Causal Aspect Research Articles

The Eternal Relations of Origin, Causality, and Implications for Models of God

The classical doctrine of the eternal relations or origin (ERO) claims that these relations are (1) atemporal and (2) causal. In this paper, I investigate the casual nature of the ERO, highlighting that the patristic and medieval Christian thinkers who developed this doctrine understood causality in terms of Aristotle’s efficient causality, highlighting that these are casual acts that produce an effect. I then provide an analysis of some of the major theories of efficient causation on offer in contemporary metaphysics to see which theory best comports with how the ancient and medieval Christian thinkers understood the efficient–causal aspect of the ERO, concluding that a powers theory of causation seems to work best. I conclude by discussing the implications the classical doctrine of the ERO has for models of God, arguing that they are compatible only with classical theism and neoclassical theism.

THE INFLUENCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND THE UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE WITH JOB SATISFACTION AS A MEDIATION VARIABLE IN MEDAN MAYOR OFFICE

Human resources are an important aspect of an organization because the productivity achieved by employees can have a direct impact on the organization. Factors that can improve employee performance are effective communication and the use of information technology. In addition, job satisfaction is also a causal aspect that improves employee performance. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of effective communication and the use of information technology on employee performance through job satisfaction. The population and sample in this study were 131 employees of the Kantor Walikota Medan. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and SEM (Structural Equation Model) analysis. The results of the study show that effective communication directly has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, the use of information technology has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, effective communication has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, the use of information technology has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, and satisfaction work has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Indirectly, effective communication has a positive and significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction and the use of information technology has a positive and significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction.

무명의 은퇴 투어프로 선수가 골프아카데미 경영에서 겪는 어려움과 문제해결 과정에 대한 근거이론적 접근

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand in-depth the difficulties faced by unfamous retired tour professional golfers in golf academy management and to analyze the problem-solving process.<BR> Method: The research method was a grounded theory and the data collection was an in-depth interview. The data collection period was about 6 months, and a total of 3participants in the study. As a result of data analysis using the grounded theory coding method, 176 significant statements, 20 subcategories, and 10 categories were classified.<BR> Results: The results of this study are as follows. In the difficulties of academy management, the central phenomena were the “lack of players” and “not easy publicity”. The categories classified in the causal aspect of these problems were “feeling that profits are insufficient” and “children leaving the academy”. The contextual situation was “difference in understanding between leaders and students”. The subcategories were “urgent thoughts and actions” and “players who lack ability”. The element of the interventional situation that promotes mutual strategies to solve the problem was “trust and reward”. Interaction strategies include “waking up the senses”, “reducing the speed of teaching”, “maintaining the senses on their own”, “sharing feelings”, “strongly cracking down”, and “communicating flexibly”. The final result was overcome with ‘confidence’ formed based on grades.<BR> Conclusion: For the management of the golf academy, preparations are needed to understand and accept the requirements of children and parents who are consumers, not their brilliant careers as players.

Забезпечення сталого розвитку України та країн світу на основі коригування моделей лінійної економіки

Recently, the thesis that the use of methods and models of a linear economy can lead to negative social and environmental consequences of turbulent economic development, which will be difficult to correct, has become relevant. The thesis on the need for development without violating the ability to meet the needs of future generations is becoming more and more insistent. The object of the research is the process of ensuring the sustainable development of the country’s economy by adjusting linear models of economic processes. The most problematic is the transition from linear programming of economic processes to development without violating the ability to meet the needs of future generations. The proposed methods include the positive influence of more developed countries on the economy, efficiency, ecology and social problems in less developed countries. This approach allows to form proposals for the future prospects of business functioning. It is advisable to name the management of economic entities in the direction of sustainable development, in the model approach it should be a model of sustainable entrepreneurship. Its main goal should be to improve the quality of life. The model is a reflection of the continuous process of balancing the economic, social and environmental goals of economic entities, which provides for a flexible change in the distribution of resources as the environment changes. In addition, there is a stimulating impact on the environment and an increase in the chances in the market. The model of sustainable development at both micro and macro levels is the use of a circular economy built upon the causal aspect of innovation in the process of forming a model for its development. The proposal as to the model approach of sustainable entrepreneurship regarding the management of entrepreneurial activity in general and any enterprise in particular in the direction of sustainable development belongs to the future perspective of business functioning. Its main goal is to improve the quality of life. The model approach consists in the continuous process of balancing economic, social and environmental goals at enterprises, which involves a flexible change in the allocation of resources as the environment changes. In addition, there is a stimulating impact on the environment of entrepreneurial activity (of a company) in order to increase the chances in the market.

“What on Earth Is Smenkhkare?” WH‐Questions, Truth‐Makers, and Causal‐Informational Account of Reference

AbstractAlthough the historical‐causal picture of reference Kripke sketches in Naming and Necessity is highly influential, Kripke in fact says very little about what reference is and how it comes about. In this paper I point out that the possibility of asking WH‐questions (i.e. ‘what?’, ‘who?’, ‘which?’) about a sound or inscription pattern (e.g., what does that refer to?) shows that in case of names especially, their reference, if there is one, will be preserved by a causal‐historical chain constituted by transmissions of the (physical) patterns themselves, even in absence of language users or any linguistic intentions. I sketch out a causal‐informational theory of reference, that holds that the causal aspect of refence transmission is due to two‐factors. On the other hand there are informational chains constituted by data transmissions, on the other, also communicational rules by which speakers can interpret the data as information of something are needed. In most part the causal‐informational theory sketched in the paper can be viewed as complementing Kripke’s original causal picture. However, I will argue that Kripke's account of fixing the reference of proper names in ‘initial baptisms’ is inadequate. I will argue that most cases of seemingly fixing the reference via use of a definite description (e.g., the naming of Neptune) in fact presuppose a prior causal‐informational connection to the named object, thus essentially fixing the reference in the same way as in cases of baptism by ostension. I will further argue that in the cases that do not fall into the previous category, the baptism by definite description simply fail to fix any reference. I thus conclude that there is no such thing as fixing the reference of a proper name by definite description.

The Relationship of Smartphone Addiction and Alexithymia.

ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate whether smartphone addiction (SA) is associated with social media use and alexithymia levels in university students. MethodsA group of 935 students aged between 18 and 45 years (509 females and 426 males) was recruited from different universities in Istanbul. SAs, alexithymia and social media use were assessed using the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV), Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), and ad-hoc questions regarding social media use. ResultsThe mean age of participants was 21.89±3.27 years and 509 of participants were female (54.4%). 455 (48.6%) participants were placed in the “SA” and 198 (21.2%) in the “alexithymia” categories. The study found a high level of positive correlation (p<0.001) between both subscale and total TAS-20 scores and SAS-SV scores. Gender (OR=1.496, 95% CI 1.117–2.002, p=0.007) and number of social media by participants (OR=1.221, 95% CI 1.134–1.315, p<0.001) and TAS (OR=1.074, 95% CI 1.059–1.090, p<0.001) were found to be an independent predictors for SA. ConclusionThe study revealed a positive correlation between alexithymia and smartphone use severity, and alexithymia was a significant predictor of SA. Future studies focusing on the causal aspect of this relationship will be useful in planning strategies for treatment.

TODA-YAMAMOTO CAUSALITY TEST BETWEEN ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM A PANEL OF MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES.

In this paper, we examine the intertemporal causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in the selected sixteen the Middle East and North Africa countries by annual data (1985–2016). Unlike the majority of the previous studies and as an alternative to the conventional method of having the same integration of time series and large samples, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test approach and causality analysis were applied by Toda &amp; Yamamoto (1995). The results of the bounds test show that there is a stable long run relationship between economic growth and total final energy consumption. On the other hand, the results of the causality test, show that there is a unidirectional causal flow from economic growth to total energy consumption that energy conservation policies may not unfavourable effects on economic growth. Overall, these countries meet the conservation hypothesis which means that the causal aspect is unidirectional from economic growth to total final energy consumption and that energy conservation policies will have little or no negative impact on growth in these energy-dependent countries.

Impact of different extended components of mean-field models on transport coefficients of quark matter and their causal aspects

The role of different extensions of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model-like addition of vector interaction, Polyakov loop extended version (PNJL), and the entangled PNJL (EPNJL) models on transport coefficients, such as shear viscosity, bulk viscosity, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity are critically analyzed. We have considered the standard expressions of transport coefficients, obtained in relaxation time approximation of kinetic theory. Influence of temperature-dependent order parameters on the temperature profile of transport coefficients are analyzed. The causal aspect of the massless case to these different extended components of mean-field models are also picturized where an approximated lower and upper bound are drawn for shear relaxation time.

Existe uma caracterologia weberiana? – reconstrução do ponto de vista causal

O artigo procura reconstruir uma caracterologia (uma ciência do caráter) a partir da obra de Max Weber. Aqui, a ênfase recai sobre o aspecto causal, explicativo. Sucede a demonstração de que Weber concebe a gênese do caráter a partir de três categorias centrais: as de seleção, educação e adaptação. Discute-se o desenvolvimento de cada um desses termos na obra de Weber, com o objetivo de mostrar que o caráter aparece em cada caso, respectivamente, como meio, fim e consequência da entrada do agente em determinadas relações sociais. A partir disso, ficam assentadas as bases para a reconstrução ulterior de uma caracterologia compreensiva em Weber.

Resting State Brain Network Function in Elderly: The Formation of Social Ties.

.Background: The purpose of this study is to determine the relevance of the relationship between brain network and the social ties management.Methods: Participants are based on 52 Korean seniors aged 65 and older who live in Ganghwa-gun, Incheon. We used a closed-triad index (CTI), which is the most basic unit of analysis in the study of group phenomena. This index is a social networking variable that has been shown to have a different implication depending on the subject’s condition and role. After two questionnaire surveys were conducted at three years intervals, participants were classified into an increased group and a decreased group according to the change of CTI. Resting-state fMRI analysis were followed to investigate the difference of brain networks between groups. Results: According to the analysis of the study, the whole participants who had increased in number of CTI has higher local efficiency than the group of the participants who had no effect or decreased in CTI. Conclusions: Our study suggests that social relationship, which is substantially related to brain network, is a major factor in successful aging. Lastly, since there is a restriction that the study cannot explain the causal aspect of the brain network and the triad-relationship, there is a need for further investigation.

Personal responsibility for health: the impact of digitalisation

Fostering the personal responsibility of patients is often considered a potential remedy for the problem of resource allocation in health care systems. In political and ethical debates, systems of rewards and punishments based on personal responsibility have proved very divisive. However, regardless of the controversies it has sparked, the implementation of personal responsibility in concrete policies has always encountered the problem of practical enforceability, i.e.how causally relevant behaviour can be tracked, allowing policies of this kind to be applied in a fine-grained, economically viable and accurate fashion. In this paper, we show how this hurdle can be seemingly overcome with the advent of digitalisation in health and delineate the potential impact of digitalisation on personal responsibility for health. We discuss how digitalisation – by datafying health and making patients transparent – promises to close the loophole of practical enforceability by allowing to trace health-related lifestyle choices of individuals as well as their exposure to avoidable risk factors. Digitalisation in health care thereby reinforces what Gerald Dworkin has called the causal aspect of personal responsibility and strengthens the implicit syllogism that – since exposure to risk factors happens at the individual level – responsibility for health should be ascribed to the individual. We conclude by addressing the limitations of this approach and suggest that there are other ways in which the potential of digitalisation can help with the allocation of resources in health care.

On the proper formulation of conditionalization

Conditionalization is a norm that governs the rational reallocation of credence. I distinguish between factive and non-factive formulations of Conditionalization. Factive formulations assume that the conditioning proposition is true. Non-factive formulations allow that the conditioning proposition may be false. I argue that non-factive formulations provide a better foundation for philosophical and scientific applications of Bayesian decision theory. I furthermore argue that previous formulations of Conditionalization, factive and non-factive alike, have almost universally ignored, downplayed, or mishandled a crucial causal aspect of Conditionalization. To formulate Conditionalization adequately, one must explicitly address the causal structure of the transition from old credences to new credences. I offer a formulation of Conditionalization that takes these considerations into account, and I compare my preferred formulation with some prominent formulations found in the literature.

Contingency’s causality and structural diversity

What is the relationship between evolutionary contingency and diversity? The evolutionary contingency thesis emphasizes dependency relations and chance as the hallmarks of evolution. While contingency can be destructive of, for example, the fragile and complex dynamics in an ecosystem, I will mainly focus on the productive or causal aspect of contingency for a particular sort of diversity. There are many sorts of diversities: Gould is most famous for his diversity-to-decimation model, which includes disparate body plans distinguishing different phyla. However, structural diversity construed more broadly spans scales, such as organization in and among cells, structural arrangements and biomechanics on various scales, and even the profile of ancestor-descendent relationships or community structure of interactions within ecosystems. By focusing on stochastic processes in contingent evolution, I argue that contingency causes structural diversity. Specifically, I focus on the plurality of structural types of cells, genetic codes, and phyla diversity as case studies.

Hughlings Jackson and the “doctrine of concomitance”: mind-brain theorising between metaphysics and the clinic

John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911) is a major figure at the origins of neurology and neuroscience in Britain. Alongside his contributions to clinical medicine, he left a large corpus of writing on localisation of function in the nervous system and other theoretical topics. In this paper I focus on Jackson's "doctrine of concomitance"-his parallelist theory of the mind-brain relationship. I argue that the doctrine can be given both an ontological and a causal interpretation, and that the causal aspect of the doctrine is especially significant for Jackson and his contemporaries. I interpret Jackson's engagement with the metaphysics of mind as an instance of what I call meta-science-the deployment by scientists of metaphysical positions and arguments which help streamline empirical investigations by bracketing off unanswerable questions and focussing attention on matters amenable to the current tools of experimental research.

Commentary on Rossow et al. (2014) and Norström & Svensson (2014): we want to believe-or do we have to?

Commentary on Rossow et al. (2014) and Norström & Svensson (2014): we want to believe-or do we have to?

Reassessing Woodward’s Account of Explanation: Regularities, Counterfactuals, and Noncausal Explanations

We reassess Woodward’s counterfactual account of explanation in relation to regularity explananda. Woodward presents an account of causal explanation. We argue, by using an explanation of Kleiber’s law to illustrate, that the account can also cover some noncausal explanations. This leads to a tension between the two key aspects of Woodward’s account: the counterfactual aspect and the causal aspect. We explore this tension and make a case for jettisoning the causal aspect as constitutive of explanatory power in connection with regularity explananda.

ENTRE LO ACCIDENTAL Y LO APARENTE: LA PECULIAR CONSTELACIÓN CAUSAL DEL AZAR SEGÚN ARISTÓTELES

Este artículo trata el concepto aristotélico de azar, tal como se lo presenta en Física II 4-6. La sección central del artículo se concentra en el análisis de la definición aristotélica de azar y sus peculiaridades esenciales: el hecho de ser una causa accidental (eficiente) y el hecho de existir en el dominio de lo que es en vista de un fin. Según Rossi, ambas características corresponderían a un aspecto causal (en un sentido accidental) y a un aspecto no causal (o sólo aparentemente causal) del azar. Por último, la autora también trata de mostrar la conexión estructural entre los aspectos antes mencionados, tomando como hecho clave la tesis de la coincidencia entre las causas formal, final y eficiente.

Comment on Kronegger, Ferligoj and Doreian

The paper by Kronegger et al. (2011) DOI 10.1007/s11135-011-9484-3 makes an important contribution to help us understand the dynamics of scientific collaboration in an area of Europe that has in recent history gone through a period of significant change. The existence of a rich dataset which on the face of it seems comprehensive and complete together with detailed attribute data provided the authors with a rich source of information which they have exploited using network analytic techniques. The work is clearly laid out and very well constructed. The six hypotheses they present are clear and precise and they set out about examining these with consummate skill using tools and techniques developed by the authors. The fact this data extends over a long time period means the dynamical aspects of the changes can be readily seen. Of course it would have been good to have some comparisons from countries that had not been through such radical changes. Independence in 1991 and the move towards European integration in 2004 exactly coincides with the expansion of the internet and the use of electronic communication. It is not clear whether it is the developments in technology or the political changes that account for the increase in collaboration, although clearly a combination of both is the most likely explanation. Data from a country that had more stability over this period would have helped put this in context, but such data may simply not be available. One of the hypotheses has a very strong causal statement, namely H4, which states that increase in collaboration is mainly because of the pressure towards internationalization. This causal aspect, whilst it may have been felt by some of the authors, is not actually directly addressed in the paper and so I do not think that conclusion can be drawn explicitly. The article makes a number of comparisons between the disciplines but I think more consideration should have been given to the nature of the articles within certain disciplines. For example, there is a very different culture within physics between the theoretical physicists whose work is closer to mathematics and the experimental physicists who typically work on large collaborative experiments, resulting in papers with a large number of co-authors. Equally a mathematician in pure mathematics would typically write a sole authored paper

FDTD treatment of partially magnetized ferrites with a new permeability tensor model

This paper outlines the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) treatment of partially magnetized ferrites characterized by a permeability tensor model, which was recently published. Its causal aspect makes this tensor well adapted to time-domain simulations. Validation is demonstrated for a resonant ferrite structure, Numerical and analytical results are compared, showing good agreement.

Cluster Forming Interval Sub-Algebras

Allen‘s interval algebra has recently been under serious theoretical investigation for the purpose of identifying interesting sub-algebras within it. In this paper we have explored two mutually exclusive sub-algebras of Allen‘s interval algebra, which bear some physical significance. One of them is attached to the causal aspect of the temporal information, while the other one is related to simple containment of temporal relations. We are currently developing some algorithms for checking consistency by isolating these subsets from a given temporal constraint network. In this paper we have proposed such an algorithm and have discussed the significance of the availability of these two sub-algebras.