2 h, respectively. Although these in vitro results cannot be directly interpreted as implying clinical efficacy, our findings suggest that oraCMS1 provides a protective barrier against RSV, H1N1, and RVA, and therefore, it can help decrease the risk of respiratory tract and intestinal infections.

Rotavirus A, a significant cause of infant diarrhea in Mozambique

Introduction: Rotavirus A (RVA) is a leading cause of acute infant gastroenteritis in Mozambique, responsible for approximately 13,000 annual infant deaths in peri-urban and other areas. Aim: the present review aimed summarize the most relevant and recent literature regarding RVA infection in Mozambique. Methods: the documents were obtained from electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scinapse, Scilit, and Microsoft Academic to find the leading scientific publications related to Mozambique's RVA.Findings: The search allowed us to find 20 peer-reviewed journal articles, three official reports, eight abstracts from national conferences, one thesis, and other documents to supplement the information. Rotavirus frequency ranged between 24 to 42.4%, 34.8% attributable to Mozambique. Most data are hospital-based from Maputo, Sofala, Zambézia, and Nampula provinces. Nampula province shows the highest number of cases. Thus, there might be some bias on the geographical distribution of the virus. The prevalence is high in children less than one year. Regarding the control, the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) introduced a monovalent vaccine in September 2015 (Rotarix), which positively impacted the reduction of RVA cases. After vaccine introduction, a high diversity of RVA genotypes was observed, with the predominance of G1P[8] and the emergence of G9P[4], G9P[6], G3P[4]. However, only the whole genome sequence can confirm if it is due to the natural genotypes fluctuation. RVA infection was detected in swine, and a recent analysis reported an RVA strain from children clustered with different animal strains.Conclusion: The scarce yet highly reliable research resources allowed scientists to detect RVA G1P[8] and other genotypes, potential animal reservoirs, and to find that RVA is more prevalent during the transition dry-rainy season, and the virus becomes more frequent when children approach the 11th month, to then decline as they age. It is essential to develop studies providing a broad view of RVA reservoirs as part of the strategy to control its dissemination.Keywords: Rotavirus infections; Children; Diarrhea; Mozambique

Implementasi Gerakan Respon Diare pada Balita di Kecamatan Jejawi Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir

The cause of diarrhea in infants and children is different from adults. In children, it is usually caused by a virus, whereas in adults it is caused by bacteria. Diarrhea in adults can be triggered by several factors, for example due to wrong eating, impaired digestion of food, the influence of drugs and due to psychiatric conditions whereas in infants can be infected if, swallowing these germs when passing through the birth canal is affected by germs or when touched by a hand germic. Children are also easily infected by germs because they often put their dirty hands and toys into their mouths. This research is a quantitative study in which the dependent variable data collection is done once at a time. The population in this study were all mothers of children under five in Talang Cempedak Village, Jejawi District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency in 2019. The sample in this study were all toddler mothers in Talang Cempedak Village, Jejawi District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency in 2019 by 18 people using total sampling technique. The results of this study from 18 respondents showed that 10 respondents amounted to 55.6% poor mother of toddler knowledge, as well as the behavior of 9 mothers of toddlers 50.0% bad and 50.0% good, and environmental sanitation in Talang Cempedak Village as many as 55.6 bad%. The action in order to increase the movement to prevent diarrhea response in infants, such as counseling about diarrhea by health workers is needed so that the incidence of diarrhea can be prevented. Keywords: Diarrhea, Ogan Komering Ilir, Jejari, Counseling

Incidence Of Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli Among Infants At Eleyele Comprehensive Health Centre, Ile-Ife

Abstract Introduction/Objective This work was carried out to find the incidence of enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli in children below five years of age who complained of having diarrhea at Eleyele Comprehensive Health Centre, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife. Methods All specimen were cultured as routinely done in Bacteriology Laboratory in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital for stool samples. Colonies of lactose fermenters were processed after overnight incubation at 37°c. Non lactose fermenter colonies were discarded. Out of 200 colonies isolates on MacConkey Agar, there were 150 lactose fermenters and these were all processed. Biochemical examination on sugars, for the production of acid and gas, indole production, motility, citrate utilization, voges-prokauer and Methyl red tests. Results Out of 150 strains, only 80 strains obeyed IMVic ++ -- reactions. These were serotyped to know the enteropathogenic strains. From the result obtained, 23 strains reacted positively with polyvalent antisera (Polyvalent 2, 3, 4 antisera) out of which 13 strains gave a positive reaction with corresponding monovalent antisera. 5 strains from polyvalent 2 antisera, 5 strains from polyvalent 3 antisera, and 3 strains from polyvalent 4 antisera. In close study of this work, total percentage of female with Diarrhea cases were 44.5% total percentage of male with diarrhea cases were 55.5%. Out of these 80, Escherichia coli were isolated, from these 13 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains were isolated (16.25%). Patient with age group below 2 years gave 9 strains 69.2%, 2-3 years gave 2 strains (15.4%), 3-4 years gave 1 strain (7.7%) and 4-5 years gave 1 strain (7.7%). Also close examination of result revealed that male children had the greater percentage of Enteropathogenic infection with 8 strains out of the 13 strains serotyped (61.5%) and female children with 5 strains (38.5%). Conclusion Escherichia coli remain an important cause of infant diarrhea. Although epidemics of infant diarrhea caused by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli have almost disappeared from the developed countries, it is still very common in developing countries. The relative importance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli as a cause of infant diarrhea need to be reassessed and new diagnostic techniques will also help to simplify this task.

Detection and molecular characterization of rotavirus of pigs in Kerala, India.

Group A rotaviruses (GAR) are an important cause of diarrhoea in infants and newborn animals especially pigs. In this paper, we report the detection, G and P typing and phylogenetic analysis of GAR of pigs in Kerala. A total of 100 fecal samples from diarrhoeic piglets were collected from organized farms in Wayanad, Ernakulam, Thrissur, and Palakkad districts of Kerala. The samples were tested for the presence of GAR employing reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting VP6 gene. Positive samples were tested by G and P genotyping primers and representative amplicons were sequenced. Of the 100 samples, 12 were positive for GAR. The G and P types detected were G2, G4, G5, G6, G9, P[6] and P[19]. An untypable P type (P21-5 like) was also detected. In some of the samples more than one G type was detected. The nucleotide sequences of G2, G4 and G5 types were similar to those seen in pigs and that of G6 was similar to bovine sequences. G9, P[6] and P[19] sequences showed similarity to human rotavirus sequences. The findings of this study provide the first information on the G and P genotypes of GAR of pigs in Kerala.

New Insights into the Effect of Residue Mutations on the Rotavirus VP1 Function Using Molecular Dynamic Simulations.

Rotavirus group A remains a major cause of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. The permanent emergence of new genotypes puts the potential effectiveness of vaccines under serious questions. Thirteen VP1 structures with mutations mapping to the RNA entry site were analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations, and the results were combined with the experimental findings reported previously. The results revealed structural fluctuations in the protein-protein recognition sites and in the bottleneck of the RNA entry site that may affect the interaction of different proteins and delay the initiation of the viral replication, respectively. Altogether, the structural analysis of VP1 in the region crucial for the initiation of the viral replication, mainly the bottleneck site, may boost efforts to develop antivirals, as they might complement the available vaccines.

Serologic and molecular characterization of rotavirus from children with acute gastroenteritis in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Rotavirus gastroenteritis is the leading cause of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Although, Rotavirus vaccine has been introduced in 2017 in states like Tamil Nadu, there are reports of the role of Rotavirus as one of high disease burden agents with genetic variants arising, especially from low-income countries like India.Methods: Authors evaluated stool samples from 507 children with acute gastroenteritis Rotavirus A among the hospitalized children (>5 years) to provide baseline information on changing profile in this state. The stool samples were collected and screened for Rotaviral Antigen by Enzyme Immuno Assay and use of semi-multiplex RT PCR technique was conceded out in order to conclude the P and G genotypes of human rotavirus in rotavirus-positive samples from January 2014 to December 2016 in and around Chennai, India.Results: Of 507 samples collected 213 (42.01%) were positive for rotavirus antigen by Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA). The maximum positivity (75%) was in the age group of one to two years. Rotavirus positives were subjected to further VP7 and VP4 molecular characterization and the predominant genotypes identified were G9P[4] followed by G9P[8], G1P[8], G3P[8], G2P[4] and mixed types of G2G9 with P[4] and G4P[6][11] with few untypable strains.Conclusions: This study had demonstrated the Rota Virus Gastro Enteritis (RVGE) is a common disease affecting the pediatric population and G9P[4], G9P[8] circulating types among the gastroenteritis cases reported in the city and its suburban area. This study in comparison to previous ones shows that the dominant serotypes and circulating genotypes changes from time to time within country. The results have reemphasized the need of rotavirus vaccines with broad serotype coverage which may help in decreasing the disease burden in this region of the country.

Validation of a Laboratory-Developed Triplex Molecular Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Gastrointestinal Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Stool Specimens.

Enteric viral pathogens causing gastroenteritis include adenovirus and rotavirus, among others. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Among the adenoviruses known to cause gastroenteritis are those of species F (serotypes 40, 41). Here, we describe the development and validation of a laboratory-developed gastrointestinal triplex rRT-PCR (triplex) assay that targets adenovirus and rotavirus. Stool specimens were tested from patients across Ontario. Specimens were previously tested for adenovirus and/or rotavirus by electron microscopy (EM) or immunochromatographic test (ICT). Triplex sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values compared to Seegene assay (a commercial assay used here as the standard reference method) were 100%, 97.8%, 86.0%, 100% for adenovirus, and 99.1%, 98.4%, 96.3%. 99.6% for rotavirus, respectively. The triplex assay had a 95.2% and 97.3% overall percent agreements (OPAs) when compared to EM for adenovirus or rotavirus detection, respectively, and an OPA of 90.9% when compared to rotavirus ICT for rotavirus detection. Triplex assay exhibited similar performance to the Seegene assay for both adenovirus and rotavirus and detected more adenovirus and rotavirus than traditional testing methods. The high performance along with lower cost and reduced turnaround time makes the triplex assay a desirable testing method for a clinical microbiology laboratory.

Coding-Gene Coevolution Analysis of Rotavirus Proteins: A Bioinformatics and Statistical Approach.

Rotavirus remains a major cause of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. The permanent emergence of new genotypes puts the potential effectiveness of vaccines under serious question. The distribution of unusual genotypes subject to viral fitness is influenced by interactions among viral proteins. The present work aimed at analyzing the genetic constellation and the coevolution of rotavirus coding genes for the available rotavirus genotypes. Seventy-two full genome sequences of different genetic constellations were analyzed using a genetic algorithm. The results revealed an extensive genome-wide covariance network among the 12 viral proteins. Altogether, the emergence of new genotypes represents a challenge to the outcome and success of vaccination and the coevolutionary analysis of rotavirus proteins may boost efforts to better understand the interaction networks of proteins during viral replication/transcription.

Incidence of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli among Infants at Eleyele Comprehensive Health Centre, Ile-Ife, Osun State

Abstract Objectives This work was carried out to find the incidence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in children below 5 years of age who complained of having diarrhea at Eleyele Comprehensive Health Centre, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife. The work was also done to determine the incidence in different age groups of both sexes. Methods All specimens were cultured as routinely done at the bacteriology laboratory in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital for stool samples. Colonies of lactose fermenters were processed after overnight incubation at 37°C. Nonlactose fermenter colonies were discarded. Out of 200 colonies isolates on MacConkey agar, there were 150 lactose fermenters and these were all processed. The other 70, which were Gram-positive cocci, were discarded. These were subjected to biochemical examination such as treating them with sugars, for the production of acid and gas, indole production, motility with sugars, citrate utilization, Voges-Proskauer, and methyl red tests. Results Out of 150 strains examined, only 80 strains obeyed IMVic ++ -- reactions. These were serotyped to know the enteropathogenic strains. From the result obtained, 23 strains reacted positively with polyvalent antisera (polyvalent 2, 3, 4 antisera), of which 13 strains gave a positive reaction with corresponding monovalent antisera. There were five strains from polyvalent 2 antisera, five strains from polyvalent 3 antisera, and three strains from polyvalent 4 antisera. In close study of this work, total percentage of females with diarrhea was 44.5% while total percentage of males with diarrhea was 55.5%. Out of these 80, E coli was isolated, and from these, 13 enteropathogenic E strains were isolated (16.25%). Patient aged below 2 years gave nine strains (69.2%), aged 2 to 3 years gave two strains (15.4%), aged 3 to 4 years gave one strain (7.7%), and aged 4 to 5 years gave one strain (7.7%). Also, close examination of result revealed that male children had the greater percentage of enteropathogenic infection, with 8 strains out of the 13 strains serotyped (61.5%) and female children with 5 strains (38.5%). Conclusion E coli remains an important cause of infant diarrhea. Although epidemics of infant diarrhea caused by enteropathogenic E coli have almost disappeared from the developed countries, it is still very common in developing countries. The relative importance of enteropathogenic E coli as a cause of infant diarrhea needs to be reassessed and new diagnostic techniques will also help to simplify this task.

Influence of vaccination status and clinical, seasonal and sociodemographic factors on rotavirus prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Human rotavirus infection is the leading cause of diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide. In South Africa, diarrhoea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in children les...

Influence of vaccination status and clinical, seasonal and sociodemographic factors on rotavirus prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Human rotavirus infection is the leading cause of diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide. In South Africa, diarrhoea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in children less than five years old, and before the vaccine was introduced rotavirus had been reported as causing one-third of all diarrhoeal related hospital admissions. This study assessed factors influencing the prevalence of rotavirus in children aged five years and under in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa between June 2014 and June 2015. In addition, genotypes of the rotaviruses were determined. A stool specimen was collected from children presenting with diarrhoea to a regional hospital. Clinical, vaccination status, seasonal and sociodemographic information was collected using a structured questionnaire. ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) was performed to detect rotavirus antigen in the stool. Rotavirus from selected positives specimens were genotyped using RT–PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). The data were analysed using SPSS. In total, 365 stool specimens were collected. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 83 (23%) patients. The prevalence of rotavirus was not affected by vaccination status (p = 0.3; OR 1.5; CI 0.7–3.1), HIV status (p = 0.2; OR 0.6; CI 0.2–1.5), breastfeeding (p = 0.9; OR 1.1; CI 0.5–2.5) and administration of anti-helminth treatment (p = 0.6; OR 0.8; CI 0.3–1.9). The highest rotavirus prevalence was observed in the winter season (p 0.001; OR 43.3; CI 14.9–125.0). The G9P[8] was the most prevalent genotype (21%) followed by G9P[4] (14%). Rotavirus remains a major contributor to childhood diarrhoeal aetiology and hospitalisation in KwaZulu-Natal. Further investigation is needed to better understand the key drivers of rotavirus infection despite a successful vaccination programme in South Africa.

Influence of Sago in Improving a Weight Gain of Rats and the Health Profile of the Small Intestine of Rats Infected by Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli (O127:H6)

Background: Sago is one potential source of traditional food contain carbohydrates and have benefits as an anti-diarrheal. Escherichia coli are a member of the normal intestinal flora. However, one of the serotypes of this bacterium, E. coli (O127: H6) can be an important cause of diarrhea in infants. Objective: To analyze the sago effect on weight gain of rats and the profile morphology of small intestine that infected by E. coli (O127: H6). Methods: An experimental research using 20 wistar rats from April to June 2015. Rats were divided into four groups; Negative control 14 days (A), giving sago for 14 days (B), giving E. coli (O127: H6) and body weight lowered 20% from baseline weight for 7 days (C), giving E. coli (O127: H6) and body weight lowered 20% from baseline weight for 7 days simultanly with giving sago for 14 days (D). Weight gain measured daily, tissue biopsy of the small intestine is processed by using paraffin embedding and stained with hematoxylin eosin. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) and to determine the differences in respectively group continued with the Last Significant Different (LSD). Results: Total body weight increase: (A) 19.80gr ± 1.64, (B) 12.80gr ± 1.64, (C) 27.40gr ± 2.40, (D) 14.20gr ± 0.44. Percentage villi damage (%): (A) 1.80 ± 0.44, (B) 1.60 ± 0.54, (C) 28.00 ±6.70, (D) 3.80 ± 0.83. Sago decreased percentage of small intestine villi damage 24.20%. Conclusion: Sago can increase the body weight and protect the small intestine villi damage from E.coli.

PRODUCTION OF POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST RECOMBINANT VP6 ANTIGEN OF ROTAVIRUS

Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children under five years old. The VP6 protein of rotavirus was considered as an important antigen in the development of novel vaccine generation and diagnostic tools. Polyclonal antibodies of VP6 antigen could be used to generate a rapid test based on the lateral flow immunoassay. In the present study, we showed the results of synthesis of polyclonal antibodies against recombinant VP6 protein of rotavirus. Recombinant VP6 protein was strongly produced by E. coli in suitable conditions. The properties of recombinant VP6 protein were characterized by Western blot and ELISA methods. Pure recombinant VP6 protein was used as an antigen to inject into the rabbits. The recombinant VP6 protein was highly immunogenic in rabbits. Anti-VP6 antibodies were purified from the rabbit serum using the Protein A affinity chromatography. The specificity of the antibody towards its antigen was characterized by Western blot and ELISA immunoassay. The purity of antibody was reached as 97 %. The efficiency of antibody production in rabbit was 3.94 mg/ml serum. The amount and quality of the obtained anti-rotavirus VP6 antibody was suitable for application in the development of the diagnostic kits.

Gambaran riwayat kejadian diare pada balita dan pelaksanaan PHBS dalam tatanan rumah tangga di Desa Gegelang Kecamatan Manggis tahun 2013

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in infants. As one of the disease-based environment, the availability of clean water, sanitation and hygiene is one of the key actors in the incidence of diarrhea. As one of the efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene, health center movement Manggis I community health center develops behaviors of live clean and healthy (PHBS) at the family level. The lowest percentage of households classified by PHBS located in the Gegelang Village which amount is 46%. Among the 10 points PHBS, the cause of diarrhea in infants can be sourced history of exclusive breastfeeding, use of unclean water, the habit of not washing hands with soap and clean water, and does not have healthy latrines. This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving seventy-five respondents, i.e. mothers with under five children (12-60 months) in Hamlet Gegelang, Kalanganyar, and Pakel, Gegelang Village. Sampling technique is done by using accidental sampling method. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire. In this research is found only 13 of 75 (17.3%) of respondents said that the children did not have diarrhea in the last 1 year. A total of 53 respondents (70.7%) said that they did not give exclusive breastfeeding to her child. All respondents had access to clean water, but only 32 of 75 (42.7%) of respondents who process a clean water with appropriate way before drunk. Good hand washing habits only depicted in 30 of 75 (40%) of respondents. Latrine ownership were vary from having latrine with standards compliant (38.7%), have latrine but do not fit to standards-compliant (25.3%), and did not have latrine (36.0%). Conclusion of cross-tabulations showed a trend increase in the number history of diarrhea in under five children on the implementation of PHBS that do not fit to health standards.

Rotavirus A strains obtained from children with acute gastroenteritis in Mozambique, 2012-2013: G and P genotypes and phylogenetic analysis of VP7 and partial VP4 genes

In Mozambique rotavirus (RV) was shown to be the greatest cause of acute diarrhoea in infants from 0 to 11 months, and in 2015, national rotavirus vaccination was introduced. As with other developing countries, there is very limited active strain characterisation. Rotavirus positive clinical specimens, collected between 2012 and 2013, have now provided information on the genotypes circulating in southern Mozambique prior to vaccine introduction. Genotypes G2 (32.4%), G12 (28.0%), P[4] (41.4%) and P[6] (22.9%) (n = 157) strains were commonly detected with G2P[4] (42.3%) RVs being predominant, specifically during 2013. Phylogenetic evaluation of the VP7 and VP8* encoding genes showed, for the majority of the Mozambican strains, that they clustered with other African strains based on genotype. RVA/Human-wt/MOZ/0153/2013/G2P[4], RVA/Human-wt/MOZ/0308/2012/G2P[4] and RVA/Human-wt/MOZ/0288/2012/G12P[8] formed separate clusters from the other Mozambican strains with similar genotypes, suggesting possible reassortment. Amino acid substitutions in selected epitope regions also supported phylogenetic clustering. As expected, the VP7 and VP8* genes from the Mozambican strains differed from both the RotaTeq® (SC2-9) G2P[5] and Rotarix® (A41CB052A) G1P[8] genes. This study provides information on the genetic diversity of rotavirus strains prior to vaccine introduction and generates baseline data for future monitoring of any changes in rotavirus strains in response to vaccine pressure.

Cryptosporidium parvum vaccine candidates are incompletely modified with O-linked-N-acetylgalactosamine or contain N-terminal N-myristate and S-palmitate.

Cryptosporidium parvum (studied here) and Cryptosporidium hominis are important causes of diarrhea in infants and immunosuppressed persons. C. parvum vaccine candidates, which are on the surface of sporozoites, include glycoproteins with Ser- and Thr-rich domains (Gp15, Gp40, and Gp900) and a low complexity, acidic protein (Cp23). Here we used mass spectrometry to determine that O-linked GalNAc is present in dense arrays on a glycopeptide with consecutive Ser derived from Gp40 and on glycopeptides with consecutive Thr derived from Gp20, a novel C. parvum glycoprotein with a formula weight of ~20 kDa. In contrast, the occupied Ser or Thr residues in glycopeptides from Gp15 and Gp900 are isolated from one another. Gly at the N-terminus of Cp23 is N-myristoylated, while Cys, the second amino acid, is S-palmitoylated. In summary, C. parvum O-GalNAc transferases, which are homologs of host enzymes, densely modify arrays of Ser or Thr, as well as isolated Ser and Thr residues on C. parvum vaccine candidates. The N-terminus of an immunodominant antigen has lipid modifications similar to those of host cells and other apicomplexan parasites. Mass spectrometric demonstration here of glycopeptides with O-glycans complements previous identification C. parvum O-GalNAc transferases, lectin binding to vaccine candidates, and human and mouse antibodies binding to glycopeptides. The significance of these post-translational modifications is discussed with regards to the function of these proteins and the design of serological tests and vaccines.