Causative Sentences Research Articles

Causative Sentence Characteristic’s Based on Its Semantic-Structure

The paper discuses the basic characteristics of the causative connectors based on the Albanian scholars. The Albania scholar Floqi has divided in seven types the causative sentence characteristic’s based on its semantic-structure: a) direct causative sentences; b) argumentative causative sentences of conclusion; c) argumentative causative sentences of order; d) causative sentences of conditional saying; e) additional and middle causative sentences; f) evaluative causative sentences; g) feelings (emotional) causative sentences. The causative sentences are grouped based on the connector that connects the two sentences, one of the sentences is the main one and the other is the subordinate one. 1- Causal sentences linked with the connector se (that, but) 2- Causal connectors pse (wherefore) less used nowadays 3- The causal connector që (that) can be substituted with se (that) 4- The causal connector sepse (because) can give all the nuances of the cause 5- The connectors: se, sepse, që (that, because, that…) in the spoken language are parallel. The second part of the article analyses the type of the given connectors taken in an artistic book.

다문화 가정 아동의 사동문, 피동문 이해와 사동 및 피동 접미사 표현 능력

다문화 가정 아동의 사동문, 피동문 이해와 사동 및 피동 접미사 표현 능력

Translation of English Causative Verbs into Persian: A Comparative Study of Professional Translators and Translation Trainees

According to books of grammar, a causative form is an expression of an agent causing or forcing a person to perform an action. Translation of English causatives into Persian seems to be one of the biggest problems that Translation students and novice translators usually come across. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the translation strategies applied by the professional translator and translation trainees while translating English causatives into Persian. In this descriptive corpus-based study, the present researcher examined sixty causative constructions of novel Lord of The Flies by Gerald (1991) and their Persian translation by Mansouri (2003). In addition, twenty causative constructions from the novel were given to the twenty Translation students in order to analyze their Persian translations of causative constructions. Based on the finding, the professional translator has used Non-causative and Positive Implication strategies most frequently, whereas the students have used Auxiliary and Noncausative strategies most frequently. It can be concluded that there is a strategy behind every choice, and a reason behind every strategy, and translators should try their best to transfer all the components of a causative verb as well as possible, because each word or verb has its own value. The translator's mastery over the causative construction in the language pair explores throughout this study reminds us of a point of paramount significance. The main implication of this research may make the translators, at any level, better understand the English causative sentences and avoid producing translations that hinder communication between the translator and the readers.

A Study of Contrast between Korean and Japanese in Causative Sentences - Focused on “이형” -

A Study of Contrast between Korean and Japanese in Causative Sentences - Focused on “이형” -

The Linguistic Representations of Causing Events and Caused Events in Narrative Discourse

This article examines Talmyan claims on the order, linguistic form, and Figure/Ground alignment of causing events and caused events. Narratives are elicited from a set of 20 video clips of real situations. 50 native speakers of Mandarin Chinese were interviewed to set up a closed corpus of 1000 causative sentences. It is found that the data fell into three major types: the causing events are represented prior to the caused event; the caused events are specified initially in bei-construction; the caused events appear independently. The results suggest that Talmyan claims about the morphosyntactic features of causative expressions are not universal. The patterns in which causal events are described appear to be language specific and context dependent. It is hypothesized that causative expressions are best characterized in terms of continuums: the continuum of causative constructions; the continuum of causative elements; the continuum of causing event; and the continuum of caused events.

Causative sentence of human subject and inanimate subject -Empirical analysis using a corpus-

Causative sentence of human subject and inanimate subject -Empirical analysis using a corpus-

Animate subject causative sentence and inanimate subject causative sentence -focusing on causee’s volition and event type-

Animate subject causative sentence and inanimate subject causative sentence -focusing on causee’s volition and event type-

Expressing Causation in Spanish: A Functional Analysis of Heritage Speakers’ Written Production

The current study examines the various linguistic means that heritage speakers of Spanish use to express the concept of causation. In Spanish causation can be expressed lexically with verbs such as tirar ‘knock over’ or syntactically via two distinct constructions with the verb hacer ‘to do/make’: hacer-infinitive and hacer que-subjunctive. The data set consists of over 1,400 causative sentences produced on a written task by heritage speakers from different proficiency levels (n=58) and a baseline group of native speakers (n=22). The results reveal that heritage speakers and native speakers produced the same range of causative constructions, although there were significant differences in frequency and conventional patterns of usage. The native speakers showed an overwhelming preference for the hacer-infinitive construction whereas the heritage speakers did not. A secondary aim of the study was to examine word order in the hacer-infinitive construction given cross-linguistic differences between English and Spanish causatives. This analysis revealed that 89% of heritage speakers’ causative sentences reflected Spanish word order, suggesting a limited role for dominant language transfer.

Predication analysis of English possessive sentences

The paper focuses on distribution and correlation of semantic features distinguished within scope of predication analysis, viz. causative, agentive, inchoative, egressive, continuative, and stative features. Causative possessive constructions are taken to be basic while the other ones are derived from them by omission of appropriate semantic features. The structure of causative possessive sentences is described in terms of componential analysis.

Predication Types and Causative Sentences in Modern Japanese

Predication Types and Causative Sentences in Modern Japanese

Syntactic structure and how to teach Japanese causative sentences judging from the viewpoint of the contrast study with Korean

Syntactic structure and how to teach Japanese causative sentences judging from the viewpoint of the contrast study with Korean

Modern Mandarin Chinese Causative Sentence and Transitivity

Modern Mandarin Chinese Causative Sentence and Transitivity

A interferência da polissemia do verbo fazer em sentenças causativas: uma análise linguística e cognitiva

O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar se a polissemia do verbo fazer influencia na frequência de sentenças causativas (analíticas e semi-analíticas) construídas com esse verbo, tendo como aporte teórico os pressupostos da Linguística Teórica. Para isso, aplicamos o teste estatístico qui-quadrado, bem como o coeficiente de contingência modificado, visando a comparar o verbo causativo fazer (por ser mais polissêmico) com outros verbos causativos menos polissêmicos (assegurar, causar, cuidar, provar e provocar). As análises estatísticas e linguísticas demonstraram que há associação mediana (C*=0,53231) entre a polissemia do verbo fazer e sentenças causativas, embora a polissemia reduza a probabilidade de construções causativas com esse verbo.

Towards Possessive Sentences Classification in English-The Preliminary Study

The paper focuses on the structure of predicative possessive constructions described in terms of semantic features distinguished within scope of predication analysis, viz. causative, agentive, inchoative, egressive, continuative, and stative features. Features that are in complementary distribution yield contaminated forms of possessive constructions: inchoative-causative, inchoative-agentive, egressive-causative, egressive-agentive, continuative-causative, continuative-agentive. Causative possessive constructions are taken to be basic since their structure corresponds to the structure of the prototypical situation while the other ones are derived from them by omission of appropriate semantic features. The structure of causative possessive sentences is described in terms of componential analysis.

Lexical causatives and causative alternation in Basque

After offering a brief survey of the features of causative sentences in Basque, mainly on the basis of Dixon's (2000) criteria, the paper deals with Basque lexical causatives, which can be used as either causative or unaccusative verbs. The proposed analysis assumes that lexical decomposition is carried out directly according to syntactic principles (Hale & Keyser 1993, Baker 1997, McGinnis 2000), and that different types of causative sentence (morphological vs lexical causatives) correspond to different types ofphrase (VoiceP vs VP) selected by the Cause head (Pylkkannen 2001, 2002; Meggerdoomian 2002). The paper shows that in Basque lexical causatives the Cause head selects one of the predicates BECOME or GO only. Other intransitive verbs are excluded from lexical causativization, even those which are superficially similar verbs of change because they are absolutive monadic verbs (reflexive verbs like orraztu 'comb', verbs of happening like gertatu 'happen', or verbs of activity like jostatu 'play'). Three types of lexical causative are distinguished and analyzed following lexical decomposition: verbs of change of (physical) state, verbs of change of place and psychological causatives. Since Basque, unlike Finnish or Japanese, shows a strict correlation between causation and the existence of an external argument, it is assumed that in Basque as in English, the Cause and Voice heads conflate in lexical causatives (Pylkannen 2002).

Referential Similarities between Causative Sentences and Non-causative Sentences - weakening of opposition between causative and non-causative

Referential Similarities between Causative Sentences and Non-causative Sentences - weakening of opposition between causative and non-causative

Investigations of Semantic Usage and Causative Passive Sentence for (sa)seru Type of Verbs

Investigations of Semantic Usage and Causative Passive Sentence for (sa)seru Type of Verbs

The Consideration of causative sentence of reflexivity

The Consideration of causative sentence of reflexivity

The Negative Forms of the “讓”－Causative Sentences Formed by the Negative Adverb “別”

The Negative Forms of the “讓”－Causative Sentences Formed by the Negative Adverb “別”

An fMRI Study of Chinese Causative Sentences: the Syntactic Independence of Chinese

The brain processing models of syntactic and semantics are important issues in the cognitive neurosciences. In 1957, Noam Chomsky put forward the framework of Syntax Independence. Even today, the hypothesis of Syntax Independence is one of the central topics of linguistics. However, this important language hypothesis has not been well studied by neuroscience researchers. Boland (1997), Grodzinsky et al. (2008) and other researchers showed evidence of syntactic independence, and even proposed specific brain regions involved in independent syntactic processing. However, these studies have been challenged by some other researchers (e.g.,Willems Hagoort 2009). In fact, there are many morphological and syntactic markers in English and other Indo-European languages, and the syntactic variations in these languages can be embodied by morphological changes. In contrast, a language like Chinese does not have clear correspondent morphological changes like the Indo-European languages do. Consequently, if in the current experiment we can get at the neural processing of a morphologically impoverished languages like Chinese, we can find more conclusive evidence for the hypothesis of Syntax Independence in the brain. The materials in this study are two types of Chinese Causative Sentences with an equivalent meaning. For example, (1) Shichang Shi Jingji Fanrong (DCS);(2) Shichang Fanrong Le Jingji (RCS). These two sentences have the same meaning "The market made the economy prosperous" in Chinese. The sentence (1) is termed Dominant Causative Sentences (DCS) and the (2) is termed Recessive Causative Sentences (RCS). The fMRI acquisistion was done on a GE 3.0T machine with an event-related design. The participants were 19 healthy, right-handed, native Chinese speakers, 10 males and 9 females, with ages ranging from 20 to 26 years. The experimental data was analyzed with the AFNI software package. Images were spatial normalized to the Talairach and Tournoux brain atlas and smoothed with a FWHM=5mm kernel and eliminate the linear drift. The average impulse response function of the different conditions were obtained in an ANOVA analysis. The results showed that the left inferior frontal gyrus, the left middle frontal gyrus, and some other gyus in the left and right hemisphere were activated in the processing of Chinese Causative sentences. Further analysis showed that the left frontal lobe plays an important role in Chinese syntactic processing. The left inferior frontal lobe areas BA44 and BA47 are more sensitive to the Chinese syntactic processing when comparing the brain activations of DCS and RCS with a corrected p value 0.05. These results indicate that Chinese syntactic processing without morphological changes can be separated from semantics. The processing of syntactic independence is more closely related with the left inferior frontal gyrus than the left middle frontal gyrus, and the temporal lobe is not found in Chinese syntactic independence processing.