Avoidable Cause Of Death Research Articles

The prevalence of strategies for cessation of tobacco use in primary health care: an integrative review

The habit of tobacco use/smoking, which is a major concern of Primary Health Care (PHC), is a serious public health problem and the main avoidable cause of death in the world. The relevance of actions, whose focus is to facilitate the cessation of this habit, motivates the discussion of studies that have different approaches to tackle this issue by seeking to train PHC professionals accordingly. A search was conducted in the Lilacs, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases for recent scientific publications (2010-2015). The key words were combined with Boolean operators and, after analysis of the articles found, 75 are discussed in this article since they have strategies with a higher prevalence in PHC. The conclusion drawn is that the brief or intense individual approach using the 5A method (Transtheoretical Model) is the most widely adopted, as well as bupropion and nicotine replacement patches. The increasing use of hard technology requires new studies that examine their impact on the treatment of smokers. It was clearly revealed that there is a need for health professionals to be better prepared to address the issue with the users, in addition to a lack of stimulus and proper conditions to work in the PHC team directly reflecting scientific advances in clinical practice.

Avoidable mortality among long-stay patients with schizophrenia under different smoking-restriction settings

Objective: Patients with schizophrenia are at a greater risk of avoidable death. Although smoking is a modifiable factor to reduce the mortality gap, the rate of quitting smoking in these inpatients is still lower than that in the general population. We examined avoidable mortality among long-stay patients with schizophrenia under different smoking-restriction environments. Methods: A total of 1998 male and 459 female patients with schizophrenia who was admitted to Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuli Branch, in Taiwan, received follow-ups for 11 years to be estimated for the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of avoidable causes of death. During that period, all the male patients had stayed in smoking-allowed wards, but all the female patients had not. Results: The mean ± standard deviation age of the patients was 57.8 ± 17.0 years. Of the 993 decedents in total, 411 died of avoidable causes (41.4%). Compared with the general population, male patients had significantly higher mortality due to avoidable causes (SMR = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.77-2.16, p ＜ 0.05) and in terms of indicators of medical care (SMR = 2.41, 95% CI = 2.17-2.67, p ＜ 0.05); however, the female patients did not (SMR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.67-2.05; SMR = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.86-2.64, respectively). Conclusion: Male patients had higher mortality gaps due to avoidable causes and in terms of indicators of medical care. But female patients who all had stayed in tobacco-free settings did not. Environmental smoking restriction might be related to the diminished avoidable mortality gaps in patients with schizophrenia.

Responding to NICE – developing a regional sepsis pathway

Sepsis is a major cause of avoidable death. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis might save up to 10,000 lives in the UK each year, but survival falls by up to 7–8% for every hour delay in treatment.[1][1] Differing international and UK (National Institute of Health and Care Excellence [NICE

Changes in health and disease in Brazil and its States in the 30 years since the Unified Healthcare System (SUS) was created.

The Unified Healthcare System (SUS) was created to ensure the population's right to universal, free and comprehensive healthcare. This study compares the health indicators measured in 1990 to those measured in 2015 in Brazil and its states. The goal is to contribute to understanding the role SUS played in changing the nation's health profile. Analyses use estimates in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study for Brazil and its states, and compares 1990 and 2015. The main results are increased life expectancy, as well as an increase in the population's longevity measured in health-adjusted life expectancy. These in turn are due to a sharp decline in mortality due to transmissible diseases, in maternal and infant morbi-mortality, and avoidable causes of death. NTCDs are the leading cause of death, followed by violence. Poor diet is the leading risk factor, followed by metabolic issues. Tobacco use decreased over the period, as did infant malnutrition. In the thirty years since the SUS was created, health indicators in this country have improved, and major progress has been made to reduce inequality across the country's regions.

Uptake of three doses of HPV vaccine by primary school girls in Eldoret, Kenya; a prospective cohort study in a malaria endemic setting

BackgroundAll women are potentially at risk of developing cervical cancer at some point in their life, yet it is avoidable cause of death among women in Sub- Saharan Africa with a world incidence of 530,000 every year. It is the 4th commonest cancer affecting women worldwide with over 260,000 deaths reported in 2012. Low resource settings account for over 75% of the global cervical cancer burden. Uptake of HPV vaccination is limited in the developing world. WHO recommended that 2 doses of HPV vaccine could be given to young girls, based on studies in developed countries. However in Africa high rates of infections like malaria and worms can affect immune responses to vaccines, therefore three doses may still be necessary. The aim of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators associated with uptake of HPV vaccine.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted at Eldoret, Kenya involving 3000 girls aged 9 to 14 years from 40 schools. Parents/guardians gave consent through a questionnaire.ResultsOf all 3083 the school girls 93.8% had received childhood vaccines and 63.8% had a second HPV dose, and 39.1% had a third dose. Administration of second dose and HPV knowledge were both strong predictors of completion of the third dose. Distance to the hospital was a statistically significant risk factor for non-completion (P: 0.01).ConclusionsDistance to vaccination centers requires a more innovative vaccine-delivery strategy and education of parents/guardians on cervical screening to increase attainment of the HPV vaccination.

International trends in lung cancer incidence from 1973 to 2007.

Lung cancer is the commonly diagnosed cancer and one of the most important avoidable causes of death around the world. We conducted the study to investigate the pattern of lung cancer incidence worldwide. Joinpoint analysis was used to extend international lung cancer incidence rates by the latest data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents over the 35‐year period 1973–2007 from 24 populations from Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Age‐standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of lung cancer were from 33.3 to 66.8 per 100,000 among males and 10.5 to 37.4 per 100,000 among females in most of Americas, Europe, and Oceania populations during the period 2003–2007. In Asia, ASRs in China (Hong Kong) were the highest, up to 53.3 per 100,000 in males and 21.9 per 100,000 in females during the period 2003–2007. The international trends between 1973 and 2007 showed that ASRs of lung cancer among males were declining in 13 of 18 selected Americas, Oceania, and Europe populations, with AAPC from −0.7% to −2.9%, whereas the rates among females in 18 selected populations were increasing, with AAPC from 1.3% to 5.0%. The increasing and decreasing trends of ASRs of lung cancer in Asia have a geographic variation but no gender differences. Although the decreasing trends in ASRs of lung cancer for males were observed, the ASRs were higher than females. The declining trends in males were mainly attributed to tobacco control, whereas the increasing trends in females should be given more concern and need to be further studied in etiology factors.

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta : Option for incompressible trunk bleeding?

Hemorrhage is the single largest cause of avoidable death in trauma patients, whereby in civil emergency medicine in Europe most life-threatening hemorrhages occur in the abdomen and the pelvis. This is one reason why endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (EBOA), aprocedure especially established in vascular surgery, is increasingly propagated for rapid bleeding control in these patients. This review article provides acomprehensive overview of the technique, indications, contraindications and complications of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA). Additionally, outcomes reported in in the currently available literature are summarized and discussed. From this practical and user-oriented consequences for future successful introduction of REBOA in the field of emergency medicine are deduced.

Smoking and diabetes: An unhealthy relationship

Smoking increases the risk of being diagnosed with diabetes, and once diagnosed, increases the risk of complications occurring. Anne Phillips provides an overview of the evidence Smoking is the biggest avoidable cause of death, disability, and social inequality in health in the UK. Smokers are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and the risk reduces when people stop smoking. In those with diabetes, smoking increases the risk of experiencing complications. Macrovascular complications, such as stroke and cardiovascular disease, are also more common in people who smoke. Smoking can also inhibit wound healing, affect tissue health and accelerate the occurrence of microvascular complications. Practice nurses have a duty to inform patients of these increased risks and have an opportunity to reduce harm by encouraging smoking cessation, whether by traditional stop smoking methods or e-cigarettes.

Economic impact of substituting solar photovoltaic electric production for tobacco farming

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology represents a promising method to prevent dangerous global climate change, however full solar penetration demands substantial surface areas, possibly encroaching on arable land. To avoid repeating the mistakes of previous attempts to convert agricultural land to energy, arable land currently used for crops with known health hazards can be considered for conversion. Tobacco is the leading cause of avoidable death globally, and despite increasingly stringent controls on tobacco, economics provides an incentive to continue tobacco production. However, with the economics of PV ever improving, this study investigates the potential economic benefits of photovoltaic conversion of farms during tobacco's decline. This study analyzes key factors influencing conventional tobacco farming economics in the U.S. over a sensitivity of realistic future values. Then tobacco crop profit is compared to a sensitivity analysis covering the profits of solar PV farming on the same land. The results show that considering existing electric prices, escalation rates, and installed costs, PV farm substitution for tobacco farming makes economic sense in many U.S. cases already. In a case study of North Carolina, 30GW of PV power capacity was found to be economically viable on existing tobacco farms and if conversion took place over 2000 premature deaths could be prevented from pollution reduction alone. This meets the State's peak summer loads. Land use policies are discussed to facilitate such land use conversions for the benefit of the economy, the environment and human health.

Economic Impact of Substituting Solar Photovoltaic Electric Production for Tobacco Farming

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology represents a promising method to prevent dangerous global climate change, however full solar penetration demands substantial surface areas, possibly encroaching on arable land. To avoid repeating the mistakes of previous attempts to convert agricultural land to energy, arable land currently used for crops with known health hazards can be considered for conversion. Tobacco is the leading cause of avoidable death globally, and despite increasingly stringent controls on tobacco, economics provides an incentive to continue tobacco production. However, with the economics of PV ever improving, this study investigates the potential economic benefits of photovoltaic conversion of farms during tobacco's decline. This study analyzes key factors influencing conventional tobacco farming economics in the U.S. over a sensitivity of realistic future values. Then tobacco crop profit is compared to a sensitivity analysis covering the profits of solar PV farming on the same land. The results show that considering existing electric prices, escalation rates, and installed costs, PV farm substitution for tobacco farming makes economic sense in many U.S. cases already. In a case study of North Carolina, 30GW of PV power capacity was found to be economically viable on existing tobacco farms and if conversion took place over 2000 premature deaths could be prevented from pollution reduction alone. This meets the State's peak summer loads. Land use policies are discussed to facilitate such land use conversions for the benefit of the economy, the environment and human health.

Peak Expiratory Flow Assessment in Smokers Liabilities

Introduction: The world health organization (WHO) recognizes smoking as a chronic and epidemic disease encouraged through personal experiences and/or public advertisements, and is considered to be the single largest preventable cause of illness and early death worldwide. The inhalation of smoke resulting from the burning of derivatives of all types of tobacco, by non-smoker, constitutes the so-called secondhand tobacco smoke. It is the third avoidable cause of death in the world, after active smoking and alcoholism. Purpose: To evaluate Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) in smokers liabilities. Methods: The sample consisted of 40 participants who were divided into two groups: 20 smokers liabilities (exposed group) and 20 participants not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS - control group). The Peak Flow Meter Medicate® was used to measure expiratory flow. Student’s t-test was used to compare the variables obtained. Data were analyzed using BioEstat® 5.3 software. Results: No statistical differences were observed in the comparison of PEF values between the group exposed and not exposed to ETS (p=0.82). There was no difference among those practicing and not practicing physical activity in the group exposed to ETS (p=0.29) and in the PEF values between the group exposed to ETS with age above and below 25 years (p=0.73). Conclusion: there were no significant changes in the PEF in the passive of smokers. Passively smoking does not seem to alter lung function.

Incidence & Patterns of Acute Poisoning Cases in an Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai

Introduction Acute Poisoning due to pesticides and drugs are one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. According to a study published in lancet in 2012, suicide is an important cause of avoidable deaths, in India especially in young adults, poisoning is consider

Improving the quality of prison research: A qualitative study of ex-offender service user involvement in prison suicide prevention research.

BackgroundSuicide is the leading cause of avoidable death in prisons worldwide and suicide prevention is an international priority. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop evidence‐based treatments. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a novel suicide prevention psychological therapy for male prisoners. To promote ecological validity by addressing the “real‐world” situation of suicidal prisoners, we involved a consultant group of ex‐offenders with past experience of being suicidal during imprisonment. Service user involvement in prison research is challenging and underdeveloped.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the ex‐offender service user consultants’ experiences of being involved in the research.DesignIndividual qualitative interviews were conducted and analysed using an Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis (IPA) framework.Setting/participantsThe study was conducted at a university in North England, UK, comprising four ex‐offenders with experience of being suicidal during past imprisonments.ResultsTwo superordinate themes were identified: “Working Together” depicted participants’ perceptions of the pivotal role of good relationships with researchers, and “Journey of Change” outlined how participants’ involvement in the research impacted on their personal lives.DiscussionLittle is known about how to successfully involve ex‐offender service users in research. Our results indicate the conditions necessary for successfully engaging ex‐offender service users in research and have important implications for improving the quality of prison research.ConclusionsInvolving forensic service users in research is feasible and should be encouraged, as despite certain challenges, it is highly rewarding both for the research and the ex‐offender service users.

Risk factors for suicide behaviors in bipolar disorder: A closer look

IntroductionSuicide behaviors (suicide acts and suicide attempts) are a major concern for clinicians treating patients with psychiatric disorders. Among them, patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have the highest prevalence of suicide behaviors, accounting for up to one-quarter of all completed suicides. Additionally, suicide remains the leading cause of avoidable death in patients with BD.AimsThis work aims to review the main risk factors for suicide behaviors in patients with BD.MethodsThe MEDLINE/Pubmed database was searched using the keywords “bipolar disorder” with: “suicide”; “suicide attempt”; and “suicide risk factors”. Articles published in the last 10 years were considered.ResultsIt is estimated that 25% to 50% of patients with BD will attempt suicide at least once in their lifetime and, that 10% to 15% will die. The risk factors for suicide behaviors in patients with BD have been widely studied and their knowledge is crucial for identifying patients at risk.The main risk factors include previous suicide attempts, family history of suicide and hopelessness. Other risk factors have also been identified: depressive polarity of first mood episode; rapid cycling; increasing severity of affective episodes; depressive polarity of the latest mood episode; mixed affective states; early age of onset; and comorbid anxiety disorders, substance use disorders and cluster B personality disorders.ConclusionsPrevention of suicide behaviors is crucial when treating patients with BD. Therefore, the knowledge of these risk factors is of extreme importance in order to promptly identify patients at risk and adopt the proper preventive therapeutic interventions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Terapia fibrinolítica sistêmica no tromboembolismo pulmonar

ResumoO tromboembolismo pulmonar permanece como um grande desafio terapêutico para os médicos especialistas, pois, apesar de todo investimento e desenvolvimento em seu diagnóstico, profilaxia e tratamento, essa condição continua sendo a principal causa de morte evitável em ambiente hospitalar. Ainda restam muitas dúvidas em relação a qual perfil de paciente vai se beneficiar de fato da terapia fibrinolítica sistêmica, sem ficar exposto a um grande risco de sangramento. A estratificação de risco e a avaliação do prognóstico do evento, através de escores clínicos de insuficiência ventricular direita, marcadores de dilatação e disfunção do ventrículo direito e avaliação da massa trombótica, associados ou de forma isolada, são ferramentas que podem auxiliar na identificação do paciente que irá se beneficiar dessa terapia. Os únicos consensos em relação à terapia fibrinolítica no tratamento do tromboembolismo pulmonar são: não deve ser indicada de forma rotineira; nenhum dos escores ou marcadores, isoladamente, devem justificar seu uso; e os pacientes com instabilidade hemodinâmica são os mais beneficiados. Além disto, deve-se avaliar cada caso em relação ao risco de sangramento, especialmente no sistema nervoso central.

Association of passive and active smoking with pre-diabetes risk in a predominantly Hispanic population

Smoking is the leading cause of avoidable death and is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Previous studies on the impact of passive smoking have not been applied to...

Mortalidade infantil por causas evitáveis na Bahia, 2000-2012

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as causas e taxas de mortes evitáveis em crianças com menos de um ano de idade na Bahia no período de 2000 a 2012. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo ecológico de série temporal. Foram considerados os óbitos de crianças da faixa em questão, cujas mães residiam na Bahia naquele período. A classificação de evitabilidade dos óbitos seguiu a Lista brasileira de causas de mortes evitáveis por intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Os dados foram extraídos dos sistemas de informação em saúde (Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos). Apesar das reduções não só da taxa de mortalidade infantil geral como daquela por causas evitáveis no período estudado, ainda persistem altas proporções dessa última em menores de um ano de idade na Bahia. Destacaram-se a diminuição das taxas de mortalidade reduzíveis por adequada assistência ao recém-nascido e o aumento das taxas de mortalidade reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação. Concluiu-se que a abordagem da evitabilidade é um potente avaliador da resolutividade dos serviços de saúde prestados à saúde materno-infantil.

Sepsis.

Essential facts [Figure: see text] Sepsis, a clinical syndrome caused by the body's immune and coagulation systems being switched on by an infection, is believed to cause about 44,000 deaths a year. If not recognised early and treated promptly, sepsis can lead to shock, multiple organ failure and death. Major reports (UK parliamentary and health service ombudsman enquiry in 2013 and the UK National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death in 2015) have highlighted sepsis as being a leading cause of avoidable death that kills more people than breast, bowel and prostate cancer combined.

English

Smoking is currently considered one of the greatest problems in public health worldwide, and it is one of the most avoidable causes of death. Cigarette consumption killed more than 6 million people, nearly 80% in low and middle income countries in 2011. The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its determinant factors among psychiatric outpatients in Jimma University Specialized Hospital (JUSH). A facility based cross-sectional study was carried out in persons with mental disorders from 1st to 15th of August 2013 in Jimma zone, south-west Ethiopia. The data were collected by interviewing all persons with mental disorders coming for treatment at JUSH by using an interviewer administered questionnaire. The overall current prevalence of cigarette smoking was 20.5%. The prevalence of cigarette smoking in persons with schizophrenia, bipolar I disorders and major depressive disorders were 28.2, 17.8 and 16.3%, respectively. Cigarette smoking was strongly associated with male gender, khat use and alcohol use disorders. The current prevalence of cigarette smoking was high amongst persons with mental disorders. Attention should be given routine screening for cigarette smoking in psychiatric patients and consequent management of smoking along with psychiatric management. Key words: Cigarette smoking, determinants, Schizophrenia.

Sepsis.

Essential facts Sepsis is a clinical syndrome caused by the body's immune and coagulation systems being switched on by an infection and is thought to cause 44,000 deaths a year. If not recognised early, sepsis can lead to shock, multiple organ failure and death. Sepsis is a leading cause of avoidable death that kills more people than breast, bowel and prostate cancer combined.